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Present-Day Uplift of the European Alps Evaluating Mechanisms And
Earth-Science Reviews 190 (2019) 589–604 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth-Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Invited review Present-day uplift of the European Alps: Evaluating mechanisms and models T of their relative contributions ⁎ Pietro Sternaia, ,1, Christian Sueb, Laurent Hussonc, Enrico Serpellonid, Thorsten W. Beckere, Sean D. Willettf, Claudio Faccennag, Andrea Di Giulioh, Giorgio Spadai, Laurent Jolivetj, Pierre Vallac,k, Carole Petitl, Jean-Mathieu Nocquetm, Andrea Walpersdorfc, Sébastien Castelltorta a Département de Sciences de la Terre, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland b Chrono-Environnement, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France c Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IFSTAR, ISTERRE, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Grenoble 38000, France d Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Centro Nazionale Terremoti, Bologna, Italy e Institute for Geophysics, Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA f Erdwissenschaften, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland g Dipartimento di Scienze, Università di Roma III, Rome, Italy h Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy i Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino, Italy j Sorbonne Université, Paris, France k Institute of Geological Sciences, Oeschger Center for Climate Research, University of Bern, Switzerland l Geoazur, IRD, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France m Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Paris, France ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Recent measurements of surface vertical displacements of the European Alps show a correlation between vertical European Alps velocities and topographic features, with widespread uplift at rates of up to ~2–2.5 mm/a in the North-Western Vertical displacement rate and Central Alps, and ~1 mm/a across a continuous region from the Eastern to the South-Western Alps. -
Maps of Aegidius Tschudi
146 The Alpin~ Maps of Aegidius Tschudi. We arrived at 4.30 at the tents and after hot drinks soon recovered our strength. Also Kesar's eyesight became normal again. At 7.30 we arrived down at Camp I, evacuated everything to the Base Camp on 22nd, and on 27th arrived at Tapoban. p ACHMARHI, INDIA, C.P. 2-10-33. DEAR DocTOR LoNGSTAFF, The mistake about times was due to my carelessness in the account I sent you. I suppose I did not look it through with thoroughness. The actual times were these: Left Camp II (ca. 19,000 ft.) . 7.45 A.M. At the site we meant to have Camp III (about 11.15 , 21,000 ft.) 11.30 " Summit 2.45 P.M. • • • • • • • • 2.52 " ' Camp III ' (ca. 21,000 ft.) . 4.30 " • . 5.00 '' Camp II . • • • . .. 6.00 " ' Camp I (ca. 17,000 ft.) • • . 7.30 '' This gives my times: Of. [T. G. L.] ' A.J.' 24, 120 : Up: 4500 ft. in 7 hrs. 6000 ft. in 10 hrs. 650 ft. per hour. 600 ft. per hr. Down : 6500 ft. in 4! hrs. 7000 ft. in 3 hrs. 1440 ft. per hour. 2333 ft. per hr. These times are incI uding rests. Ditto. p. R. OLIVER . • [Lieut. Oliver followed our 1907 route except perhaps at the commencement. There is no doubt at all that he attained the summit, which is the first (N.) . small flattish dome : the very slightly lower and corniched S. top, across a small gap, would have been invisible in such weather. -
The Eastern Alps: Result of a Two-Stage Collision Process
© Österreichische Geologische Gesellschaft/Austria; download unter www.geol-ges.at/ und www.biologiezentrum.at Mil. Cteto-r. Goo GOG. ISSN 02hl 7-193 92 11999; 117 13-1 Wen Jui 2000 The Eastern Alps: Result of a two-stage collision process FRANZ NEUBAUER1, JOHANN GENSER1, ROBERT HANDLER1 8 Figures Abstract The present structure and the Late Paleozoic to Recent geological evolution of the Alps are reviewed mainly with respect to the distribution of Alpidic, metamorphic overprints of Cretaceous and Tertiary age and the corresponding ductile structure. According to these data, the Alps as a whole, and the Eastern Alps in particular, are the result of two independent Alpidic collisional orogenies: The Cretaceous orogeny formed the present