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Accomplishments Report 2000–2002 fundamental space biology

Accomplishments Report 2000–2002

Contents from the Division Director ...... i

Introduction ...... 1 What is Space Biology? ...... 2 Fundamental Space Biology at NASA ...... 2

Program Elements ...... 5 FSB Program Office ...... 6 Key NASA Entities Supported by FSB...... 6

Research Approach...... 11 Science ...... 12 Technology ...... 14 Research Facilities and Hardware ...... 15

Accomplishments ...... 19 What Have We Discovered So Far?...... 20 Current Accomplishments ...... 23 Research Highlights Gravity Required for Normal Vestibular Development...... 23 Simulated Microgravity Increases Virulence of a Common Pathogen...... 25 Biomass Production System Produces Extensive Data ...... 27 Worms in Space: Hypergravity Alters Expression in C. Elegans ...... 29 How the Brain Detects Gravity ...... 31 Flexible and Strong Skeletons of Cells ...... 33 Sperm Sensitivity to Gravitational Forces ...... 35 Genetic Links for Bone Loss on Earth and in Space ...... 37 Science ...... 23 Technology ...... 25 International Space Station ...... 26 Missions ...... 26 Gravitational Biology Facilities...... 28 Awards and Special Recognition...... 29 Featured Publications ...... 30 Grantee Metrics...... 32 Education and Outreach ...... 33 Conferences and Workshops ...... 36 Research Benefits ...... 36

Appendices ...... 41 Appendix A: Grantee List...... 41 Appendix B: Related Readings & References ...... 61

FROM THE DIVISION DIRECTOR: TERRI LOMAX, PH.D.

The 2000-2002 period was highly important for Fundamental Space Biology (FSB). The newly estab- lished Division set a broad-based research agenda to further our understanding of the basic effects of spaceflight on living systems.

FSB adopted a new approach that would help NASA begin to take advantage of the tools and approaches brought about by the and revolution. FSB also adopted an aggres- sive stance in assessing and pursuing the advanced technologies necessary to enable cutting edge sci- ences research in space.

Despite limited flight opportunities, FSB-funded investigators made valuable scientific advances in orbit and on the ground, many with Earth applications. Throughout the period, the FSB Outreach Program communicated the Division’s accomplishments to the public through a variety of projects recognized for their excellence.

The coming year promises to be an exciting one for the Division. In conjunction with the Office of Biological and Physical Research (OBPR), FSB will help develop an Enterprise-level Research Strategy. The OBPR Strategy will be integrated with those of other enterprises in the NASA Strategic Plan. The FSB contribution will emphasize the need for understanding how space environments affect life at the cellular level, at the organismal level throughout individual life spans, across multiple generations, and in .

FSB will participate in the development of several new research initiatives within OBPR. One is the Radiation Health initiative to better understand and lessen the radiation risks for human space explo- ration. Another that is being assessed is a Free-Flyer initiative. This initiative would complement the ISS with unmanned spacecraft to accommodate experiments and flight plans not compatible with human presence, e.g. pathogens, radiation, and toxins. A third initiative, still under study, would develop the capability to conduct small, automated experiments with model , leading to basic understand- ing at the level of responses to variable gravity and, ultimately, to conduct focused multi-generation research for the first time in space.

Collaborations are anticipated with a new NASA-wide Space Architecture team to evaluate the role of biosciences for potential future research beyond low Earth orbit. Increased collaborations are anticipated with the Bioastronautics Division and the Physical Sciences Division in conduct of research designed to support human space exploration, especially in the areas of risk mitigation.

Through these activities and its core research program described herein, FSB will continue to pursue knowledge and technology to help make spaceflight safe and productive for all living things, determine life’s ability to extend beyond its planet of origin, and benefit life on Earth in the process.

Introduction

TO PURSUE SAFE AND SUCCESSFUL space explo- ration, we must learn how Earth-based life can adapt and thrive in different space environments over the long term. Fundamental Space Biology studies basic biological processes through both spaceflight and ground-based research. By studying how organisms respond to microgravity and other unique aspects of space environments, we increase our understanding of life on Earth and develop the knowledge needed to support long-term human habitation in space. 2 INTRODUCTION etary bases, which are essential toproviding long-term life- development of artificial ecosystems for spacecraft and plan- beings inflight. Spacebiology research alsosupportsthe knowledge, weare betterabletoensure the safetyof human counter tothe spaceenvironment. Withthis determining which key biological mechanisms selectively gravity onlanding. Spacebiology research iscritical for including the allowance of the quick readaptation toEarth be minimizedfor arange of performance and health reasons, Human adaptation tothe microgravity of spaceflight must about lifeonourplanet. response tothe absence of gravity, weunderstand more Earth. As welearnabouthow systems change inthe ate support,lifecansuccessfully adapt tohabitatsbeyond world. Our current knowledge indicates thatwithappropri- ing systems sense, adapt, develop, and evolveinthisnovel ment wecreate toliveinspace, wecandetermine how liv- ducting studies thatcontrol aspectsof the artificial environ- associated withthe effectiveabsence of gravity. Bycon- covered that humans, , and undergo changes Over the past30yearsof human spaceflight, wehavedis- questions they encompass are the territoryof spacebiology. Earth’s environment? These and the multitude of more specific their , thatcanbeobservedonlyawayfrom plished safely? Are there aspectsof living things, buried in thrive inspaceoverthe long term?How can thisbeaccom- differ greatly from Earth’s. Canliving systems adapt toand ly adapted. The environments inspaceand onother planets humans, from the environment towhich they havesuccessful- Space exploration entails removing organisms, including influences of Earth’sgravity, atmosphere, and radiation. vast diversity. Everyliving thing evolvedunder the common verse—the onlylifeweknow—is lifeonEarth,inallits The onlylifewehaveencountered anywhere inthe uni- WHAT ISSPACE BIOLOGY? FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 a uniquewindow into the historyof life onEarth. tiple generations inspaceatvariable gravity levelsprovides The abilitytostudy adaptation of small organisms overmul- adaptive mechanisms toovercome the influence of gravity. Life’s betweensea,land, and airrequired special life evolvedonEarthinaconstant-gravity environment. Knowledge of spacebiology alsohelps usunderstand how support systems for human exploration beyond Earth. Supportother NASA activities related tobiology • Developthe fundamental biological knowledge toenable a • Use gravity, microgravity, and the other characteristics of • Division are asfollows: The major goals of the Fundamental SpaceBiology Research Biology &. Biology wasaprogram withinOLMSA known asGravitational genomics. Prior tothe creation of OBPR,Fundamental Space biology, , information technology, and and new capabilities available inareas such asmolecular ability tomeet the challenges brought aboutbythe growth Enterprise. OBPRwasdesigned tostrengthen the agency’s of the Human Exploration and Development of Space(HEDS) Microgravity Sciences and Applications (OLMSA), then apart 2000 inareorganization of the Office of Lifeand Research (OBPR).OBPRwasfounded asaNASA Enterprise in divisions inNASA’s Office of Biological and Physical Fundamental SpaceBiology (FSB)isone of four research long-duration human presence inspace fundamental biological processes the spaceenvironment toenhance ourunderstanding of BIOLOGY AT NASA FUNDAMENTAL SPACE INTRODUCTION 3 Division Development Space Product Division Management Bioastronautics Resources and Business and Resources Research Division Research fluid physics on cultures. Collaborations with the Collaborations on cell cultures. physics fluid adaptive basic of studies include Division Bioastronautics within countermeasures and to variable-g mechanisms Roadmap. Path Critical by NASA’s identified areas research to understand also work together Bioastronautics FSB and sen- develop and crew and spacecraft of microecology the With the measurements. physiological sors for Life Support Project, Advanced Division’s Bioastronautics life support, of microecology biology, FSB researches Product Space the FSB and systems. waste management and with OBPR-sponsored collaborate Division Development FSB- overseeing hardware, flight in sharing partners research hardware facilitating and payloads, biology space relevant spaceflight. for verification Office of the the of Office Associate Administrator Associate Biology Division FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL Research Division Research Fundamental Space Mission Integration Mission OFFICE OF BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL RESEARCH ORGANIZATION CHART ORGANIZATION AND PHYSICAL RESEARCH OFFICE OF BIOLOGICAL Physical Sciences Physical Research Division Research nation’s competitiveness, education, and the quality of quality the and education, competitiveness, nation’s life on Earth. Fundamental Space Biology is one of four research entities within OBPR. Physical Sciences, Bioastronautics, and FSB compose the entities within OBPR. Physical Sciences, Bioastronautics, Fundamental Space Biology is one of four research activities. The Mission Integration Division research Development manages commercial divisions. Space Product OBPR research support divisions. and Business Management Division are and Resources • our to improve technology and Apply this knowledge respon- is primarily Division Space Biology Fundamental The initiatives, new developing planning, strategic sible for policies, establishing funding, distributing and acquiring grants, research of approval and peer-review coordinating United the and agency to the on performance reporting and FSB Program the FSB Division, Within the States Congress. activi- other and grants research manages and implements goals. Division in support of ties In col- divisions. OBPR research other with the FSB interacts FSB supports Division, Sciences Physical with the laboration effects of well as the as on , focusing research

Program Elements

FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY supports other

NASA programs and offices that contribute to FSB

goals, including life sciences-related research, edu-

cation and outreach, technology development, life

sciences data archiving, and various ground-based

facilities and centers. 6 PROGRAM ELEMENTS ence and educational specialists from Space Center (KSC) butincludes sci- FSBOP islocatedatNASA Kennedy biology research tothe general public. relevance and results of NASA Outreach Program (FSBOP)impartsthe The Fundamental SpaceBiology AND OUTREACH FSB EDUCATION als, and the tracking of progress. review and selection of grant propos- nates the release of the NRA,the solicit grant proposals. FSBcoordi- Research Announcement (NRA)to fiscal year, FSBreleases aNASA through a peer-review process. Each awarding grants toinvestigators based research inspacebiology by FSB sponsors spaceflight and ground- (GRANTS) RESEARCH PROGRAM FLIGHT ANDGROUND FSB Technology Program. the FSB Outreach Program, and the Flight and Ground Research Program, oversees grant management for the NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), The FSBProgram office, locatedat OFFICE FSB PROGRAM ’ s basic FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 the country. tists and research managers across well aswithNASA sponsored scien- Research atNASA Headquarters, as the Office of Biological and Physical The FSBOPteamworkscloselywith NASA ARCand academic institutions. ing interfacing. ence/engineer- assisted sci- ogy transfer, and development and technol- flight and ground-based hardware expert definition and development, specialized planning and assessment, matic and technical expertise covering , provides extensive program- Astrobionics, aNASA ARC-based Program/Project Team manages T4FSB. The NASA AstroBionics Integrated requirements analysis, and assessment. processes through strategic planning, tates overall technology development nologies, sponsors research, and facili- FSB (T4FSB),tracks emerging tech- of the FSBProgram, Technology for mentation development. Thiselement logical research and biological instru- Division isresponsible for NASA The Fundamental SpaceBiology PROGRAM FSB TECHNOLOGY ’ s bio- that relate toFSBgoals. entities toproduce accomplishments each entity, FSBsupportenables these allocated for specific activities within Although FSBfunds are not always entities outside of itsprogram. FSB provides funding toseveral NASA human. FSBalsocontributes funding whole systems, from cellsinculture tothe environment of spaceaffectsliving at ARCistostudy how the unique The goal of the LifeSciences Division FSB experiments. the management of payloadscarrying focus. Bothcenters are responsible for research withafundamental biology primary NASA centers thatsupport and Kennedy SpaceCenter, the two organizations atAmes Research Center FSB contributes tothe lifesciences AT ARCANDKSC LIFE SCIENCES to the Center for Gravitational Biology Research and the in the ARCLifeSciences Division. Care Facility BY FSB SUPPORTED ENTITIES NASA KEY — — both animal and both managed with- PROGRAM ELEMENTS 7 Program FSB Outreach Hangar L/Space Hangar Lab Life Sciences Facilities Flight Support/ Flight Other OBPR Divisions Other Kennedy Space Center Kennedy Bio Program Bio Enterprises Other NASA Other SPACE STATION SPACE BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROJECT Research Biological Space Station The (SSBRP), located at ARC, is an Project team, which project integrated Advanced Life Advanced Support & Grav Science Research Science Flight Hardware Flight Development Life Sciences Data Archive Center BioVIS BioVIS Technology CHAART Division NASA Centers NASA s Life Sciences Support Facility s Life Sciences ’ Astrobio- Center for Center informatics Fundamental Space Biology and other science support laboratories. support laboratories. science other and oxygen from carbon dioxide. Beyond carbon dioxide. from oxygen activities life sciences this research, and payload processing include at KSC experiments flight support of ground at KSC NASA NASA Institute FSB RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER ENTITIES OTHER TO FSB RELATIONSHIP FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL Division Office of Biological and Physical Research Biological and Physical Office of Space Projects Ames Research Center Research Ames Project Research Biological Biological Other Agencies Other Space Station Science Research Science Operations Development/Mission Hardware Flight Research Biology Gravitational for Center Data Archive Life Sciences Facility Care Animal Division Life Sciences Office University Grantees University FSB Program Grant Program Grant Technology Program The Advanced Life Support and Advanced The at KSC Program Biology Gravitational life- bioregenerative seeks to develop human to enable support systems primary The missions. long-duration that pro- focuses research create and purify water, food, duce 8 PROGRAM ELEMENTS OBPR and the FSBProgram Office. study workshop inconjunction with the Division coordinated aFree-flyer and mission planning. During 2002 development, systems engineering, (IPT) and supportsthe IPTinhabitat to the SSBRPIntegrated Project Team projects. Inthatrole, itprovides staff range of space-related programs and Directorate atARC,supportsawide the Astrobiology and SpaceResearch The SpaceProjects Division, within DIVISION SPACE PROJECTS national SpaceStation. research co FSB-sponsored gravitational biology required tosupportthe wide range of design and develop the systems ous organizations. Its mission isto includes ARCstaffmatrixed from vari- Space Station. research ontheInternational agency forSSBRP, willsupport developed bytheJapanesespace The LifeSciencesGlovebox, nducted onthe Inter- FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 NASA Astrobiology Institute,partiallyfundedbyFSB,supports thisgoal. FSB isinterested inbringinglifeonEarthintonovelspace environments. The Life withUs Beyond Earth. Roadmap ObjectiveNo. 16, that address the Astrobiology activities and grants, especially those located atARC.FSBfunding supports and administrative staffof the NAIare and the general public. The director foster outreach toteachers, students, in the discipline of astrobiology and train anew generation of researchers and other partnerships are helping to ciplinary astrobiology research. These conduct, and leadintegrated multidis- across the U.S.It servestopromote, competitively selectedNAILeadTeams sents a partnership betweenNASA and is avirtual organization thatrepre- The NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI) INSTITUTE NASA ASTROBIOLOGY ”

