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Monitoraggio Dei Pops Sul Territorio Alpino Monitoring Pops in the Alps

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Monitoraggio Dei Pops Sul Territorio Alpino Monitoring Pops in the Alps Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente della Lombardia Dipartimento di Sondrio C. A. Belis - T. Magnani Editors C. A. Belis - T. Magnani C. A. Belis - T. Monitoraggio dei POPs S P sul territorio alpino IN THE AL Monitoring POPs RING POPS O in the Alps NIT O M - - O IN P AL O RI ATTI DELLA CONFERENZA O Monitoraggio degli inquinanti organici persistenti sul territorio alpino: uno sguardo sulla situazione europea, italiana e lombarda UL TERRIT UL S PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE S Monitoring persistent organic pollutants in the Alps: An overview on the situation in Europe, Italy and Lombardy DEI POP DEI O ISBN 978-88-903167-0-8 RAGGI O NIT O 9 788890 316708 > M 31 ottobre 2007 - Bormio (SO) - 31st october 2007 C. A. Belis - T. Magnani Editors Monitoraggio dei POPs sul territorio alpino Monitoring POPs in the Alps Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente della Lombardia Dipartimento di Sondrio Copyright © 2007 Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente Lombardia ISBN 978-88-903167-0-8 Finito di stampare nel mese di ottobre 2007 dalla Tipografia Polaris di Sondrio INDICE GLI INQUINANTI ORGANICI PERSISTENTI IN UNA PROSPETTIVA NAZIONALE ED EUROPEA Le Alpi e i progetti transnazionali 7 Environmental protection and transnational cooperation in the alpine space: results and perspectives 11 Present and future in the risk assessment of chemicals with PBT properties 13 I RISULTATI DEL PROGETTO MONARPOP Synthesis of the findings of the project MONARPOP 21 Idrocarburi policiclici aromatici negli ecosistemi alpini (progetto MONARPOP) 27 Studio delle concentrazioni di POPs nell’area dolomitica 33 Polybrominated diphenyl ether (pbde) in humus layers in remote forests 39 Distribution of dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides in the alpine environment 45 The deposition of pesticides into Alpine forest ecosystems 51 Novel Diagnostic Tools for POPs in Alpine Areas 55 Novel ambient air sampling techniques adapted for the needs of project MONARPOP 59 I POPs NEL TERRIORIO ALPINO LOMBARDO Emissioni atmosferiche di diossine in Lombardia: l’inventario delle emissioni 65 Emissioni atmosferiche di diossine in Lombardia: Il caso di un incendio di un deposito di rifiuti provenienti dalla raccolta differenziata di materie plastiche 73 The emissions of POPs in the agriculture sector: trends and current state 79 The effects of POPs on Alpine organisms and ecosystems 87 Evoluzione temporale e andamenti stagionali di POP in deposizioni d’alta quota in Lombardia e Svizzera 93 Le possibili ricadute sulla salute della presenza ambientale dei POPs 99 GLI INQUINANTI ORGANICI PERSISTENTI IN UNA PROSPETTIVA NAZIONALE ED EUROPEA THE PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS FROM THE EUROPEAN AND THE NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES Monitoraggio dei POPs sul territorio alpino Copyright © 2007 - ARPA Lombardia ISBN 978-88-903167-0-8 7 LE ALPI E I PROGETTI TRANSNAZIONALI T.Magnani, C.Belis Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente Lombardia Dip. Sondrio via Stelvio, 35- 23100 Sondrio In seguito al veloce progredire della globalizzazione, le Alpi sono state caratterizzate da profondi cambiamenti strutturali, culturali ed ecologici. Il concetto di sviluppo sostenibile e la considerazione della dimensionalità territoriale diventano sempre più importanti per la definizione di strategie politiche in grado di gestire questi cambiamenti. Oggi, le Alpi sono probabilmente la macroregione europea con i contatti interculturali più intensi in relazione allo spazio occupato ed esigono il confezionamento di una soluzione unica per lo sviluppo sostenibile di un territorio che ricopre una superficie di 190.000 Kmq in cui vive una popolazione di 13,6 milioni di abitanti. Rafforzare la cooperazione e contribuire allo sviluppo di una identità e capacità comune di agire nello spazio alpino è stato il primo obiettivo della Convenzione delle Alpi, un accordo di diritto internazionale, stipulato già nel 1991, fra Austria, Svizzera, Germania, Francia, Principato di Monaco, Liechtenstein, Italia, Slovenia e Comunità Europea. Tale Convenzione è stata un indubbio precursore dello sviluppo inclusivo e sostenibile dell’arco alpino con il suo approccio integrato includente la dimensione ecologica, economica e sociale per le aree di montagna e valutando attentamente l’interdipen- denza delle differenti dimensioni dello sviluppo. Per individuare soluzioni innovative e sostenibili, data la dimensione transfrontaliera o internazionale, la Convenzione delle Alpi ha posto in primo piano il tema del ricorso alla cooperazione transnazionale come stimolo e sostegno di strategie atte allo sviluppo strutturale dello Spazio