Austroaipine units sensu lato (extending from bottom to top of the Austroaipine unit s. str., the Meliata unit, and the Upper Juvavic unit) including a very low- to eclogite-grade metamorphic overprint. The Eocene-Oligocene orogeny resulted from an oblique continent-continent collision and overriding of the stable European continental lithosphere by the combined Austroalpine/Adriatic continental microplate. A fundamental difference seen in the present-day structure of the Eastern and Central/ Western Alps resulted as the Austroaipine units with a pronounced remnants of a Oligocene/Neogene relief are mainly exposed in the Eastern Alps, in contrast to the Central/Western Alps with Penninic units, which have been metamorphosed during Oligocene. Exhumation of metamorphic crust, formed during Cretaceous and Tertiary orogenies, arose from several processes including subvertical extrusion due to lithospheric indentation, tectonic unroofing and erosional denudation. Original paleogeographic relationships were destroyed and veiled by late Cretaceous sinistral shear, Oligocene-Miocene sinistral wrenching along ENE-trending faults within eastern Austroaipine units and the subsequent eastward lateral escape of units exposed within the central axis of the Alps. -
Ivrea Mantle Wedge, Arc of the Western Alps, and Kinematic Evolution of the Alps–Apennines Orogenic System
Swiss J Geosci DOI 10.1007/s00015-016-0237-0 Ivrea mantle wedge, arc of the Western Alps, and kinematic evolution of the Alps–Apennines orogenic system 1 1 1 2 Stefan M. Schmid • Eduard Kissling • Tobias Diehl • Douwe J. J. van Hinsbergen • Giancarlo Molli3 Received: 6 June 2016 / Accepted: 9 December 2016 Ó Swiss Geological Society 2017 Abstract The construction of five crustal-scale profiles related to the lateral indentation of the Ivrea mantle slice across the Western Alps and the Ivrea mantle wedge towards WNW by some 100–150 km. (4) The final stage of integrates up-to-date geological and geophysical informa- arc formation (25–0 Ma) is associated with orogeny in the tion and reveals important along strike changes in the Apennines leading to oroclinal bending in the southern- overall structure of the crust of the Western Alpine arc. most Western Alps in connection with the 50° counter- Tectonic analysis of the profiles, together with a review of clockwise rotation of the Corsica-Sardinia block and the the existing literature allows for proposing the following Ligurian Alps. Analysis of existing literature data on the multistage evolution of the arc of the Western Alps: (1) Alps–Apennines transition zone reveals that substantial exhumation of the mantle beneath the Ivrea Zone to shal- parts of the Northern Apennines formerly suffered Alpine- low crustal depths during Mesozoic is a prerequisite for the type shortening associated with an E-dipping Alpine sub- formation of a strong Ivrea mantle wedge whose strength duction zone and were backthrusted to the NE during exceeds that of surrounding mostly quartz-bearing units, Apenninic orogeny that commences in the Oligocene. -
An Overview of Glacier Lakes in the Western Italian Alps from 1927 To
Geogr. Fis. Dinam. Quat. DOI 10.4461/GFDQ.2016.39.19 39 (2016). 203-214, 9 figg., 3 tabb. CRISTINA VIANI (*), MARCO GIARDINO (*,**), CH RISTIAN GLHUG E (***), LUIGI PEROTTI (*,**) & GIO VANNI MORTARA (**) AN OVERVIEW OF GLACIER LAKES IN THE WESTERN ITALIAN ALPS FROM 1927 TO 2014 BASED ON MULTIPLE DATA SOURCES (HISTORICAL MAPS, ORTHOPHOTOS AND REPORTS OF THE GLACIOLOGICAL SURVEYS) ABSTRT AC : VIANI C., GIARDINO M., HUGLG E C., PEROTTI L. & MOR- Alps (Monte Rosa Group). Moreover, in a dedicated database, we collect- TARA G., An overview of glacier lakes in the Western Italian Alps form ed information (descriptions, photos, maps) about glacier lakes from the 1927 to 2014 based on multiple data sources (historical maps, orthophotos reports of the annual glaciological surveys published by the Italian Gla- and reports of the glaciological surveys). (IT ISSN 0391-9839, 2016) ciological Committee (CGI) since 1928. Finally, we reported two cases of glacier lakes at the Tzére Glacier (Monte Rosa Group, Pennine Alps) Since the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA, ca. 1850 AD) a general and at the Ban Glacier (Monte Leone-Blinnenhorn Chain, Lepontine and progressive retreat of glaciers started in the European Alps, causing Alps), in order to demonstrate the importance of integrating data from a important environmental changes in this high mountain region. The ap- diversity of sources (historical maps, orthophotos and reports of the gla- pearance of glacier lakes is one of the most evident environmental effects ciological surveys) for better detailed reconstructions of the condition of in the Alps as well as in newly deglaciated areas worldwide. -