“ Bringing NASA DATA ARCHIVE LIFE SCIENCES and teachers tospaceenthusiasts. LSDA Web siteranges from Station. The intended audience for the missions and the International Space from future experiments onShuttle ences data from the past40yearsand goal of the LSDA istoarchive lifesci- human, animal, and plant studies. The from 1965tothe present, and include These experiments were co are available onthe LSDA Web site. from spaceflight experiments, which (LSDA) contains information and data ’ s LifeSciences DataArchive nducted PROGRAM ELEMENTS 9 BIOVIS TECHNOLOGY BIOVIS CENTER at ARC Center Technology BioVIS The visual- advanced applies and develops simulation and imaging, ization, life sci- to support NASA technologies relevant Applications research. ences mathemati- to FSB objectives include three-dimen- cally-based modeling, tis- cells and of reconstruction sional crew for environments virtual and sue, with the Collaboration training. at Center Biocomputation National BioVIS extends University Stanford medical and resources intellectual applications. CHAART uses remote imaging to uses remote CHAART between understand the relationship and other Zaire in Ebola outbreaks factors. environmental demiology. Knowledge of disease out- disease of Knowledge demiology. based on envi- forecasts and breaks assists governments factors ronmental disease vectors. in predicting focuses CHAART projects many of One Beginning Ebola in Zaire. on the in 1995 outbreak January with the CHAART staff have the Kikwit, Zaire, from with investigators been working at the Branch Pathogens Special the and Disease Control for Centers to generate in Atlanta Prevention first the where area the of images found. Ebola cases were countries developing CHAART helps pre- companies pharmaceutical and they before disease outbreaks for pare the is part of It strike. the of Branch Technology and Science is at ARC and Division Earth Science FSB Division. the part of currently FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL s ongoing ’ Using satellite technology, the Center the satellite technology, Using Aerospace of Applications Health for (CHAART) pro- Related Technologies investigators support for vides between relationship the researching of spread the and environment the epi- as landscape known epidemics, CENTER FOR HEALTH OF APPLICATIONS RELATED AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGIES and future missions. The center is center The missions. future and closely with committed to working in its investi- NASA to help scientists . and genomics into gations This center, housed at ARC, is sup- housed This center, grants. FSB ported by peer-reviewed NASA the of program a subsidiary is It Astrobiology Computational for Center Astrobio- Biology. Fundamental and com- use of to the refers informatics computer science, biology, putational visuali- and management, knowledge organisms how to understand zation space envi- live in the and interact and life adapts how and ronment; extreme of context evolves in the data tools and The environments. NASA will aid gathered being funda- in understanding researchers is which processes, biological mental NASA of success to the key CENTER FOR ASTROBIOINFORMATICS

Research Approach

BY COMBINING STATE-OF-THE-ART science and

technology, Fundamental Space Biology seeks to

understand how space affects every level of biologi-

cal organization, from the of to the

of ecosystems. Multiple facilities, both

in space and on the ground, support FSB research. 12 RESEARCH APPROACH • • • guide FSBtoward thisgoal. The following objectives systems onEarth. biological processes and about the functioning of rise tonovel information exposure tospaceand give the consequences of long-term provide athorough understanding of The answers tothese questions will • • • • FSB seekstoanswer these key questions: mental principles inthe biological sciences. enables human exploration of spaceand advances funda- space environment. Byapplying thisknowledge, NASA by which these processes sense, respond, and adapt tothe standing of basic biological processes and the mechanisms Fundamental SpaceBiology strivestoexpand ourunder- Determine the role of the Understand how physical forces Detemine whether, and towhat How do systems of organisms and their How does spaceaffectthe development and lifecyclesof How does long-term exposure tospace affectorganisms? How does spaceaffectlifeatitsmost fundamental levels, biological and function encountered inspaceflight impact extent, the normal development of responding togravitational force and cellularstructures insensing and change inspace? organisms? from the gene tothe cell? SCIENCE FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 MODEL ORGANISMS culture mustalsobestudied atthesystemiclevel. act thesameinvitro asthey doinvivo;reactions tothespaceenvironment seen incell flight astheyapplytohumansand othercomplexorganisms. Cellsdonotnecessarily mammalian systemsare required formore complexquestionsabouttheeffects ofspace- While simpleorganisms andcellcultures canbeusedforinitialbaseline studies,whole Various modelorganisms are neededtoanswerthedifferent FSBsciencequestions. model organisms alsohavecompletelysequencedgenomes. Multigenerational studiesofhumansinspaceare notfeasible intheforeseeable tion times,makingthemidealformultigenerationalstudies.Most common future. Theuseofsimplemodelorganisms allowsinvestigatorstobeginlook space exploration.Modelorganisms offer large samplesizesandshortreplica- at thecomplexissueofadaptationtospaceenvironment. Experiments space. Whatwelearnfrom themcanbeappliedtobiologicalissuesinhuman will determinetheabilityoforganisms tosurvive,thrive,andreproduce in cress plants), and . as drosophila (fruitflies), , (mouse-ear selected for research include model organisms such systems, including animals, plants, tissues, and cells. Studies are conducted using arange of organisms and living levels inbetween)and model systems asresearch tools. gravitational conditions (microgravity, hypergravity, and These objectives are accomplished byusing aspectrumof • • Understand how, and for whatpurposes, different - Elucidate the role of gravity indetermining how the tary ecosystems change overtime. structure, function, and interactions of spaceand plane- gravity isms inthe animal and plant ki force cells, systems, and organisms depends ongravitational ngdoms sense and use and sense ngdoms RESEARCH APPROACH 13 s goal in s goal ’ support research at the genetic, molecular, and cellular and molecular, genetic, at the support research The principal aim of Cellular and is to Biology Molecular and Cellular aim of principal The levels to uncover specific cellular phenomena that are phenomena cellular specific levels to uncover is to Biology Developmental and development in normal gravity of role the determine on the space environment the effects of other and function to this is under- Critical to reproduce. organisms capacity of generations subsequent by which mechanisms the standing space environment the of influence Also, the affected. are interest. is of senescence life span, and on behavior, Biology and Comparative Organismal is used to under- approach comparative the In this area, and integrate, perceive, transduce, organisms how stand effects the to investigate force; to a gravitational respond on developmental, hypo-gravity and hyper- of and processes reproductive and regenerative, (e.g., systems physiological of regulation the and cardiovascular); musculoskeletal, nervous, inter- factors environmental other and gravity how to study phys- the outlines Biology Comparative and act. Organismal effects the of mechanisms molecular and cellular, iological, development, growth, on the spaceflight and gravity of of functions behavioral and physiological and composition, scale. phylogenetic the across plants higher and animals affected by conditions of microgravity, and to develop an to develop and microgravity, of affected by conditions that generate mechanisms molecular the of understanding gravitational altered how addresses Research effects. these or indi- directly effects may space-related other and force properties. and cellular functions impact basic rectly Biology Developmental NASA Cellular and Molecular Biology Cellular and Molecular FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL sion-limited metabolic processes. Research seeks to Research processes. metabolic sion-limited determine how these factors affect the growth, affect the factors these how determine changes in heat transfer, and alterations in diffu- in alterations and transfer, in heat changes s Critical Path Roadmap (CPR), which identify the bio- the identify which (CPR), Roadmap Path s Critical ’ development, and function of single-cell and multicel- and single-cell of function and development, medical risks of spaceflight and the research questions that questions research the and spaceflight risks of medical in FSB research risks. those to reduce be answered must biological underlying basic the CPR provides the support of CPR questions. to address necessary information Molecular and Physical Interactions and Physical Molecular Structures on spaceflight effects of physical emphasizes the This area may interactions physical These organisms. cells and on gas exchange, influences static-boundary-layer include Fundamental Space Biology flight and ground research is research ground and flight Space Biology Fundamental areas. in six different funded currently FSB RESEARCH ELEMENTS FSB supports study at both the fundamental and strategic and fundamental the at both FSB supports study the addressing is basic, research FSB fundamental levels. of range a across space environment the effects of gravity use variable Investigations organisms. model to space environment the of characteristics other and processes. biological fundamental of understanding enhance knowl- biological basic the applies research FSB strategic in presence human to support long-duration necessary edge in questions by the inquiry is guided This level of space. NASA lular organisms. 14 RESEARCH APPROACH requirements, descriptions and examples of which follow: space. The focus of the program isdriven byFSB’sresearch produce small, self-contained systems suitablefor usein adapts technologies availableinthe commercial sectorto The FSBTechnology Program integrates, miniaturizes, and This area seekstounderstand the role of gravity inthe environments for human crews. ecosystems as well asthe effectsonlife-support-system levels, it ispossibletodetermine their influences on ecological research atdifferent gravity and spaceradiation orcommunities. Byco particular interest are studies of microbial regard tospacecraft orplanetary . Of the stability of ecosystems, especially with understand how gravity affectsthe structure, function, and The goal of investigations into gravitational ecologyisto Gravitational Ecology environmental changes. processes thatalloworganisms toevolveinresponse to TECHNOLOGY processes of biological evolution. Studies are organisms toevolve onEarthand investigate the designed topinpoint the fundamental mechanisms and pathwaysthathavecausedmulticellular nducting FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 • High-speed data downlinks • Telemetry systems support remote telescience applications. processing, communication, archiving, and retrieval of data Data Management • Digital video imaging • sustaining and auto-correcting habitats. environmental monitoring permitsthe development of self- In SituMonitoringandControl • Multi-spectral imaging • Fluorescent • Photonics physiological levels. systems permit analysis across the molecular, cellular, and Imaging • Automated gene sequencing • DNAarray chips • Insitucell-flowcytometry and integrity. physical and biological data whilemaintaining experiment bioanalytical technology isrequired togenerate accurate Bioanalytical Systems • Modular, miniaturized freezers • Microfluidic networks • Microfabricated platforms tion, and preservation. ple management, manipula- experiment systems for sam- development of automated nologies are essential inthe Advanced, integrated tech- Sample Management Automated microscopy and advanced imaging Capabilities for automated acquisition, Precise and reliable multiparameter Integrated organism and RESEARCH APPROACH 15 controlled environments environments controlled to micro-g adaptation habitats. multiple dating The International Space Station makes possible Fundamental The International Space Station makes possible conducted in space. never before Space Biology research • on-orbit 1 g controls and reconditioning to 1 g after reconditioning and • on-orbit 1 g controls samples by accommo- of number significant • a statistically CAM will be outfitted the centrifuge, to the In addition organ- of types to support a variety with several Space Station Biological Research Project Space Station Biological Research is responsible Project Research Biological Space Station The variable-gravity a space station of development the for Accommodation Centrifuge called the facility research space agency, Japanese (CAM). Developed by the Module CAM provides the oversight, FSB/SSBRP management under animal, for monitoring life support, and gravity, artificial subjects on a variable-speed cell research and insect, plant, centrifuge. 2.5-m diameter of: study the CAM will accommodate The life cycles multigeneration and single, • long-duration, other g levels (0.1 to 2.0 g) and to various • adaptation FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL nducted in space, including multi- including in space, nducted nducting fundamental space biology fundamental nducting RESEARCH FACILITIES RESEARCH AND HARDWARE International Space Station micro- for on-orbit platform a continuous provides ISS The biology fundamental will enable It experiments. gravity co before never research for habitation gravity variable and studies generational Due to reduction subjects. research animal and cell, plant, hardware and in construction delays size and crew of at full capabili- yet operating is not ISS the development, com- science the with OBPR and FSB has been working ty. tech- and science objectives and research to define munity ISS on the experiments conducting for requirements nology minimized capabilities with these few years, next over the in mind. research and for transporting experiments to the Mir space to the experiments transporting for and research Space Station International to the recently, and, station crew significant have required experiments Some (ISS). fixa- and dissections as in-flight such interaction, In the automated. more have been much while others tions, assembly were missions Shuttle years 2000-2002, most the for elements transporting objective of with the flights, payloads includ- secondary Several ISS. the of construction ed FSB experiments. FLIGHT System Space Shuttle/Space Transportation has been used as Space Shuttle the than 20 years, For more co for a platform FSB uses multiple flight and ground research platforms and platforms research ground and flight FSB uses multiple on gravity effects of the life in space and to study facilities systems. living 16 RESEARCH APPROACH research facility atKSC The SpaceLifeSciences Laboratory (SLSLab)willbeanew Space LifeSciencesLabarotory control experiments, and flight-experiment monitoring. for surgery, X-ray, data management, synchronous ground and . The facility alsocontains limitedareas of aquatic animals, small mammals, plants, cells, tissues, dations and labspacefor specimen holding and handling Ecological LifeSupportSystems. Hangar Lhasaccommo- experiments and ongoing research inControlled (KSC) supportslifesciences flight Hangar LatKennedy SpaceCenter Facility/Hangar L Life SciencesSupport GROUND ment procedures incontainment. that the crew canco equipped workstation/glovebox so mens atmicrogravity, and afully isms, aholding rack tohouse speci- Lab willopeninSummer 2003and replace Hangar L. in fundamental and applied biological sciences. The SLS conducted aboard the ISS and ground-based investigations facility toprocess lifesciences experiments thatwillbe The Office of Biological and Physical Research willusethe services contractors, and University of Florida researchers. 100,000-square-foot labwillhost NASA, NASA lifesciences developed inpartnership withthe stateof Florida. This nduct experi- ’ s International SpaceResearch Park, FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 Animal Care and Use Committee. NASA-managed animal experiments isco for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Review of all housed according tothe National Research Council Guide Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care and allanimals are accredited bythe Association for Assessment and housing, testing, and surgery of animals. The ACF is The Animal Care Facility(ACF) atARCsupportsthe care, Animal Care Facility flight simulation (bed-rest) research area. ation and hyper-g systems of various typesand ahuman and non-flight related studies. Facilities include 10acceler- ments withcells, animals, and humans, for flight simulation Research Center (ARC)hosts facilities that allowexperi- The Center for Gravitational Biology Research atAmes Center for Gravitational BiologyResearch diameter centrifugeallowsforexperimentationatvariousglevels. investigations onboard theInternationalSpaceStation.The2.5-m- The CentrifugeAccommodationModulewillhostgravitationalbiology nducted byan RESEARCH APPROACH 17 s KC-135 ’ FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL s space life sciences research. Continuing studies Continuing research. s space life sciences ’ Center for Astrobioinformatics Center for located at ARC, promotes Astrobioinformatics, for Center The to problems applied analysis genomics modern use of the gravita- life, of origins limited to, the but not involving, space- of biology the ecosystem dynamics, biology, tional of are areas These environments. life in extreme and flight, support research because they to NASA interest particular missions. uncrewed and both crewed for goals range from biomedical and clinical applications to scientific applications clinical and biomedical from range The astrobiology. and analysis, 3-D cell-structure imaging, to software tissue reconstruction serial-section offers center investigators. interested BioVIS Technology Center BioVIS Technology to the at ARC is dedicated Center Technology BioVIS The visualization, advanced of application and development supporting technologies, simulation and computation, NASA aircraft simulates periods of microgravity for seconds at a seconds for microgravity of periods simulates aircraft trajectory. flight each parabolic during time KC-135 Reduced Gravity Research Program Research Reduced Gravity KC-135 Space Johnson at Program Research Gravity Reduced The to carry investigators and FSB staff NASA enables Center environ- in a spaceflight testing hardware and out studies program The effort. cost and but at reduced ment,