Alpino nella nascente Europa unita. In seguito, il tentativo di coinvolgere il territorio affinché esprimesse la propria voca- zione ad inserirsi politicamente, economicamente e socialmente nel contesto europeo ha generato politiche volte a ridurre le criticità derivanti dalla cessazione della condi- zione frontaliera (e delle attività ad esse connessa) e dal perdurare di molti elementi di conflitto (linguistici, infrastrutturali, normativi, etc.). Per far si che il coinvolgimento degli attori locali non rimanesse limitato ai pochi chilometri di confine, dalla seconda metà degli anni Novanta il programma Interreg ha delineato le grandi aree di coo- perazione trasnazionale grazie alle quali il territorio diventa una nuova dimensione della politica europea. Le Regioni si ritrovano in un’area che non coincide più con i confini nazionali, ma che ricerca nel rapporto con le altre istituzioni e nella integra- zione territoriale il proprio punto di equilibrio. Il programma transnazionale “Spazio Alpino” interessa un’area geografica che com- prende circa 70 milioni di abitanti distribuiti in un territorio caratterizzato dalla più grande catena montuosa del continente europeo e dai circostanti territori collinari e 8 Monitoraggio dei POPs sul territorio alpino di pianura; tale spazio alterna zone di montagna, scarsamente popolate e caratteriz- zate da un ricco patrimonio naturale e culturale, ad insediamenti urbani e metropoli densamente popolate. Le zone ammissibili interessano sette regioni italiane: Valle d’Aosta, Piemonte, Li- guria, Lombardia, Friuli-Venezia-Giulia, Veneto e Trentino-Alto Adige. Sono inoltre coinvolti la Francia (Rhône-Alpes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, Franche-Comté, Alsace), la Germania (Oberbayern e Schwaben, Tubingen e Freiburg im Breisgau), la Slovenia e l’Austria (gli interi paesi). Partecipano inoltre al programma, come membri a pieno titolo, due paesi extra-comunitari: la Svizzera e il Liechtenstein. In sintesi, la strategia del programma si articola in quattro assi prioritari. • la priorità 1 “Promozione dello Spazio alpino quale spazio competitivo e vitale nel quadro di uno sviluppo territoriale policentrico nell’Unione europea” che comprende due misure: la conoscenza reciproca e le prospettive comuni; la compe- titività e lo sviluppo sostenibile; • la priorità 2 “Sviluppo di sistemi di trasporto sostenibile, con particolare riguardo all’efficienza, all’intermodalità e al miglioramento dell’accessibilità” che com- prende due misure: le prospettive e l’ analisi; il miglioramento dell’esistente e la promozione di sistemi di trasporto futuri attraverso soluzioni intelligenti di grande e piccola scala come l’intermodalità; • la priorità 3 “Saggia gestione della natura, del paesaggio e del patrimonio cul- turale, promozione dell’ambiente e prevenzione di rischi naturali” che com- prende tre misure: la natura e le risorse, in particolare l’ acqua; la buona gestione e la promozione dei paesaggi e del patrimonio culturale; la cooperazione nel settore dei rischi naturali; • la priorità 4 “Assistenza tecnica” che comprende due misure: l’ attuazione del programma; l’ informazione e la valutazione. Sono moltissimi oggi i progetti realizzati e quelli in fase di realizzazione sullo Spazio Alpino, ma, al di là degli importanti risultati ottenuti, occorre ricordare che l’obiettivo generale del programma è quello di aumentare la competitività e l’attrattività dell’area di cooperazione attraverso lo sviluppo di azioni comuni in settori dove la cooperazione transnazionale è necessaria per arrivare a soluzioni sostenibili. Il Programma tende inoltre ad implementare metodologie per incubare e sviluppare strumenti che influenzino anche i comportamenti e le percezioni sulla necessità, nell’Europa unita, di delineare accordi in un processo lavorativo che promuova e massimizzi la possibilità di un apprendimento comune e condiviso tra i vari partners dei progetti e che apporti un valore aggiunto alla integrazione tra i Paesi. Il significato etimologico della Cooperazione Trasnazionale è di difficile espressio- ne nella sua essenza ed significato . La parola rimanda sicuramente ad una attività collaborativa tra i diversi Paesi ed è atta a descrivere scambi di prassi, di attività, di prodotti, tra i diversi Paesi all’interno della Comunità Europea, ma sottende anche Le Alpi e i progetti transnazionali 9 a scambi più preziosi quali il dialogo, i know-out, l’integrazione culturale e sociale fondamentale per lo sviluppo di una comune civiltà europea. Il progetto transnazionale “Monitoraggio degli inquinanti organici persistenti (POP’s) ed altri inquinanti nella Regione Alpina”, ad acronimo Monarpop, ha concentrato l’attenzione sulle foreste delle Alpi ritenute un importante recettore per i POP’s trasportanti anche da aree distanti, tematica sulla quale non esistevano finora studi scientifici che, in ogni modo, quantificassero l’entità del problema. Nato da una
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