Monitoraggio Dei Pops Sul Territorio Alpino Monitoring Pops in the Alps
Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente della Lombardia Dipartimento di Sondrio C. A. Belis - T. Magnani Editors C. A. Belis - T. Magnani C. A. Belis - T. Monitoraggio dei POPs S P sul territorio alpino IN THE AL Monitoring POPs RING POPS O in the Alps NIT O M - - O IN P AL O RI ATTI DELLA CONFERENZA O Monitoraggio degli inquinanti organici persistenti sul territorio alpino: uno sguardo sulla situazione europea, italiana e lombarda UL TERRIT UL S PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE S Monitoring persistent organic pollutants in the Alps: An overview on the situation in Europe, Italy and Lombardy DEI POP DEI O ISBN 978-88-903167-0-8 RAGGI O NIT O 9 788890 316708 > M 31 ottobre 2007 - Bormio (SO) - 31st october 2007 C. A. Belis - T. Magnani Editors Monitoraggio dei POPs sul territorio alpino Monitoring POPs in the Alps Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente della Lombardia Dipartimento di Sondrio Copyright © 2007 Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente Lombardia ISBN 978-88-903167-0-8 Finito di stampare nel mese di ottobre 2007 dalla Tipografia Polaris di Sondrio INDICE GLI INQUINANTI ORGANICI PERSISTENTI IN UNA PROSPETTIVA NAZIONALE ED EUROPEA Le Alpi e i progetti transnazionali 7 Environmental protection and transnational cooperation in the alpine space: results and perspectives 11 Present and future in the risk assessment of chemicals with PBT properties 13 I RISULTATI DEL PROGETTO MONARPOP Synthesis of the findings of the project MONARPOP 21 Idrocarburi policiclici aromatici negli ecosistemi alpini (progetto -
Paleotectonic Evolution of the Central and Western Alps
BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA VOL. 71, PP. 843-908, 14 FIGS.. 2 PLS. JUNE 1960 PALEOTECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE CENTRAL AND WESTERN ALPS BY RUDOLF TRUMPY ABSTRACT This paper deals with the general features of Mesozoic and Tertiary rock sequences and paleogeography in the Alps. It seeks to outline the paleotectonic significance of the rocks and to discuss the structural evolution of the Alpine geosyncline up to the main deformation, with special reference to the sector between the rivers Rhine and Durance. Accent is placed on the relative independence of Alpine structures involving the pre-Triassic basement rocks and of cover nappes consisting only of Mesozoic and Tertiary formations. Normal shallow-water deposits of platform or miogeosynclinal type were laid down over the whole area before eugeosynclinal conditions set in. The typical eugeosynclinal sediments in the central, Penninic belt of the Alps are the Schistes lustres and Bundner- schiefer, with sills and submarine lava flows of basic volcanic rocks (ophiolites). Before metamorphism they consisted mainly of shales and of impure arenaceous and argillaceous limestones. The bathymetric environment of radiolarian cherts and associated rocks is examined, and their deep-water origin is upheld for the Alpine occurrences. Marine polygenic breccias are characteristic of geosynclinal slopes (commonly fault scarps) and not of a particular depth zone. The Alpine Flysch is a particularly significant sediment. Flysch is a thick marine deposit of predominantly detrital rocks, in part turbidites, generally without volcanic rocks, and laid down during compressional deformation of the geosyncline. Of the many different kinds of Flysch some represent transitions to either Bundnerschiefer or Molasse. -
8. the Changing Italian Glaciers