Accomplishments

IN RECENT YEARS, Fundamental Space Biology has

built upon the achievements of the past and fur-

thered our understanding of life processes in space.

This work has benefits outside of NASA. FSB

research has led to Earth-based applications, and

education and outreach efforts have imparted the

excitement of discovery to the public. 20 ACCOMPLISHMENTS are provided below. tal integrity. Examples of discoveries ment, motor skills, and musculoskele- immune function, toaltered develop- in cardiovascular, metabolic, and cal systems are affected, from changes ed withspaceflight. Many physiologi- spectrum of biological effects associat- This research characterizes abroad cal research. significant scientific and technologi- and itspredecessors haveconducted Fundamental SpaceBiology Program ment and mineral production. structure, aswellweakened attach- microgravity show changes insurface level, bone-forming cellsexposed to bones repair inspace. At the cellular indication thatnon-weight-bearing postflight, and, more important, no of bone fractures impaired asseen growth issuppressed, withthe repair of bones and muscles. Inrats, bone to the formation, function, and repair in microgravity hasproven detrimental The absence of weight-bearing activity Bone andMusclePhysiology ANIMAL RESEARCH For several decades, NASA SO FAR? DISCOVERED WHAT HAVE WE ’ s FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 embryonic development isaffected, on developing organisms. Chicken Spaceflight exerts contrasting effects Development dangers inspace. ditioning and anemia are potential findings suggest cardiovascular decon- reduced red bloodcellcount. These grammed celldeath results ina studies show thatenhanced pro- In addition tophysiological changes, decreased heart rate and bloodflow. increased bloodpressure and diovascular changes occur, including in space. Inmonkeys, significant car- muscle mass and volume are reduced Experiments onrats reveal cardiac Cardiovascular andHematology ment may alsobebeneficial. ments inrats suggest hormone treat- degeneration. Ground-based experi- exercise reduces bone and muscle experiments demonstrate thatresistive ing and standing. Countermeasure atrophy inallmuscles needed for mov- changes and immediate and dramatic environment contributes tostructural rats and monkeys the microgravity decrease inendurance, whileinboth rats, muscles atrophy causesa impaired attachment and repair. In muscles are alsoweakened and show In space, tendons, ligaments, and Metabolic functions are alsoaltered in cell distribution and activity. mus gland, aswellaltered white tion inthe spleenand asmaller thy- include decreased interferon produc- elements of the immune system.These demonstrate impairments tovarious Studies of rats and monkeys inspace andMetabolism gravity-sensing crystalsinjellyfish. include changes inthe formation of effects of spaceonother organisms high degree of neuronal plasticity. The gravity environment, suggesting a remarkably they adapt tothe altered However, studies inrats reveal how processes inresponse to microgravity. coordination and gravity-sensing Monkeys exhibit impaired eye-hand Gravity-Sensing/Vestibular System reduced testosterone levels. changes inmuscle activity, and growth hormone, possiblyrelated to changes, including impaired release of rats are anumber of hormonal vestibular system.Alsoobservedin development of the gravity-sensing gesting gestation inspaceaffects but show impaired orientation, sug- pups postflight that appearnormal opment infrogs. Pregnant rats deliver the ovulation, fertilization, and devel- but no significant changes are seenin ACCOMPLISHMENTS 21 identified Weight-bearing activity Weight-bearing Artificial gravity Dietary changes/ supplements Resistance exercise Hormone treatment Anti-G suit/cooling garment (entry & landing) Exercise Artificial gravity exercise Treadmill Artificial gravity Medication Artificial gravity Artificial gravity SIGNIFICANCE Relevant to understanding Relevant to understanding bone formation, growth and healing Useful for treatment of disuse osteoporosis Important for understanding the basic principles of muscle differentiation, endurance and repair Relevant to the treatment of disuse atrophy Relevant to understanding and treatment of cardiovascular disease Relevant to sensitivities of embryonic development Imporant to the study and treatment of vestibular dysfunction (Meniere’s disease, vertigo) Useful for the study and treatment infection, and of immunodeficiency, tumor formation Relevant to the study and treatment of metabolic dysfunction Increased risk of fracture with reduced repair capabilities Increased risk of musculoskeletal rupture with reduced capabilities Decreased physical endurance Decreased cardiac performance, reduced physical risk of capacity, heart failure Risks across multiple generations Susceptibility to space motion sickness Altered distance perception, orientation, and visual tracking Increased susceptibility to infection Metabolic dysfunction FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL Rat/Bion Rat/SLS-2 Rat/IML-1 Rhesus/Bion Rat/SLS-1, 2 & 3 Rat Bion Rhesus/Bion Rat/Pare 2 Rat/Bion Rhesus/Bion Pig-tailed monkey/Biosat III Chick/SSIP Rat/NIH.R1 Frog/SL-J Rat/Bion Rat/SLS-2 & 3 Rat/SL-3 Rhesus/Bion Jellyfish/SLS-1 IML-2 Rat/SLS-1 & 2 Rat/Bion Rat/SL-3 Rhesus/Bion Rat/Bion Rat/SL-3 Rhesus/Bion Fruit fly /Bion Rat Rhesus monkey Rat Rhesus monkey Rat Rhesus & pig-tailed monkey Chicken Rat Frog Rat Rhesus monkey Jellyfish Rat Rhesus monkey Rat Rhesus monkey MAJOR BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SPACEFLIGHT DISCOVERED FROM ANIMAL RESEARCH FROM ANIMAL DISCOVERED EFFECTS OF SPACEFLIGHT MAJOR BIOLOGICAL Effects Organisms Effects Organisms Missions Astronaut Health Life on Earth Countermeasures Immune suppression Altered Altered gravity sensing Altered development Loss of bone density and impaired healing Muscle atrophy, reduced musculoskeletal attachment, and impaired healing Cardiovascular deconditioning through FSB animal research. through Major biological effects of spaceflight and their significance for astronaut health, life on Earth, and human countermeasures, health, life on Earth, and human countermeasures, of spaceflight and their significance for astronaut Major biological effects a variety of organisms. Skin and space environment to show that microminiaturized acceleration sensors temperature, and metabolic rate are starch-deficient plants have a weak- designed to be mounted on the wall of all reduced in monkeys, while rats ened response to gravity compared the heart to monitor mammalian car- show reductions in concentra- with normal plants, researchers gener- diac contraction in space. These tions and cholesterol levels. ated important data supporting the devices defined the MEMS field and century-old starch-statolith theory of have since been used in numerous gravity perception, which proposes applications, including pacemakers, PLANT RESEARCH that plants sense gravity at the cellu- navigation systems, and automobile lar level through the interaction of crash sensors. In the 1980s, biovisual- The same qualities that make plants dense (termed statoliths) ization software was created to ana- essential to life on Earth—food pro- with other cytoplasmic structures. lyze vestibular adaptation of rats to duction, absorption of carbon dioxide, More recently, have begun space, by generating three-dimension- and release of oxygen and water to characterize plant responses to al images from a series of electron vapor—make them highly desirable on gravity on the genetic level, identify- microscope pictures. The software is long-term human ing two genes thought to be involved now widely used in surgical training to space missions. As a in signal and transport of create virtual simulations of complex result, research on the growth chemical auxin. These procedures. More recently, implantable growing plants in studies have established a clear poten- biosensors developed for biological space has become tial for growing plants in space, while monitoring in space have found med- well established. contributing to our basic understand- ical applications in the Fetal Early experiments ing of plant development and benefit- Biotelemetry System, which was focused on growth ing agricultural research on Earth. designed to remotely monitor, display, through complete and store physiological data on devel- life cycles, but were oping fetuses to quickly detect poten- Plants grow in a wheat mostly unsuccessful TECHNOLOGY tial abnormalities. chamber in a ground- as plants did not based lab. seem to produce Space biology has driven numerous seeds in space. Only advances and breakthroughs in tech- Biovisualization software creates three- in the late 1990s nology, many of which have found dimensional images for analysis. did biologists finally achieve seed-to- widespread application on Earth. For seed plant growth —using Brassica example, in the 1970s micro-electro- rapa on board the Mir space station— mechanical systems (MEMS) were crucially proving that gravity is not an developed at Stanford University with absolute requirement for plant repro- funding from NASA Ames Research duction. At around the same time, Center. The goal was to miniaturize experiments using arabidopsis generat- biological research instrumentation ed insights into the way plants sense components for space exploration. gravity as they grow. By using the This led to the invention of the first ACCOMPLISHMENTS

