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Paleotectonic Evolution of the Central and Western Alps

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Paleotectonic Evolution of the Central and Western Alps BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA VOL. 71, PP. 843-908, 14 FIGS.. 2 PLS. JUNE 1960 PALEOTECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE CENTRAL AND WESTERN ALPS BY RUDOLF TRUMPY ABSTRACT This paper deals with the general features of Mesozoic and Tertiary rock sequences and paleogeography in the Alps. It seeks to outline the paleotectonic significance of the rocks and to discuss the structural evolution of the Alpine geosyncline up to the main deformation, with special reference to the sector between the rivers Rhine and Durance. Accent is placed on the relative independence of Alpine structures involving the pre-Triassic basement rocks and of cover nappes consisting only of Mesozoic and Tertiary formations. Normal shallow-water deposits of platform or miogeosynclinal type were laid down over the whole area before eugeosynclinal conditions set in. The typical eugeosynclinal sediments in the central, Penninic belt of the Alps are the Schistes lustres and Bundner- schiefer, with sills and submarine lava flows of basic volcanic rocks (ophiolites). Before metamorphism they consisted mainly of shales and of impure arenaceous and argillaceous limestones. The bathymetric environment of radiolarian cherts and associated rocks is examined, and their deep-water origin is upheld for the Alpine occurrences. Marine polygenic breccias are characteristic of geosynclinal slopes (commonly fault scarps) and not of a particular depth zone. The Alpine Flysch is a particularly significant sediment. Flysch is a thick marine deposit of predominantly detrital rocks, in part turbidites, generally without volcanic rocks, and laid down during compressional deformation of the geosyncline. Of the many different kinds of Flysch some represent transitions to either Bundnerschiefer or Molasse. Essential differences between the early synorogenic Flysch and the later synorogenic to post-orogenic Molasse are listed. Argand's stimulating embryotectonic theory of the evolution of the geosyncline is out- lined and rejected. The Triassic corresponds to a neutral interval, between the Hercynian and Alpine cycles. Early Alpine geosynclinal history was characterized by vertical or ten- sional movements along normal faults that limited narrow platforms and rapidly sub- siding troughs. This tensional deformation weakened in the Late Jurassic, whereupon bottom relief diminished, and "para-oceanic" conditions prevailed over a large part of the Mediterranean realm. New linear welts of compressional origin arose during the Cretaceous and developed into steep island chains limiting the Flysch basins. Gradually the central part of the Alps rose above sea level, and the geosyncline migrated to the north and west. Here it was finally filled and gave way to the foreland trough in which the Molasse was laid down. There is no simple, direct, genetic and space relationship between Hercynian structures, fault-bordered platforms and troughs of the earlier geosynclinal phase, island chains and basins of the Flysch phase, and the later nappe structures. Paleogeographical features are commonly short-lived and migratory. RESUME Ce travail est consacre aux caracteres gene'raux des dep6ts mesozoiques et nummuli- tiques des Alpes. On a essaye1 d'esquisser la signification paleotectonique des divers types de formations, et de discuter Involution structurale du geosynclinal alpin jusqu'a 1'dpoque des plissements principaux. La plupart des exemples ont dtd choisis dans le secteur entre le Rhin et la Durance. Un bref resume" est destine' a donner les grandes lignes de la tectonique et de 1'histoire gdologique des Alpes. On a insist^ sur I'independance relative des structures affectant le socle pre"-triasique et des nappes de d&ollement. Des depdts neritiques normaux, caracterisant des plateformes ou des miogebsyncli- naux, ont 6t6 forme's partout avant 1'avenement desconditionseugeosynclinales. Less&li- ments caracteristiques de la zone centrale, euge"osynclinale, des Alpes (domaine Pennique s. 1.) sont les Schistes lustres et les Bundnerschiefer, avec des filons-couche et des coulees sous-marines de roches basiques (ophiolites). Avant le me"tamorphisme, ils e'taient surtout formes de schistes argileux et marneux et de calcaires impurs, sableux et marneux. Le 843 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/71/6/843/3416896/i0016-7606-71-6-843.