8. The changing Italian glaciers Baroni C. 1,2,3, Salvatore M.C.1,2,3, Alderighi L.1,4, Gennaro S.1, Zanoner T.3,4,6, Carton A.3,6, Carturan L.3,5, Zorzi M.1,3, Giardino M.3,7, Bertotto S.4,7, Perotti L.3,7 1University of Pisa, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Pisa, Italy 2CNR-IGG, National Research Council, Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, Pisa, Italy 3Comitato Glaciologico Italiano, Italian Glaciological Committee 4CNR-IRPI, National Research Council, Research institute for Geo-hydrological Protection, Turin, Italy 5University of Padua, Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro Forestali, Padua, Italy 6University of Padua, Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Padua, Italy 7University of Turin, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Turin, Italy 8.1 State of Italian glaciers in 1988-89, 2006-07, 2014-15 Glaciers are among the most impressive elements of the Alpine landscape, providing a precious renewable freshwater resource. They are among the most sensitive climatic indicators, and mountain glacier variations are considered one of the best natural proxies to investigate climate changes and to predict future scenarios (Zemp et al., 2006; IPCC 2007, 2013; Haeberli et al., 2007; Winkler et al., 2010). Knowledge of the entity of spatial and volumetric glacial changes represents one of the most important tools for investigating environmental and climate changes. Ongoing climatic warming has been particularly significant in the Alps since the late Little Ice Age (ca. 1850 AD) and it dramatically accelerated after the end of the 20th century (IPCC, 2007, 2013; Brunetti et al., 2009; Büntgen et al., 2011). -
Rome and the Cottians in the Western Alps Carolynn Roncaglia Santa Clara University, [email protected]
Santa Clara University Scholar Commons Classics College of Arts & Sciences Fall 2013 Client prefects?: Rome and the Cottians in the Western Alps Carolynn Roncaglia Santa Clara University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/classics Part of the Classics Commons Recommended Citation Carolynn Roncaglia. 2013. “Client prefects?: Rome and the Cottians in the Western Alps”. Phoenix 67 (3/4). Classical Association of Canada: 353–72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7834/phoenix.67.3-4.0353. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts & Sciences at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Classics by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CLIENT PREFECTS?: ROME AND THE COTTIANS IN THE WESTERN ALPS Carolynn Roncaglia introduction When Augustus and the Romans conquered the central and western Alps at the end of the first century b.c.e., most of the newly subjugated regions were brought under direct Roman control. The central portion of the western Alps, however, was left in the hands of a native dynasty, the Cottians, where it remained until the reign of Nero over a half-century later. The Cottians thus serve as one of many examples of a form of indirect Roman rule, its “two-level monarchy,” wherein the rulers of smaller kingdoms governed as friends and allies of the Roman state in an asymmetrical power relationship with Rome.1 This article explores how a native dynasty like the Cottians presented and legitimized their relationship with Rome to a domestic audience. -
Passeurs: Narratives of Border Crossing in the Western Alps
Passeurs: Narratives of Border Crossing in the Western Alps Federica Di Blasio If the migrant is the prominent political figure of our time,1 the migrant smuggler may be considered their shadowy counterpart. Migrant smuggling is currently one of the most profitable illegal activities in the world, worth billions of dollars, and only second to drug trafficking. In Europe, where the modern “migrant crisis” was particularly critical in the years 2015-16, the European Commission has committed to fighting migrant smuggling, a practice they associate with a variety of threats to European security, from terrorism to money laundering. Despite the European commitment, the smuggling industry has continued to become ever more sophisticated. Moreover, little has been done to address the causes that make smuggling services so popular.2 Official accounts of smuggling activities often work to the detriment of migrants and refugees. One of the most egregious examples of these misleading narratives recently came from Matteo Salvini of the Italian League Party and outgoing Italian