22 FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS 23 contributed Molecular Structures element, projects advanced projects element, Cellular and Molecular The projects in projects The Interactions and Physical mecha- the of to our understanding and cells sense by which nisms effects of the to gravity, respond and on vascular function microgravity and interactions, on -ligand respond and proliferate how in a space environment. to antibiotics In the Biology effects on gravitational of knowledge transduction, signal expression, gene function, and structure cell , Investigations formation. bone and species, of a variety across looked FSB-sponsored research has shown that a time period has research FSB-sponsored Stephen Moorman’s strides have been made in the fields in the have been made strides biolo- evolutionary and comparative of complete genome by the driven gy, spectrum of a broad of sequencing humans. including organisms, Research Grant during research ground and FSB flight five across 2000-2002 was funded Molecular elements: research Interactions, Physical and Structures Biology, Molecular Cell and Organismal Biology, Developmental and Biology, Comparative and were projects No Biology. Evolutionary Ecology. in Gravitational funded Using zebra fish in an environment designed to remove the effects of gravity, investi- of gravity, the effects designed to remove fish in an environment Using zebra gator exists during which the vestibular system must receive a normal gravitational stimu- a normal gravitational system must receive which the vestibular exists during other sensory As with systems, absence of the to occur. development lus for proper deficits. in permanent functional period results during this critical a NASA. From of the vestibular system is a priority for Studying the development and evolutionary it sheds light on the developmental standpoint, rela- basic research helps us better a practical standpoint, it and life. From tionships between gravity and even growing of living, working, counteract the effects understand and perhaps critical periods in vestibular devel- Identifying gravity. up in the absence of normal these issues. in addressing opment is a key step Moorman conducted his research, where on the ground, simulate microgravity To cells in a solution, a NASA-developed instrument that rotates he used a , By putting zebra fish embryos in the bioreactor, modeling microgravity. thereby that continu- Moorman was able to them to very small magnitude net forces put the embryos in a condition of no net This effectively ally changed direction. them for team tested Moorman’s After the zebra fish matured, gravitational force. functional deficits. dur- deprived of a stable gravitational force Results showed that when zebra fish are exhibit significant, long-lasting func- ing only 24 to 72 hours after fertilization, they the first specific provide These results tional deficits in their vestibular apparatus. system. evidence for a critical period for the vestibular FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL system. GRAVITY REQUIRED FOR NORMAL VESTIBULAR DEVELOPMENT NORMAL VESTIBULAR FOR REQUIRED GRAVITY RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS RESEARCH for a critical period for the CURRENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS Zebra fish were used in stud- ies showing the first evidence development of the vestibular SCIENCE by undertaken challenge The in recent Space Biology Fundamental scientific years has been to exploit build and to understand advances 2000-2002, During data. upon existing biology molecular in cell and advances mech- basic the of have allowed many physio- known the underlying anisms sensory and developmental, logical, to be space environment the effects of great In addition, in detail. studied 24 ACCOMPLISHMENTS and plants. microorganisms, aquatic organisms, of plants. Species studied included ticellular organisms, and the evolution gins of gravitational detection inmul- of vertebrate neurophysiology, the ori- evolution of organisms, the precursors ty onbiofilm bacteria, the structural investigated the effectsof microgravi- The projects in and maturation, and root growth. pism, gravitropism, seeddevelopment research included studies of phototro- lence, and gene expression. Plant cells, bacterial and microbial viru- transduction, expenditure, formation, muscle atrophy, signal function of vestibularsystems, bone tional effectsonthe development and experiments further clarified gravita- Organismal andComparative Biology development. ships, cell proliferation, and seed development; fetal-maternal relation- and circadian rhythms; embryonic neuromuscular, motor, neural systems ment of vestibular, immune, skeletal, fish, and plants, focused ondevelop- as rodents, insects, quail, chickens, involving avariety of organisms, such Developmental Biology and fruitflies. including plants, bacteria, rodents, Evolutionary Biology studies FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 Other FSB-related projects include: . ect, Investigator Catherine Conley’s proj- goals. FSBcosponsors Principal have beenselectedasserving FSB “Bringing LifewithUs Beyond Earth,” to the Astrobiology objective, research. NAIprojects thatcontribute annual budget, FSBsupportsthis Biology. As acontributor toNAI’s areas relevant toFundamental Space topics across Astrobiology and include sponsors research projects thatspan The NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI) Other FundedResearch The Effectof ReducingGravityon the LabCD. FSB’s Technology elementdevelopsemerging microanalytical systemslike • • • • • • Bacterial Adaptation toLow Genomic andProteomicAnalysisof Isotopic andMolecularTracers of Life Self-Reproducing MolecularSystems Self-Reproducing MolecularSystems Life BeyondthePlanetof Origin and Richard Lenski). Temperatures Thomashow and James Tiedje) Permafrost Bacteria Douglas Rumble, and Andrew Steele) (PIs: George Cody, Marilyn Fogel, Ellington) and DarwinianChemistry Benner; Andrew Ellington) and DarwinianChemistry Lynn Rothschild) (PIs: Albert Bennet (PIs: Michael (PI: Andrew (PI: Steven (PI: ACCOMPLISHMENTS 25 s cul- lated micro- e microbes nhances the virulence. and her colleagues cultured and her colleagues cultured the BioExplorer I, the first in a series I, the BioExplorer the con- spacecraft autonomous small, of bio- miniaturized integrated, taining technol- and labs to serve as research I is just 10 BioExplorer ogy test beds. weighs cm x 20 cm x 30 cm in size, a biology contains and less than 6 kg, electron- control and sensor module, of a number system, and a video ics, the Initially, sensors. environmental will enable missions BioExplorer autonomous to perform researchers experi- biological cell-culture-based intend- ultimately are but they ments, small of development, the ed to drive to sup- orbital spacecraft free-flying PI-led science port peer-reviewed, missions. Cheryl Nickerson . Using the same technology, the researchers also developed an also developed researchers the same technology, . Using the area, grant recipient grant area, Advanced Technology Advanced improved model of human intestinal tissue for studying how salmonella causes dis- intestinal tissue for studying how salmonella model of human improved of new the scientific foundations for the development ease. This work is laying salmonella infections. and prevent and vaccines to treat system, making shown that spaceflight weakens the immune studies have Numerous had examined the to disease. But no published research susceptible more astronauts the disease-causing potential of microbes. on of microgravity effect of gastrointestinal cause of an estimated 2 to 4 million cases Salmonella is the leading infections could fatal on Earth, salmonella U.S. Although rarely illness each year in the the and disrupt missions at endanger crew in space, with the potential to be disastrous cost of millions of dollars. Vessel known as a Rotating Wall bioreactor used a simulate spaceflight, researchers To Program. developed at NASA Johnson Space Center for the Bioastronautics (RWV), such as of gravity using equal and opposite forces, balances the force The bioreactor turbulence. Lead researcher FSB funded scientists, using technology developed by NASA engineers, have found NASA engineers, have developed by scientists, using technology FSB funded pathogen of the common bacterial the virulence increases microgravity that simulated typhimurium Salmonella In the In the Development a microana- developed Daunert Sylvia system, based on compact disc lytical in- integrates format The technology. monitoring and characterization flight micro- simple organisms, cells and of han- and sample management fluidic With col- acquisition. data and dling, Lee, James and Madou leagues Marc lab CD by incorpo- the created Daunert and principles biomimetic rating detectors signature biology molecular that sensors traditional as well as more FSB experiments. of requirements meet partnered Center Research Ames NASA to develop University with Stanford FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL SIMULATED MICROGRAVITY INCREASES VIRULENCE OF A COMMON PATHOGEN OF A VIRULENCE INCREASES MICROGRAVITY SIMULATED . (stained in green). RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS RESEARCH Salmonella typhimurium Epifluorescent microscopy S. typhimurium with image of 3-D human intestinal tissue (stained in red) infected TECHNOLOGY FSB, man- of element Technology The on focused by AstroBionics, aged technologies of kinds the researching FSB use in supporting for appropriate under areas Technology investigations. sample management, were evaluation sys- imaging advanced bioanalysis, control, and monitoring in situ tems, systems. management data and a semi- established Also, AstroBionics were speakers in which series nar techno- various invited to introduce manage- to FSB Program topics logical technology key of Examples ment. given below. are accomplishments cells both in the RWV and under normal gravity conditions, and then infected two groups of mice. Mice infected with the microbe of and under normal gravity conditions, and then infected two groups cells both in the RWV numbers of th mice. Investigators also found larger days earlier than the control died three under simulated microgravity tured e indicating that simulated microgravity in the livers and spleens of the experimental mice, in simulated microgravity cultured virulence of in simu cultured also observed in and patterns were in the microbes of gene expression Other significant differences insights into the molecular basis of salmonella provide Results will ultimately with those in normal gravity. gravity compared 26 ACCOMPLISHMENTS conducted atARCinMarch 2002. Early SpaceStation Workshop,” together inthe “SpaceBiology onthe the research participated next fiveyears, FSBmanagement and ence thatcouldbeenabled overthe the future. To explore the typeof sci- FSB research during 2000-2002and in opment, limiting the opportunities for ISS construction and hardware devel- Reduced funding hascauseddelays in ment for SSBRPand FSB. habitats wasasignificant accomplish- cessful operation of both of these Production Systemin2002.The suc- fly, followed bythe Biomass Facility wasthe firstSSBRPhabitatto In 2001,the Avian Development ment continued during 2000-2002. a variety of laboratory support equip- organisms, habitatholding racks, and six habitattypessupporting various Accommodation Module, the Glovebox, Development of the Centrifuge Biological Research Project (SSBRP). management of the SpaceStation with facilities developed under the tional biology research opportunities the doors toahost of novel gravita- became operational in2000,opening The International SpaceStation (ISS) SPACE STATION INTERNATIONAL FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 organism. Aspecially developed trans- (the fruitfly),which isamodel opment in spaceflight onnervous systemdevel- Keshishian examined the effectsof on STS-93, investigator Haig In areflight of anexperiment flown 8, 2000,carried twoFSBexperiments. This mission, launched onSeptember STS-106 strates of the apparatus. ery systemand seedgermination sub- designed toevaluate the waterdeliv- flown onSTS-107. The research was seeds inmicrogravity, targeted tobe Field Apparatus, adevice for growing involved inthe BioTube Magnetic newly developed technologies Experiment. The experiment testedthe flew the Biotube Precursor May 19, 2000,Kennedy SpaceCenter On the STS-101 mission, launched on STS-101 the ISS. an FSBexperiment via the Shuttle to System (STS), and the fourth brought element of the SpaceTransportation ments entirely onthe Shuttle, akey these missions co flown between2000-2002.Three of FSB participated infour missions MISSIONS Drosophila melanogaster nducted FSBexperi- The hardware flowninsupportof the Fundamental SpaceBiology. Integration divisions, inaddition to OBPR’s Physical Sciences and Mission The experiment wassupportedby ney todevelop and function normally. cells thatultimately enables the kid- alters the gene expression inkidney was toexamine how microgravity genes. The goal of the STS-106 study large-scale alterations inkidney-cell discovered thatmicrogravity causes which investigator Timothy Hammond up toanSTS-90 investigation, in The second experiment wasafollow- a testspecimen. Green Fluorescent Protein, wasusedas central nervous systemexpresses genic drosophila line, inwhich the Development Facility. Egg HoldersoftheAvian One quaileggfitsintoeachofthe ACCOMPLISHMENTS 27 , of Gary Stutte seedlings to test the Brassica rapa Technologies, was designed to support designed was Technologies, develop- and growth continued the to pro- and specimens plant of ment to per- necessary capabilities the vide pri- The investigations. scientific form payload was a the objective of mary test, intended validation technology in performance hardware to evaluate for ideal to select subsystems order a per- of development and design the the unit for research plant manent investi- experiment, PESTO In the ISS. effects the gator Gary Stutte studied and on microgravity of plants. in wheat metabolism Understanding plant growth in space is crucial to future in space plant growth Understanding for the a potential food source Plants are long-term missions. will be minimally available. By as animal products astronauts, carbon dioxide, and purifying generating oxygen, removing spacecraft living plants could help maintain a proper water, the costs of air and water resupply and reduce atmosphere, on long-duration missions. system, which hardware System (BPS) is a plant-growth The Biomass Production April 8 the International Station (ISS) from Space on board performed successfully ISS a future BPS is an engineering development unit for to June 19, 2002. The and botani- growth be capable of supporting long-term plant plant habitat that will cal experimentation in space. supported a technology validation test During its employment on the ISS, the BPS Investigator Space Biology. and two plant experiments funded by Fundamental used Orbital Technologies, of Robert Morrow, growth of a developmentally complex plant. FSB Investigator of a developmentally complex plant. growth Dynamac Corp. studied the growth, photosynthesis, gas exchange, and metabolism photosynthesis, Dynamac Corp. studied the growth, data were and photosynthesis plant growth More of Apogee wheat in microgravity. any other to date. from this single flight payload than collected from The BPS was developed for NASA’s by Project Space Station Biological Research Corp., Madison, Wisconsin Orbital Technologies avian development hardware, the Egg the hardware, development avian Both experiments . gravity lack of the how researched avian of development affects the Stephan Doty Investigator embryos. on spaceflight effects of the studied while development, skeletal embryonic researched Dickman David investigator the of function and development the vestibular system. avian STS-110 delivered On April 8, 2002, STS-110 System (BPS) Production Biomass the FSB-supported Photosynthesis the and System Testing and Experiment The ISS. to the (PESTO) Operation by Orbital BPS, developed FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL synthesis data. BIOMASS PRODUCTION SYSTEM PRODUCES EXTENSIVE DATA EXTENSIVE PRODUCES SYSTEM PRODUCTION BIOMASS RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS RESEARCH on the International Space of plant growth and photo- Apogee wheat grows in the Biomass Production System Station, generating a wealth STS-108 flew on December 5, 2001, STS-108 in the two FSB experiments carrying Facility (ADF). Development Avian Developed by Space Hardware for Inc. Technology Optimization avian ADF is an automated the SSBRP, Japanese for designed egg incubator objective of primary The eggs. quail hard- the payload was to validate the risk the reduce and subsystems ware of generation next the in developing two experiments was the Commercial was the two experiments Apparatus, Bioprocessing Generic (a NASA-spon- by BioServe developed Space Center). Commercial sored 28 ACCOMPLISHMENTS These projects made fulluseof CGBR biology closely related toFSBgoals. addressed questions of fundamental Several non-FSB funded studies the maternal-fetal systeminrats. expression innematode worms, and growth of bone cellcultures, gene gravity on zebra fishdevelopment, included studying the effectsof hyper- many funded directly byFSB. These conducted byprincipal investigators— ground-based hypergravity projects at Ames Research Center hosted 40 Gravitational Biology Research (CGBR) In 2000-2002,the Center for BIOLOGY FACILITIES GRAVITATIONAL Studies conductedintheCenterfor GravitationalBiologyResearch facilities. OA 41 241 12 2 15 14 4 3 1 0 1 1 6 1 2 1 5 1 1 3 1 2 TOTAL 0 9 2 Multi-Axis Centrifuge 2 11 0 1 3 Programmable LinearSled TOTAL 1 1 2002 30-Foot LinearSled 1 4 2001 Hypergravity FacilityforCellCulture 2000 4 Low Vibration RotationDevice/ 2 Human-Powered Centrifuge 6 20 GCentrifuge 1-Foot-Diameter Centrifuge 24-Foot-Diameter Centrifuge FACILITY COMPLETED CGBRSTUDIES2000–2002 FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 to the ISS. experiment protocols before used todevelop and refine flight Test BedCentrifuge, which willbe systems, and completion of the ISS ment of safety, stability, and control ing this period, including enhance- to CGBRfacilities were completed dur- Several key upgrades tissues, and organisms. across different cells, ty and acceleration impacts of hypergravi- tions onthe biological peer-reviewed publica- tributed toseveral facilities and con- the effectsof the spaceenvironment. fits of artificial gravity incountering tant insights into the potential bene- human physiology, and provided impor- on the effectsof hypergravity on experiments generated valuable data at gravitational forces upto2g. The spend up to22hours inthe centrifuge teachers tomountain climbers—to recruited human volunteers—from Research Branch atNASA ARC.Cohen Human Information Processing ducted byMalcolm Cohen, chief of the ly inpioneering human research con- g centrifuge, hasbeenusedextensive- One of CGBR’slargest facilities, the 20- Gravitational BiologyResearch facilities. (spinning) isoneoftheCenterfor The 24-foot-diametercentrifuge ACCOMPLISHMENTS 29 hopes to make predictions , 2001. will also look at the hypothe- Annals of Biomedical Annals of , a soil-dwelling nematode) on a cen- nematode) on a , a soil-dwelling C. elegans Anna Lysakowski Student. Graduate A. Chu, to Awarded Search Talent Science Intel 2001. Semifinalist, Larry McIntire of Academy Elected to National 2001 Engineering, Editor, Engineering Antonios G. Mikos to Contributions for Award Clemson for Society Literature, the 2001. Biomaterials, Catherine Conley Caenorhabditis elegans Caenorhabditis about the kinds of changes that will occur when the worms are exposed to micro- that will occur when the worms are about the kinds of changes gained from conditions during spaceflight. Understanding gravity (hypogravity) for to the development of better countermeasures these studies may contribute in humans. long-duration spaceflight 20-g centrifuge, 2001 on the was conducted in March experiment The hypergravity experiment facility at Ames. This Biology Research a Center for Gravitational at level of 15 g, a the centrifuge ran for 96 hours continuously marked the first time milestone for the facility. Institute, Conley was able to by the NASA Astrobiology provided support With observe the spinning worms using a video system designed and constructed by stu- dents at Harvey California. Mudd College in Claremont, of changes in the gene expression are that during spinning, there Conley discovered gravity. apparent for the increased the worms that seem to help them compensate in worms that have flown in space ver- The next step is to test the gene expression studies with sus those that have not. Future sis that spaceflight accelerates the aging process. trifuge at 20-100 times Earth’s gravity for as long as four days, scientists at Ames as long as four days, gravity for times Earth’s trifuge at 20-100 gravity at the to altered respond examine how worms able to were Center Research (hyper- forces the worms to these high gravitational genomic level. By subjecting investigator gravity), FSB-sponsored By spinning tiny worms ( By spinning Michael L. Evans Distinguished for Award Founders in Gravitational Research Career for Society American Biology, 2001. Space Biology, and Gravitational L. Eward Kathryn to Fellowship Award Pfizer Foundation at research to present expenses defray and “Genomics conference, Keystone ,” and Senescence of 2002. Donald Ingber Society MIT Bioengineering 2002 Lecture, Distinguished Lecture, Distinguished Broadhurst 2002. Institute, Eye Research Schepens FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL changed conditions. WORMS IN SPACE: HYPERGRAVITY ALTERS GENE EXPRESSION IN C. ELEGANS IN C. GENE EXPRESSION ALTERS HYPERGRAVITY IN SPACE: WORMS Caenorhabditis elegans help them adapt to their expression that seemed to ity exhibited changes in gene RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS RESEARCH worms exposed to hypergrav- Grantee Awards Grantee A.M. Anterola Cellulose, Award, Student Graduate the of Division Textile and Paper, 2000. Society, Chemical American Sylvia Daunert of Division Award, Findeis F. Arthur American , Analytical 2001. Society, Chemical AWARDS AND SPECIAL AWARDS RECOGNITION Gloria K. Muday Grantee Patents Antonios G. Mikos Thora Halstead Young Investigator U.S. Patent No. 6,306,821, October Christopher S. Brown Award, American Society of 23, 2001. Mikos, A. and Jo, S., U.S. Patent Application No. Gravitational and Space Biology, 1999. “Functionalized Poly (Propylene 09/844,006, April 27, 2001. Wyatt, Fumarate) and Poly (Propylene S.E., P.-L. Tsou, P.-L., Boss, W. F., and Cheryl A. Nickerson Fumarate-co-Ethylene Glycol).” Charles C. Randall Lectureship Award Robertson, D. “Transgenic Plants with for Outstanding Young Faculty Increased Calcium Stores.” D. James Morre Member, South Central Branch ASM U.S. Patent No. 6,361,961, March 26, Norman G. Lewis Meeting, 2000. 2002. Morre, D. J. “Gravity Responsive U.S. Patent No. 6,210,942, April 3, NADH Oxidase of the Plasma 2001. Lewis, N.G., Davin, L.B., David William Niesel Membrane.” Awarded to C. Orihuelam, Graduate Dinkova-Kostova, A.T., Fujita, M., Student. Texas Space Grant Consortium Gang, D.R., and Sarkanen, S. Cheryl A. Nickerson Scholarship, 2000-2001, 2001-2002. “Recombinant Pinoresinol/Lariciresinol U.S. Patent Pending, 2002. Hammond, Reductase, Recombinant Dirigent T. and Nickerson, C.A. “Methods for William Rhoten Protein, and Methods of Use.” modeling infectious disease and Alumni Profile, Penn State , chemosensitivity in cultured cells and Larry McIntire Winter, 2001. tissues.” U.S. Patent Pending, 2002, McIntire, Gary Stutte L.V., Hssk, M. and McDevitt, D. Joseph Tash Chair, Controlled Environment Working “Methods for Inhibiting Platelet U.S. Patent No. 6,309,815, October Group, American Society for Aggregation and Thrombosis.” 30, 2001, Tash, J. and Bracco, G. Horticultural Sciences, 2001-2002. “Composition and Method for Preparation, Storage, and Activation of Large Populations of Immotile Sperm.”