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 844 RUDOLF TRUMPY—CENTRAL AND WESTERN ALPS milieu bathyme'lrique des radiolarites et des roches accompagnantes est examine1, et Ton conclut a leur origine en mer profonde. Des breches sous-marines polygfoiques sont ca- racteristiques des talus gebsynclinaux, souvent dus a des failles, mais non pas d'une zone bathyme'trique dfterminee. Enfin, il est essaye1 de donner les caracteres essentiels des flyschs des Alpes. Ce sont des formations epaisses, marines, a predominance de'lritique, et renfermant des depots de courants de turbidite'. II n'y a ge'ne'ralement pas de roches volcaniques. Le flysch s'est depose1 pendant que les efforts de compression tangentielle affectaient dejil le gebsynclinal. II y a de nombreuses especes de flysch, ainsi que des termes de transition soit vers les Bundnerschiefer, soil vers la molasse. Les principales diffe- rences entre flysch et molasse sont indiquees. La seconde partie du travail tralte de 1'dvolution du gebsynclinal. La thebrie d'Argand sur la tectonique embryonnaire est exposee; elle doit probablement etre abandonee. Le Trias correspond a une period neutre, entre les cycles Hercynien et Alpin. Pendant une premiere phase de 1'histoire gebsynclinale, il y avail surtout des mouvements verticaux ou d'extension, le long de failles normales limitant des sillons subsidents et des plateformes assez etroites. Les deformations de ce type devinrent plus faibles au Jurassique superieur. Pendant un certain temps, le relief sous-marin fut peu prononcd, et des conditions "para- oceaniques" regnerent sur une grande partie des pays me'diterrane'ens. De nouvelles rides, dues aux forces tangentielles naquirent pendant le Cretace', et devinrent les "cordilleres", des guirlandes d'tles au relief Ires accentue, limitant les bassins ou se deposait le flysch. Peu a peu, la partie centrale des Alpes s'eleva hors des eaux; le gebsynclinal fut deplace vers le nord et 1'ouest, ou il fut enfin comble' et passa a 1'avant-fosse molassique. II n'y a pas de relation simple et directe, de nature topographique et ge'ne'tique, entre les structures hercyniennes, les plateformes et les sillons de la premiere phase gebsyncli- nale, les "cordilleres" et les bassins de la phase du flysch, et les nappes actuelles. Les ele1- ments palebgebgraphiques sont souvent assez ephemeres, et sujets a des migrations re'pe'- tees. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Diese Arbeit behandelt die wichtigsten Ztige der mesozoischen und alttertiaren Sedi- mentbildungen in den Alpen. Es wird versucht, die palaeotektonische Bedeutung der verschiedenen Gesteinsgruppen zu umreissen und die strukturelle Entwicklung der alpi- nen Geosynklinale bis zu den Hauptfaltungsphasen zu verfolgen. Die meisten Beispiele sind dem Abschnitt zwischen dem Rhein und der Durance entnommen. Uber die Tektonik und die geologische Geschichte der Alpen orientiert ein kurzer tiber- blick. Besonders betont wird die relative Unabhangigkeit der Strukturen, in welche das vortriadische Grundgebirge einbezogen ist, und der nur aus mesozoischen und alttertiaren Gesteinen bestehenden Abscheerungsdecken. Normale Seichtwasserablagerungen von Plattform- oder miogeosynklinalem Charakter wurden uberall gebildet, bevor die eigentliche eugeosynklinale Entwicklung einsetzte. Die charakteristischen eugeosynklinalen Sedimente des zentralen, penninischen Faziesbe- reichs sind die Schistes lustre's und BUndnerschiefer, mit Lagergangen und Ergussen basischer Gesteine (Ophiolithe). Vor der Metamorphose bestanden sie grossenteils aus Schiefermergeln und Schiefertonen, sowie aus sandigen und mergeligen Kalken. Die Ab- lagerungstiefe der Radiolarite und der mit ihnen verkniipften Gesteine wird diskutiert, wobei die tiefmeerische Entstehung dieser Bildungen fur wahrscheinlich angesehen wird. Marine Breccien sind bezeichnend filr steile, oft durch Verwerfungen bedingte Geosyn- klinalrander, nicht aber fur eine bestimmte Meerestiefe. Schliesslich wird eine Charak- terisierung der alpinen Flyschbildungen versucht. Es sind dies machtige, ausschliesslich marine, vorwiegend detritische Ablagerungen. z. T. Turbidite. Sie fiihren gewohnlich keine vulkanischen Einschaltungen. Sie wurden wahrend des beginnenden Zusammenschubes der Geosynklinale gebildet. Es gibt viele verschiedene Arlen von Flysch, sowie Ubergangstypen zu Bundnerschiefer und zu Molasse. Die wesentlichen Unterschiede zwischen Flysch und Molasse werden kurz aufgeftihrt. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit gilt der Entwicklung der alpinen Geosynklinale. Argand's Theorie der Embryonalfaltung wird dargelegl, im wesentlichen aber abgelehnt. Die Trias entspricht einer "neutralen Periode" zwischen dem herzynischen und dem alpinen Zyklus. Wahrend einer ersten Phase der Geosynklinalgeschichte herrschten Vertikalbewegungen, wahrscheinlich auch Dehnung, entlang normalen Verwerfungen vor. Diese Bewegungen wurden im Oberjura und in der untersten Kreide schwacher; es herrschte eine Zeitlang geringes Relief des Meeresbodens, bei "para-ozeanischen" Ablagerungsbedingungen in einem weiten Bereich des Mittelmeerraumes. Neue, langgestreckte Hochzonen, die ihre Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/71/6/843/3416896/i0016-7606-71-6-843.pdf
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