Minister of the Interior. He refused entrance to NGO boats (such as Acquarius, Sea Watch, and Open Arms) carrying migrants to ports in Italy, and attacked their credibility, labeling them “taxi services” for human traffickers, treating them as accomplices to criminals.3 Salvini has dramatically oversimplified and distorted the complexity of migration, blurring the categories of profit and non-profit, criminal and humanitarian. He has attributed the criminality of human traffickers to NGOs committed to saving human lives in the Mediterranean, and used the category of “trafficanti” as a generalized label for anyone helping migrants to cross borders illegally. -
Present-Day Surface Deformation of the Alpine Region Inferred from Geodetic Techniques
Discussions Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2018-19 Earth System Manuscript under review for journal Earth Syst. Sci. Data Science Discussion started: 6 March 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. Open Access Open Data Present-day surface deformation of the Alpine Region inferred from geodetic techniques Laura Sánchez1, Christof Völksen2, Alexandr Sokolov1,2, Herbert Arenz1, Florian Seitz1 5 1Technische Universität München, Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut (DGFI-TUM), Arcisstr. 21, 80333 München, Germany 2Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Erdmessung und Glaziologie, Alfons-Goppel-Str. 11, 80539 München, Germany Correspondence to: Laura Sánchez ([email protected]) 10 Abstract. We provide a present-day surface-kinematics model for the Alpine region and surroundings based on a high-level data analysis of about 300 geodetic stations continuously operating over more than 12 years. This model includes a deformation model, a continuous surface-kinematic (velocity) field, and a strain field consistently assessed for the entire Alpine mountain belt. Special care is given to the use of the newest GNSS processing standards to determine high-precise 3D station coordinates. The coordinate solution refers to the reference frame 15 IGb08, epoch 2010.0. The mean precision of the station positions at the reference epoch is ±1.1 mm in N and E and ±2.3 mm in height. The mean precision of the station velocities is ±0.2 mm/a in N and E and ±0.4 mm/a in the height. The deformation model is derived from the pointwise station velocities using a geodetic least-squares collocation approach with empirically determined covariance functions. -
GEOLOGICAL EXCURSION the WESTERN ALPS Field Guidebook
Orléans University-Institute of Geology and Geophysics Cooperation program GEOLOGICAL EXCURSION IN THE WESTERN ALPS June 22 -July 2, 2018 Field guidebook excursion leaders: M. Faure & Y. Chen Monviso from Agnel Pass Orléans University-Peking University Cooperation program 1 A GEOLOGICAL EXCURSION IN THE WESTERN ALPS Field guide book 2018 M. Faure, Y. Chen PART I: GEOLOGICAL OUTLINE OF THE FRENCH-ITALIAN ALPS INTRODUCTION 1. The Alpine system in Europe. The European continent was progressively edificated by several orogenic events since the Archean (Fig. 1). Paleoproterozoic belts are restricted to Scandinavia. A Neoproterozoic orogen, called the Cadomian Belt, from the name of the Caen city in Normandy, and formed around 600 Ma, is observed in the northern part of the Massif Armoricain and also in Great Britain, in Spain, and East Europe. During the Paleozoic, three collisional belts are recognized, namely i) in western Scandinavia, Scotland, Ireland, Wales and Britain, the Caledonian Belt results of the collision between North America (or Laurentia) and Scandinavia (or Baltica) that gave rise to the Laurussia continent in Silurian; ii) the Variscan (or Hercynian) Belt that develops in Middle Europe from SW Iberia to Poland, results of the collision between Laurussia and Gondwana in Devonian and Carboniferous; iii) the Urals formed by the collision between Laurussia and Siberia in Carboniferous. As the result of the Paleozoic orogenies, in Permian, Europe and Africa belonged to the Pangea megacontinent. Fig. 1: Tectonic map of Europe During the Cenozoic, several orogenic belts are recognized in southern Europe (Fig. 1). The Pyrénées are due to the Eocene closure of a continental rift opened in Mesozoic between France and Iberia (= Spain and Portugal).