FEATURED PUBLICATIONS Special issue on Plants and Gravity, exploring the effects of gravity on Numerous publications result from grantee research funded plant growth and development from by FSB. Over 700 articles were published in peer-reviewed the different perspectives of ground- journals by investigators funded in 2000-2002. Some of based research at 1 g or spaceflight these articles were featured on covers of journals published research. The issue contains six PI in that time period, as shown below. papers and four other related papers. The cover graphic is most closely associated with: E.B. Blancaflor: “The and Gravitropism in Higher Highlighted Topics Series: Plants.” Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 2002 Jun; 21(2): Physiology of a Microgravity 69-190. Environment. FSB PIs contributed to FSB PI: Elison B. Blancaflor the 19 OBPR PI papers presented herein. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2000 Jul-Sept; 89 (1-3). ACCOMPLISHMENTS

30 FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS 31 es to ” by s of the nduces ns to the ews. on to is providing new is providing Spaceflight I Spaceflight “ , 2002 Aug;12(8):883-91. Dora Angelaki DeFelipe J., Arellano J.I., Merchan- DeFelipe J., Arellano A., Gonzalez-Albo, M.C., Walton, Perez, R. Llinas, K, and Changes in the Synaptic Circuitry of the of Circuitry Synaptic in the Changes Neocortex. Developing Postnatal Cerebral Cortex Walton FSB PI: Kerry The Last The “ Review. ” insight into this question by studying how the brain distinguishes gravity from head gravity from by studying how the brain distinguishes insight into this question that the brain using nonhuman primates. Her work suggests and body movements an idea organs, sets of balance two different signals from senses gravity by integrating known as multisensory convergence. structures that make up the vestibular system—the organs The two sets of balance the semi- on two feet and orient ourselves in the world—are that allow us to balance The semicircular both found in the inner ear. otolith organs, canals and the circular provide organs such as head nodding; the otolith canals sense angular movements, as the up-and-down to gravity (such of the head relative signals about the position for line (accelerating in a car, motion of jogging) or movements along a straight operate inde- that these two sets of organs instance). The conventional view has been The human brain quickly adapts to major changes in the environment, even to the even the environment, to major changes in brain quickly adapts The human gravity (or the processes the brain senses and exactly how Yet gravity. absence of FSB investigator a mystery. remains absence thereof) pendently. However, it was not understood how the brain distinguishes linear move- it was not understood how However, pendently. is otolith organs on the since the effect to gravity, changes with respect ments from physically the same. hypothesis, the brain uses signals from to the multisensory convergence According this Testing to sense gravity. canals and the semicircular both the otolith organs to iso- is a constant, and because it is hard since gravity hypothesis on Earth is difficult, laboratory conditions. This types of movement outside of controlled late the different hypothesis. was the first experimental test of the multisensory convergence project wearing specially designed contact lenses that monkeys rhesus The test subjects were Journal of

” FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL Spatiotemporal Features of Features Spatiotemporal , 2002 Jul;129(13):3021-32. “ , 2002 Jun 1;22(11): 4249-63. HOW THE BRAIN DETECTS GRAVITY DETECTS THE BRAIN HOW Common Bilaterian Ancestor. Bilaterian Common Development FSB PI: Eric H. Davidson Erwin D.H., and Davidson, E.H. Davidson, Erwin D.H., and Early Neuronogenesis Differ in Wild-Type Early Neuronogenesis Retina. Mouse Albino and S. Nowakowski FSB PI: Richard Rachel, R.A., Dolen, G., Hayes, N.L., Lu, R.A., Dolen, G., Hayes, Rachel, R.S., and L., Nowakowski, A., Erskine, C.A. Mason, both to sense gravity. both to sense gravity. semicircular canals, both The otolith organs and the brain may use signals from RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS RESEARCH up the vestibular system. The located in the inner ear, make located in the inner ear, The results showed that the brain does indeed use signals from both sets of balance organs to distinguish gravity from movement to distinguish gravity from organs both sets of balance showed that the brain does indeed use signals from The results measured their reflexive eye movements, a method that allows researchers to indirectly measure signals from the vestibular orga signals from measure indirectly to a method that allows researchers eye movements, their reflexive measured typ eye movements during a complex series of experiments that used a variety of movement animal recorded brain. The researchers both in isolation and together. canals, and semicircular the otolith organs affect valuable insights into the complex and flexible processes the multisensory This supports provides hypothesis and head and body. adaptati contributes to the understanding of neurovestibular this research Ultimately, gravity. which the human brain perceives spaceflight cr that adversely affect symptoms to vestibular-related gravity and supports development of countermeasures altered 32 ACCOMPLISHMENTS 2002 across the research elements. and flight projects funded for 2000,2001,and The table belowshows the number of ground-based for FSB-funded PIs and therefore not included. and 2002. Datafor 2000are not availableseparately The table atthe right shows bibliographies for 2001 Taskbooks. Research 2000 and 2001are availableinthe OBPR FSB-funded PIs across the U.S.Similarmaps for The map aboveshows the distribution of year2002 Total Projects Organismal andComparativeBiology Molecular StructuresandPhysical Interactions Evolutionary Biology Developmental Biology Cellular andMolecularBiology Advanced Technology andDevelopment Element SUMMARY OFNASA FSBGROUND-BASED (G)ANDFLIGHT(F)RESEARCHPROJECTS FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 GRANTEE METRICS 112 28 12 13 57 G 1 1 Proceedings Awards Patents Dissertations/Thesis Other Journals Books Presentations Abstracts Peer ReviewedArticles Bibliography Type FSB PIsANDBIBLIOGRAPHIES2001-2002 0020 2002 2001 2000 33 11 11 11 0 0 0 F Total 145 39 12 24 68 1 1 127 23 16 20 63 G 4 1 22 10 8 0 1 3 0 F PIs 23 51 53 6 5 2 6 5 7 012002 2001 Total 149 31 17 23 73 4 1 Bibs 202 223 10 13 94 8 6 2 8 128 PIs 19 17 21 67 13 17 33 66 74 G 3 1 5 6 6 7 26 11 0 0 7 8 0 F Bibs 131 186 325 30 15 17 19 32 7 Total 154 30 17 28 75 3 1 ACCOMPLISHMENTS 33 n a ing a Web of Life was relaunched with a new with Life was relaunched of Web content, more significantly and design articles and profiles hardware from studies flight and about ground-based materi- educational of to an overview A major als available upon request. was initiated, endeavor site promotion increased in substantially resulting Site visits more use. and awareness 2002. of end by the than doubled and his colleagues are working to answer. Their working to answer. and his colleagues are Donald Ingber One of NASA’s research priorities is to understand how cells will behave in the absence how cells will priorities is to understand research One of NASA’s our must first improve do this, scientists To as gravity. such stresses, of mechanical that FSB- a question stresses, to these and respond of how cells sense understanding funded researcher results so far have shown that receptor mediate cell responses to force, and to force, mediate cell responses proteins that receptor so far have shown results cells to divide or to die. can prompt that a change in shape Cells have an internalconsisting of protein skeleton, called a cytoskeleton, helps it move, and The cytoskeleton gives the cell its shape, assembled into chains. both are But unlike our rigid bone structure, holds the nucleus in place. tension, and yield to with the ability to balance compression with flexible and strong, short for tensional call this quality , Researchers without breaking. forces integrity. theoryIngber and his colleagues wanted to test the to that cytoskeletons respond both to linked called integrins, which are cell proteins via receptor mechanical stress to which cells scaffolding the fibrous the cytoskeleton and to the , in size, were beads, about 1 to 10 microns in our bodies. Small magnetic anchored are to then attached integrins. The beads were coated with special molecules that bind to As the beads turnedthe integrins and exposed to a magnetic field. to align with the The twisted, which caused the cytoskeleton to stiffen. magnetic field, the integrins were organizations such as SSBRP and the as SSBRP and such organizations also con- Division ARC Life Sciences out- and tributed to FSB’s education in 2000-2002. endeavors reach Life of Web pres- online the Life site, of Web The learning features FSBOP, of ence FSB and readings, general resources, 2002, the In June overviews. research FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL FLEXIBLE AND STRONG SKELETONS OF CELLS SKELETONS AND STRONG FLEXIBLE micrograph. this immunoflourescent RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS RESEARCH The cytoskeleton of a human endothelial cell glow green in more force that was applied, the stiffer the cytoskeleton became. that was applied, the stiffer force more found that chang had already group the integrins also activated certain genes within the cell. Ingber’s tugging on Importantly, cell’s shape also alters its fate—flattened cells tend to divide, whereas rounded, cramped cells often die. rounded, cells tend to divide, whereas shape also alters its fate—flattened cell’s to understand how an findings help Ingber’s to mechanical stresses, and respond In expanding our knowledge of how cells sense the health of huma of space—might impact cellular function, and as a result, as in the microgravity absence of such forces—such and new for cancer, led to a prospective work has already Ingber’s to mechanical stress. consequence of abnormal responses and developmental abnormalities. disease, lung problems, cardiac for osteoporosis, new treatments has potential to provide explorers. In addition, there are implications for human health here on Earth; every implications for human health here tissue in the body can develop disease as are In addition, there explorers. EDUCATION AND EDUCATION OUTREACH to commitment has a long-term NASA its sharing and education supporting The expertise. and knowledge Outreach Space Biology Fundamental at KSC, (FSBOP), managed Program edu- and outreach of a range conducts to K-12, targeted activities cation general the and education, higher within other groups Outreach public. 34 ACCOMPLISHMENTS members of the space lifesciences SpaceBio.net and wasdeveloped by of the content isuniqueto tated linkstorelevant Web sites. Much publications and resources, and anno- als organized bytopic area, profiles of tion of downloadable teaching materi- contains alarge and growing collec- courses. Launched in2000,the site biology content instandard biology site istofacilitate of space and their students. The goal of the undergraduate lifescience educators SpaceBio.net, isanonline resource for better known byitsWeb address Space Biology: AnEducator’s Resource, SpaceBio.net Biology annual meetings. Society for Gravitational and Space sented posters atthe American the U.S. As many as12trainees pre- diverse group of students from across including twofrom Canada and a 2002, about30trainees participated, program. Eachsummer during 2000- 2000 marked the 16thannual SLSTP and operations inspace. The year design and conduct biological research students learnhow tosuccessfully ate college students. Eachsummer summer courseatKSC for undergradu- Training Program (SLSTP)isasix-week The Spaceflight and LifeSciences Training Program Spaceflight andLifeSciences FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 called Brassicas and Butterflies, pro- teachers and students. Thisproject, plants and Brassica butterflies for activities centered on developed aseries of educational University of Wisconsin-Madison has Wisconsin FastPlants Office atthe FSBOP incollaboration withthe Brassicas andButterfliesProject remain onastrong growth path. countries. Siteusage and content representing usersfrom oversixty page hits and 7,000visitspermonth, traffic reached anaverage of 60,000 science education. Through 2002,site Astrobiology program for excellence in received anaward from NASA’s munities. In2001,SpaceBio.net research com- education and Brassica rapa FSB Outreach ManagerTom Dreschel conductsaworkshop with teachersfortheBrassicasandButterflies project. of students ingrades 1through 12 numerous schools, providing thousands FSB-related outreach groups visited Events andSiteVisits NASA Student Involvement Program. op experiments topropose tothe room withthese organisms and devel- students willdo research inthe class- conducted withthe intent thattheir tion. Teacher workshops havebeen demonstrate the process of coevolu- Brassica plant and the butterfly growth and development of the to beconducted inspace. The parallel as abasisfor designing experiments easily inaclassroom and canbeused cific activities thatcanbeco vides teachers and students withspe- nducted ACCOMPLISHMENTS 35 tion. It onments. s 2003 launch. With six s 2003 launch. ’ Fundamental Space Biology experi- Space Biology Fundamental to the FSB contributed onboard, ments by supporting endeavor outreach materials educational of development research. the describing Mission Outreach about public the educate and excite To a significant on STS-107, science the to began in years prior effort outreach mission the , a NASA FSB researcher, has found that both microgravity and hypergravi- that both microgravity has found researcher, , a NASA FSB Joseph Tash activity and on fertiliza- on sperm effects 1 g) have significant than Earth’s ty (greater an influences , of how gravity furthers our understanding tion. This work gravity environments in foreign as long-term presence research of important area common. becomes more on the Space Shuttle using the flew two experiments Tash Along with his colleagues, He found that species commonly used in fertilization research. a sperm of sea urchins, that fuels the tail—the chemical process in the sperm’s the of proteins than in controls faster in microgravity to four times three movement—occurred sperm’s surface. on the Earth’s using a centrifuging conditions, sperm function under hypergravity also tested Tash microscope. The result was the opposite of what was observed The result in space: hypergravity microscope. the rate of decreased It also and sperm motility. slowed the phosphorylation process The fact that both by 50 percent. both the binding of sperm to eggs and of fertilization suggests that sperm are inhibited to the same degree binding and fertilization were continue to will eggs, a hypothesis Tash sensitive to changes in gravity than are more investigate. plans to work on understanding why sperm activation is enhanced in microgravity Tash Educational Materials products educational FSB-related in 2000-2002 included developed the and SpaceBio.net for bookmarks brochures Data Archive, Life Sciences topics, life sciences various covering In articles. overview research and materials these to making addition Life site, of Web the available from displayed at FSB-related were many events. of at a variety booths outreach FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL SPERM SENSITIVITY TO GRAVITATIONAL FORCES GRAVITATIONAL SENSITIVITY TO SPERM determine the effects of gravity on reproduction. research, were studied to monly used in fertilization Sea urchins, a species com- RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS RESEARCH and impeded in hypergravity. Tash has successfully isolated proteins, called flagellar proteins, that may help answer this ques called flagellar proteins, proteins, has successfully isolated Tash and impeded in hypergravity. is the flagellar proteins, which reside in the tails of sperm and aid in motility, which are altered in different gravity envir in different altered which are in the tails of sperm and aid in motility, which reside is the flagellar proteins, to understanding sperm-tail activation on the molecular level and exactly what role Investigating how they work may be the key gravity plays in this system. Spinoff: Technology sperm. developed a new way of storing immotile sperm for the Shuttle experiments, Tash sea urchin of preparing In the process sperm by employing chemical simulation for the storage and transport of nonfrozen Recently patented, this new technology allows for longer inside and outside of the testes. This method, which permits the sperm to be stored both environment of the sperm’s animal breeding applications for commercial without damage, could have widespread temperatures periods of time at nonfreezing and human infertility. with learning and discussion opportu- discussion and with learning information as well as career nities space life sciences and about NASA tar- efforts outreach Several research. in math underrepresented groups geted were booths FSB outreach sciences. and such meetings, of displayed at a variety OBPR Space Congress, World as the annual the workshops, outreach annual and Gravitational for Society American North the and meetings, Space Biology Association. Teachers Science American 36 ACCOMPLISHMENTS enable multigenerational studies. its short generation times, which space biology experiments becauseof ism, isakey subjectfor fundamental visiae flying the yeast, the scientific valueand feasibilityof The working group met todetermine April 19,2001 Workshop Yeast enterprises were inattendance. Institute, and commercial cellculture National SpaceBiomedical Research ters, the National Institutes of Health, ties, medical centers, NASA field cen- PIs from FSB. Scientists from universi- conference wasexpanded toinclude Biotechnology Program. In2001,the tigators (PIs) inthe Cellular ing group meeting for principal inves- ference originated asthe annual work- Center, and the FSBProgram. The con- Program, basedatJohnson Space between the CellularBiotechnology Conference represents acollaboration The annual NASA CellScience March 6-82001,February 26-28, 2002 Cell ScienceConferences or supportedbyFSB. ences. The following were sponsored ous workshops, meetings, and confer- Additional FSBactivities include vari- WORKSHOPS CONFERENCES AND , inspace. Yeast, amodel organ- ( Saccharomyces cere- ) FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ration of the solarsystem. craft, and enable safehuman explo- nities onfree-flying biological space- Shuttle, opennew discovery opportu- International SpaceStation and Space biological discoveries onthe technologies thatsignificantly amplify Program. Its goals were toidentify University insupportof the FSB Ames Research Center and Stanford The workshop washosted byNASA October 23-34,2002 T4FSB Workshop on afree flyerspacecraft. with performance of scientific research sion, schedule, and costsassociated define requirements interms of mis- Product Development divisions to Sciences, Bioastronautics, and Space participated withthe Physical NASA OBPRFree Flyerconcept. FSB identify research justifications for a this workshop wasco Sponsored byAmes Research Center, July 26,2002 OBPR Free Flyer StudyWorkshop ISS constraints. next fiveyearswithincurrent STS and biological research possibleoverthe explore the type, scope, and valueof Sponsored byFSB, the goal wasto March 14-15,2002 Blumberg and Kenneth Baldwin Station Space BiologyontheEarly co-chaired byBaruch nducted to NASA HQand the FSBProgram have ence and technology wasfunded. tinue toemerge yearsafterthe sci- applications for Earth-basedusecon- from NASA lifesciences R&D.Often, Many societal benefits havearisen Real-World Applications • • • • • • • associated benefits: Here are some examples of the many and the agency FSB offers special supporttoNASA NASA RESEARCH BENEFITS Direction for future human-centered Knowledge directly applicable to New levelatwhich toevaluate Increased relevance of NASA Increased knowledge of gravity More current research todraw out- New insight into the fundamental research. Bioastronautics issues measures options for future medical counter- life sciences side researchers tothe field of space ences research community research tothe non-space lifesci- effects onliving systems ological changes observed inspace biological mechanisms behind physi- ’ s research objectives. ’ s ’ s ACCOMPLISHMENTS 37 the o esponse a more thor- a more Journal of Applied Journal of , 2002. cations in such fields as exercise and as exercise fields in such cations sports science. Emily ARC investigator In 2002, NASA annu- eighth the was awarded Holton, had and award D. Kenny al Alexander year to her in a single 800 citations Unloading Hindlimb “The paper, Aspects,” Technical Model: in the published Physiology is working to understand the genetic response to micro- response to understand the genetic is working article, “underlie a mechanism attempting to counteract the article, “underlie a mechanism attempting to Eugenia Wang FASEB Journal FASEB Using customized microarray technology and state-of-the-art genetics techniques, FSB genetics techniques, and state-of-the-art technology microarray Using customized investigator gravity and how it relates to the loss of bone mass associated with space travel. This associated with space the loss of bone mass to how it relates gravity and of space flight and the similar genetic changes caused by the effects work could reveal the bone loss associat- for contribute to countermeasures and eventually aging process, ed with both. in space repre- that humans and other vertebrates experience The loss of bone mass health, but it astronaut jeopardizes It potentially an opportunity. sents both a risk and in a time frame of just loss of bone mass that occurs during aging, also mimics the slow osteoporosis, makes spaceflight a good model for studying weeks and months. This Americans. millions of which affects Wang flew cultures of human fibroblasts—the standard cell type for research on cellu- cell type for research standard of human fibroblasts—the flew cultures Wang composed of young The cell cultures, lar aging—on the STS-93 Space Shuttle mission. cells to control for almost five days, then compared exposed to microgravity cells, were goal was to see the late stage of their life cycle. Wang’s on Earth that had reached She like young cells or old ones. more whether the cells she sent into space functioned in situations that are the first to react are examined a particular set of genes, those that potentially which are and to a cell, such as changes in gravity, damaging or stressful to both adaptation to spaceflight and aging. related NASA ARC, has been used in various NASA world to study the around laboratories limbs Hind unloading. musculoskeletal a elevated to produce are rodents of weight- tilt, avoiding head-down hindquarters. by the bearing space- only simulates not This model to effects but also has proven flight physiologi- investigating be useful for mice and both rats for cal responses associated process recovery to the In addi- unloading. and with reloading space- into insights to providing tion use of problems, health flight-based technique has Earth-based appli- the FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL GENETIC LINKS FOR BONE LOSS ON EARTH AND IN SPACE EARTH AND IN LOSS ON LINKS FOR BONE GENETIC porosis (shown above). aging, making it a good model for studying osteo- of bone mass that occurs in Space flight mimics the loss RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS RESEARCH to microgravity. These changes may, as she stated in a may, These changes to microgravity. Wang found 10 genes that exhibited altered expression as a result of spaceflight, and identified a series of changes in their r as a result expression altered found 10 genes that exhibited Wang bone loss occurring as a result of spaceflight.” bone loss occurring as a result will give first line of defense. This not on the cell’s will be to look at other genes that are The next step of this research also plans t pathways involved. Wang on bone loss by identifying the signal of microgravity of the genetic effects ough picture of normal aging. These further studies may lay in space also occur as a result determine whether the genetic changes exhibited and the normal aging process. for minimizing bone loss during spaceflight for developing countermeasures groundwork Rodent Model to Simulate Rodent Model to Spaceflight Effects hind-limb for model rodent The 1970s at in the developed unloading, sponsored the development of the Life the of development the sponsored Database Applications Sciences these of many profiles which (LSAD), items the of A number Earth benefits. have become LSAD in the featured a license through spin-offs commercial was LSAD In 2002, the NASA. from Web FSB Program on the launched relevant examples following The site. Earth benefits. to FSB have significant 38 ACCOMPLISHMENTS that canbeinserted into abreast puterized toolwith aneedle-like tip analysis. The device consists of acom- improved breast cancer detection and The Smart Surgical Probe enables Smart Surgical Probe Space Station in2002. sciences research onthe International to ARCasthe astronaut liaison for life Yvonne Cagle, MD,who wasdetailed of thisproject wassupportedby patients. Development and refinement mal models, and virtual medical on simulated equipment, virtual ani- tool toallowuserslearnnew skills development, practice, and teaching Environment provides aprocedure medicine, and health care, the Virtual With applications toeducation, bio- for astronauts. ated toprovide training opportunities Glovebox and aVirtual Rat were cre- for microgravity simulation. AVirtual develop the hardware and software University Medical Center to Center partnered withStanford microgravity. NASA ARC gies tosimulate operations in tion, and computation technolo- combines visualization, simula- experiments whileonEarth, training tosupport in-flight developed togivecrew members The Virtual Environment project, Virtual Environment ’ s BioVIS FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 mission in1996byV. Reggie Edgerton Research co Cord Injury Robotic-Assisted for Spinal device for cancer applications. to develop, produce, and market the has beenlicensed toBioluminate, Inc. developed atAmes Research Center, The Smart Surgical Probe, originally colon cancer. mon such asprostate and to diagnosing and treating other com- cancer. The technology canbeapplied more accurately diagnose and treat can alsohelp health care providers to nate unnecessary breast surgeries. It The use of the Smart Probe canelimi- time thancurrent biopsy techniques. sion, improves accuracy, and takes less lump. It decreases the sizeof the inci- and healthcare. astronauts, hasreal-world benefitsforeducation,, The Virtual Environment, created toprovide trainingfor nducted onthe Bion 11 of the patient Stepper device alsomeasures aspects on the moving treadmill. The Robotic patient's leg,guiding the legsproperly knee braces thatattachtothe patient ted withaharness tosupportthe treadmill withrobotic arms and isfit- UCLA Brain Institute, lookslike a Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)and the The device, developed byNASA rehabilitation. ments toresearch inspinal cord injury nologies gained from hisspaceexperi- have applied thisknowledge and tech- al years, Edgerton and hiscolleagues rate motor function. Inthe lastsever- maintaining healthy muscle and accu- Earth ing the role of weight-bearing in building such adevice isunderstand- ment of the Robotic Stepper. Key to and his team hasledtothe develop- ’ s gravitational environment in ’ s weight. The arms resemble ’ s movement, helping ’ s Jet ACCOMPLISHMENTS 39 FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL Cell Fluorescence Analysis System Cell Fluorescence System Analysis Cell Fluorescence The compact fluoro- is a versatile, (CFAS) cellular to perform designed meter bio- in vitro assays and functional assays. chemical cell biology for developed Originally Space International on the research with a NASA Inc., by Ciencia, Station Research Innovation Business Small appli- has commercial CFAS the grant, food from in diverse markets cations in situ environmental safety and analysis, process to online monitoring noninvasive and DNA chips, genomics, has already Ciencia diagnostics. to another technology the licensed screen- high-throughput for company discovery. drug for ing therapists monitor day-to-day monitor therapists patients. their of progress benefit Stepper could Robotic The spinal with than 10,000 patients more than 500,000 more and injuries cord to admitted are who patients stroke States each United in the hospitals at least regain them year by helping legs. their use of partial a In 2000, JPL assisted UCLA in filing Robotic the for application patent clini- for it is projected and Stepper, as early as 2004. cal trials

APPENDICES 41 Carey D. Balaban Carey PA University of Pittsburgh, Circuits Vestibulo-Autonomic and Comparative Biology Organismal 2000, 2001, 2002 Kenneth M. Baldwin University of California, Irvine, CA in 0-G Expression Interaction on Skeletal Isomyosin Neuro- Developmental Biology 2000 Thomas Barker University of Alabama Birmingham, AL Thy-1 Migration and on Fibroblast of Microgravity The Effects Surface Expression Cellular and Molecular Biology 2002 Roger Beachy MO Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Life Support Applications of Plant Bioengineering for Advanced Systems Cellular and Molecular Biology 2002 Kathleen Beckingham Rice University Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering, TX Gravitaxic Mutants and Mechanical Signaling in Drosophila and Comparative Biology Organismal 2000 Appendix a: Appendix FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL grant recipients Richard A. Baird Richard Central Institute for the Deaf, MO Physiological Maturation of Regenerating Hair Cells Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Jeffrey L. Bada Jeffrey University of California at San Diego, CA for Life and Detector (MOD): Looking for Clues Mars Organic Utilization Inventory for In Situ Resource Evaluating the Water Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000 Dora Angelaki Medical School, MO University Washington from Multisensory Interactions to Discriminate Gravity Accelerations Translational Biology and Comparative Organismal 2001, 2002 Eduardo A. C. Almeida Eduardo CA Center, NASA Ames Research Does Gravity Influence Matrix Survival Signaling Cellular and Molecular Biology 2001, 2002 Philip G. Allen Hospital, MA Brigham and Women's Response Mechanisms Force The Cytoskeleton and and Physical Interactions Molecular Structures 2000, 2001, 2002 42 APPENDICES 2000 Cellular andMolecularBiology Direct ActionsonHematopoieticCells Negative RegulationofOsteoclastogenesisbyEstrogens via University ofCincinnati,OH Amy C.Bendixen 2000, 2001,2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Development Senseless andGfi1inSensoryNeuron andHairCell Baylor CollegeofMedicine,TX Hugo Bellen 2000, 2001,2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Role ofMath1inDevelopmentandFunctionProprioceptors Baylor CollegeofMedicine,TX Hugo Bellen 2002 Organismal andComparativeBiology Drosophilia BehaviorandGeneExpression inMicrogravity Bioengineering, TX Rice UniversityInstituteofBiosciencesand Kathleen Beckingham 2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Gravitaxic MutantsandMechanicalSignalinginDrosophila Bioengineering, TX Rice UniversityInstituteofBiosciencesand Kathleen Beckingham FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Rice NSCORT inGravitationalBiology Bioengineering, TX Rice UniversityInstituteofBiosciencesand Janet Braam 2000, 2001,2002 Organismal andComparativeBiology Signal ofMuscleAtrophy inUnloading University ofMissouri,MO Frank Booth 2001, 2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology during RootGrowth andGravitropism Enhanced LabelingTechniques toStudytheCytoskeleton Noble Foundation,OK Elison B.Blancaflor 2000, 2001,2002 Organismal andComparativeBiology The Effect ofSkeletalUnloadingonBoneFormation CA California, Veterans Affairs MedicalCenter, Universityof Daniel Bikle 2000, 2001,2002 Organismal andComparativeBiology Gene Targeted MiceasaModelofMicrogravity Research Role ofAdrenergic ReceptorsinAdaptationtoMicrogravity: Stanford University, CA Daniel Bernstein APPENDICES 43 Christopher S. Brown NC State University, North Carolina of a Novel Class of Arabidopsis II. Isolation Project NSCORT of the Gravity Signal Transduction Mutants with Impaired Biology Cellular and Molecular 2000, 2001, 2002 Christopher S. Brown NC University, State North Carolina dur- Expression III. Changes in Plant Gene Project NSCORT ing and after Gravistimulation Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Christopher S. Brown NC University, State North Carolina Pathways and Early Signal Transduction IV. Project NSCORT Responses to Gravistimulation in Plants Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Christopher S. Brown NC University, State North Carolina of Gravity on Plant Metabolism Effects V. Project NSCORT Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Stephen Chapes KS Kansas State University, in Space Differentiation Macrophage Bone Marrow Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000 FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL Christopher S. Brown NC University, State North Carolina – Calcium, Signaling and Gravity: An Integrated NSCORT Cellular and Physiological Approach Molecular, Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Christopher S. Brown NC State University, North Carolina I. Changing Calcium in Project NSCORT Plants: A Reverse Genetics Approach Transgenic Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Marianne Bronner-Fraser CA California Institute of Technology, and Placodes Evolution of the Neural Crest Evolutionary Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Janet Braam of Biosciences and Rice University Institute Bioengineering, TX Responses of Plants to Molecular and Developmental Mechanical Stimuli Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000 Brady Scott T. TX Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas Plasticity and Neuronal Space Flight, Stress, Biology and Comparative Organismal 2000 44 APPENDICES 2000, 2001 Developmental Biology Gravitational Effects onEmbryogenesisinPoaceae University ofTennessee, TN Bob Conger 2002 Developmental Biology Elegans Caernorhabditis Genomic AnalysisoftheHypergravity Responsein NASA AmesResearch Center, CA Catherine Conley 2000, 2001,2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Junctions Osteoblast RegulationbyMechanicalStimuliviaGap Washington University, MO Roberto Civitelli 2000 Developmental Biology Microgravity Effects onDevelopingVestibular Afferents Davis, CA Center forNeuroscience, UniversityofCalifornia, Barbara Chapman 2001, 2002 Developmental Biology Differentiation ofBoneMarrow Macrophages inSpace Kansas StateUniversity, KS Stephen Chapes FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 2000, 2001,2002 Developmental Biology Expression in Embryos? Patterns How DoCell-DivisionPlanesSpecifyRegionalGene Oregon HealthandScienceUniversity, OR Michael Danilchik 2000 Cellular andMolecularBiology Transcriptional RegulationofDifferentiating Osteoblasts Robert Wood JohnsonMedicalSchool,CA ofNewJersey– University ofMedicineandDentistry Richard C.D’Alonzo 2000, 2001,2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology for StudyingGravitropism inPlants The RegeneratingProtoplast asaSingle-CellModelSystem Pennsylvania StateUniversity, PA Richard Cyr 2000 Cellular andMolecularBiology Gravity Effects onSeedlingMorphogenesis Pennsylvania StateUniversity, PA Daniel Cosgrove 2000, 2001,2002 Organismal andComparativeBiology of MaizeSeedlings Molecular Control ofCellGrowth DuringGravityResponses Pennsylvania StateUniversity, PA Daniel Cosgrove APPENDICES 45 e Arnold Demain NJ University, Drew on Simulated Microgravity Starvation Under of Growth Effect Metabolite Formation and Secondary Bacterial Stress Bioreactor Wall Response Using Rotating Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 David Dickman Central Institute for the Deaf, MO Otolith System in Development and Function of the Avian Environments Gravity Normal and Altered Biology and Comparative Organismal 2000, 2001, 2002 David Dickman Central Institute for the Deaf, MO Nuclei Neurons in Vestibular Otolith-Canal Convergence Biology and Comparative Organismal 2000, 2001, 2002 Stephen Doty NY Hospital for Special Surgery, Skeletal Development in Embryonic Quail on the ISS Developmental Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Pauline Duke Health Science Center at The University of Texas Houston, TX Relationship of and Mineralization to Gravitaxis in Spaceflown Alga Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL Eric Davidson CA California Institute of Technology, Regulation and Evolution of Bilaterian Body Transcriptional Plans Evolutionary Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Michael Delp TX A&M University, Texas Arteries to Resistance and Cerebral of Visceral Simulated Microgravity Biology and Comparative Organismal 2000, 2001, 2002 Michael Delp TX A&M University, Texas Arterial Remodeling and Functional Adaptations Induced by Microgravity and Comparative Biology Organismal 2000, 2001, 2002 Dominick DeLuca University of Arizona, AZ on the Development of the Immune of Microgravity Effect System Developmental Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Sylvia Daunert KY University of Kentucky, Schemes Based on a Microcentrifuge Biomimetic Detection Platform Advanced Technology 2000, 2001, 2002 46 APPENDICES 2000 Cellular andMolecularBiology Habitation onCellularAging Technologies forAssessingtheEffects ofLong-Term Space London, FL Florida InstituteofTechnology andUniversity Collegeof EwardKathryn 2001, 2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology the Production ofMinimally-DisturbedSynchronous Cells Regulation ofCyclinExpression UsingaNewTechnology for An AnalysisofTranscriptional andPost-Transcriptional London, FL Florida InstituteofTechnology andUniversityCollegeof EwardKathryn 2000, 2001 Organismal andComparativeBiology Roots The RegulationofGrowth intheDistalElongationZoneof The OhioStateUniversity, OH Michael Evans 2000, 2001,2002 Organismal andComparativeBiology Transduction PathwaysUsingGravi-compensation Analysis oftheInteractionEnvironmental Signal The OhioStateUniversity, OH Michael Evans 2000 Cellular andMolecularBiology Gravity andtheRegulationofaCentralGrowth FactorPathway University ofTexas-Houston, TX Elisa M.Durban FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 2000 Organismal andComparativeBiology Genetically Engineered PlantBiomonitorsinMicrogravity University ofFlorida,FL Robert Ferl 2001, 2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Transgenic PlantBiomonitorsofSpaceflightExposure University ofFlorida,FL Robert Ferl 2000, 2001,2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Early Gravitropic EventsinRootsofArabidopsis Berkley,University ofCalifornia, CA Lewis Feldman 2000 Cellular andMolecularBiology of Microgravity-Induced MuscleAtrophy Countermeasures of SkeletalMuscleMass:APotentialSiteforTheApplication Mechanical Loading,Growth FactorReleaseandRegulation NASA JohnsonSpaceCenter, TX Daniel L.Feeback 2000, 2001 Cellular andMolecularBiology Gravitropism Use ofArabidopsisTransposon MutantsintheStudyof Pennsylvania StateUniversity, PA Nina Fedoroff APPENDICES 47 Simon Gilroy PA Pennsylvania State University, in Chara Rhizoids Gravitropism and Comparative Biology Organismal 2000, 2001, 2002 Ruth Globus CA Center, NASA Ames Research to Altered Do Integrins Mediate the Skeletal Responses Loading In Vivo? Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Alan Grinnell University of California Angeles School of Medicine, CA Los by Mechanical Stress Neurosecretion Regulation of Vesicular Membranes on Integrins in Nerve Terminal Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001 Michael Gustin Rice University Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering, TX in Gravitational Biology: Pressure-Sensing Rice NSCORT and Mammals MAP Kinase Cascades in Yeast Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2002 Michael Hadjiargyrou NY Stony Brook, State University of New York, Elucidating the Molecular Events of Bone Mechanoreception Cellular and Molecular Biology 2001, 2002 FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL John Gerhart CA University of California, Berkeley, and the Origin of Chordates Hemichordates Evolutionary Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Charles Fuller University of California, Davis, CA Space of Rhythms and Homeostasis during CNS Control Flight and Comparative Biology Organismal 2000, 2001 Bernd Fritzsch NE University, Creighton Connections The Development of Vestibular Developmental Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 John A. Frangos University of California, San Diego, CA Model of Bone: Flow Effects In Vitro Microgravity Biology and Comparative Organismal 2000 Paul Fox OH Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cell Functions of Gravity on Endothelial Effects Biology Cellular and Molecular 2000, 2001, 2002 48 APPENDICES 2000, 2001,2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Transduction ElementsinGravitySensitivityof T-Cell Activation The InteractiveCouplingofCytoskeletonandSignal Baylor CollegeofMedicine/NASAJohnsonSpaceCenter, TX Brian Hashemi 2000, 2001,2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Analysis oftheGravisensingSysteminChara University ofLouisiana,Lafayette,LA Karl Hasenstein 2000, 2001,2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology of theGravisensingandResponseSystemPlants Application ofPhysicalandBiologicalTechniques intheStudy University ofLouisiana,Lafayette,LA Karl Hasenstein 2000, 2001 Cellular andMolecularBiology Neurolab Reflight Veterans Affairs MedicalCenter, LA Timothy Hammond 2000, 2001,2002 Organismal andComparativeBiology Development ofanAnimalModelforAdultHumanBoneLoss Space FlightandBoneMetabolism:AgeEffects and SanFrancisco,CA University ofCalifornia, Bernard Halloran FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 2000, 2001,2002 Organismal andComparativeBiology Affected byRandomizationoftheGravityVector Embryonic CellMigrationandMetalloproteinase ActivityAre Medical UniversityofSouthCarolina, SC Stanley Hoffman 2000 Organismal andComparativeBiology Chronic Recording ofOtolithNervesinMicrogravity Washington University SchoolofMedicine,MO Stephen M.Highstein 2002 Developmental Biology Gravity andtheInsectCircadian Timing System Davis, CA University ofCalifornia, Tana Hoban-Higgins 2000, 2001,2002 Developmental Biology Effects ofGravityonInsectCircadian Rhythmicity Davis, CA University ofCalifornia, Tana Hoban-Higgins 2001, 2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Gravitational ImpactsontheCellCycle Florida InstituteofTechnology, FL Charles Helmstetter APPENDICES 49 Gay Holstein of Medicine, NY Mount Sinai School Neuronal in Hypergravity-Induced Signaling Plasticity and Comparative Biology Organismal 2000 Hornberger Troy University of Illinois at Chicago, IL Signaling Events Synthesis by Strain Induced Regulation of Protein Cellular and Molecular Biology 2002 Barbara Horwitz University of California, Davis, CA of Genes Involved in on Expression of Hypergravity Effects Regulation of Feeding Cellular and Molecular Biology 2001, 2002 Millie Hughes-Fulford Northern and Education, CA California Institute for Research Transduction Role of the Interleukin-2 Receptor in Signal Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Millie Hughes-Fulford Northern and Education, CA California for Research Institute Kinase Mechanisms and Functional Consequences of Protein Inhibition in Monocytes Exposed to C Isoform Translocation Microgravity Cellular and Molecular Biology 2002 Wavy Root Wavy FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL Gay Holstein Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY Adaptation– Anatomical Studies of Central Vestibular Completion Experiment Neurolab Developmental Biology 2002 Development Developmental Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Linda Holland University of California, San Diego, CA and Placodes: Amphioxus as a Evolution of Neural Crest Model for the Ancestor of the Vertebrates Evolutionary Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Gay Holstein Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY Adaptation Anatomical Studies of Central Vestibular and Comparative Biology Organismal 2000, 2001 Larry F. Hoffman Larry F. SC South Carolina, Medical University of in Spatio-Temporal Modifications Hypergravity-Induced Neurons Primary Afferent Coding Among Utricular and Comparative Biology Organismal 2000 Noel Holbrook MA University, Harvard of 50 APPENDICES 2000, 2001,2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Endothelial Cells Molecular BasisofMechano-SignalTransduction inVascular Georgia Tech University, andEmory GA Hanjoong Jo 2001, 2002 Developmental Biology Multisensory IntegrationintheVestibular Nuclei University ofPittsbugh,PA Brian Jian 2000, 2001,2002 Biology Evolutionary Analysis NAG 2-1399Deuterostome Evolution:Large DataSet American MuseumofNaturalHistory, NY Daniel Janies 2001, 2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Mechanotransduction through Integrins Children’s Hospital/Harvard MedicalSchool,MA Donald Ingber 2000, 2001 Cellular andMolecularBiology Mechanotransduction through theCytoskeleton Children’s Hospital/Harvard MedicalSchool,MA Donald Ingber FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 2000 Developmental Biology Effects ofSpaceflightonDrosophila NeuralDevelopment Yale University, CT Haig Keshishian 2001, 2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Mechanisms ofGravity-EvokedNeuronal Plasticity Children’s HospitalofPhiladelphia,PA Robert Kalb 2001 Molecular Structures andPhysicalInteractions of SecondMessengerSignalingPathways Simulated Microgravity ImpairsVascular Contractility: Role CA Irvine, University ofCalifornia, Chadi Kahwaji 2001, 2002 Molecular Structures andPhysicalInteractions and ResponsetoAntibiotics Effects ofOscillatoryAccelerationonBacterialProliferation Judson College,IL Elizabeth Juergensmeyer 2000, 2001,2002 Developmental Biology Gravitational LoadingintheRat Vestibular , AdaptationandtheEffects of University ofMissouri,MO Timothy Jones APPENDICES 51 William Landis William Northeastern OH Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Cell Cultures on Bone of Hypergravity The Effect Biology Cellular and Molecular 2000, 2001, 2002 Lee Richard Hospital, MA Brigham and Women's Smooth Muscle and Vascular Sarcoglycans and Mechanotransduction Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Shannon Lee University of California, Los Angeles, CA Patterning in Molluscs and Annelids: Proximal-Distal Implications for Limb Evolution Evolutionary Biology 2001, 2002 Laura Leff OH Kent State University, Bacteria on the Ecology of Biofilm of Microgravity The Effects Evolutionary Biology 2001, 2002 Peter I. Lelkes PA University, Drexel Gene Expression and Differential Signal Transduction Altered in “Simulated Cells Cultured in PC12 Phochromocytoma Microgravity” Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL Kenneth Kosik Medical School / Brigham and Women's Harvard Hospital, MA to the Discovery of Gravity Response A DNA Chip Approach Genes in Brain and Muscle Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Kenneth Kosik / Brigham and Women's Medical School Harvard Hospital, MA Development under Conditions of Space Flight Neuronal Developmental Biology 2000 Brenda Klement Brenda School of Medicine, GA Morehouse and Mineralization Differentiation Pre-metatarsal Developmental Biology 2000, 2001 John Kiss OH Miami University, Deficient Plants in Biorack in Starch Graviperception Biology and Comparative Organismal 2000 John Kiss OH Miami University, Mechanism in Root Phototropism Analysis of a Novel Sensory and Comparative Biology Organismal 2001, 2002 52 APPENDICES 2001, 2002 Molecular Structures The Effects ofMicrogravity onProtein-Ligand Interactions Louisiana StateUniversity, LA Vince LiCata 2001, 2002 Organismal andComparativeBiology Cross SpeciesComparison Neural Processing ofAmbiguousGravito-InertialCues:A School, MA Medical Massachusetts EyeandEarInfirmary/Harvard Richard Lewis 2001, 2002 Biology Evolutionary Evolutionary andGravitationalSignificance Radical-Radical CouplingNetworksinVascular Plants: theComplexOrganizational NatureDetermining of Phenolic Chemistry, WA Washington StateUniversityInstituteofBiological Norman Lewis 2000, 2001 Organismal andComparativeBiology Lignification: ANewParadigm Chemistry, WA Washington StateUniversityInstituteofBiological Norman Lewis 2000 Organismal andComparativeBiology Effect ofSpaceflight onAdrenal MedullaryFunction Drexel University, PA Peter I.Lelkes FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 2000, 2001,2002 Biology Evolutionary ParaHox GenesintheMetazoa The EvolutionaryOriginandDeploymentoftheHox University ofHawaiiKewaloMarineLab,HI Mark Martindale 2001, 2002 Biology Evolutionary The EvolutionofGravityReceptionintheMetazoa University ofHawaiiKewaloMarineLab,HI Mark Martindale 2001, 2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Coccolithophores Biomineral Composites–AGeneticApproach Using Cytoplasmic/Golgi InteractionsintheNanofabricationof University ofTexas DentalBranch,TX Marsh Mary 2000, 2001,2002 Organismal andComparativeBiology Cells, andtheirCellularResponsestoHypergravity StudyofDevelopmentinVestibularAn Ultrastructural Hair University ofIllinoisatChicago,IL Anna Lysakowski 2000, 2001,2002 Organismal andComparativeBiology AnalysisusingtheLazy-2Mutant ofTomatoForm: Plant Interactions BetweenGravityandLightinDetermining Oregon StateUniversity, OR Terri Lomax APPENDICES 53 Bradley McIntyre TX M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Adhesion Human Lymphocyte Gravity and Integrin Mediated Biology Cellular and Molecular 2001, 2002 David McKay TX NASA Johnson Space Center, Mars 2005/Immunoassay Life Detection Instrument (MILDI) Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Paul McNeil GA Medical College of Georgia, Rapid Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Mediating DisruptionResealing of Gravity-Induced Plasma Membrane Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Antonios Mikos Rice University Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering, TX in Gravitational Biology: Rice NSCORT Cellular and Molecular Biology 2002 Antonios Mikos Rice University Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering, TX on Bone FormationMechanical Load Effects Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000 FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL Patrick Masson Madison, WI University of Wisconsin in Root Thigmoresponsiveness of Arabidopsis thaliana Biology Cellular and Molecular 2000, 2001, 2002 Patrick Masson Madison, WI University of Wisconsin the AGR1 Gene of Molecular and Characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Peter McCaffery University of Massachusetts, MA Gravity on Retinoic Acid Signaling in the of Altered The Effect Developing Embryo Developmental Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Larry McIntire Rice University Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering, TX on Mammalian Cell Protein Laminar Fluid Flow Effects Synthesis and Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000 Larry McIntire Rice University Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering, TX Gravitational Biology Cellular and Molecular Biology 2001, 2002 54 APPENDICES 2000, 2001,2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Transport andtheActinCytoskeletoninGravity Response Fucus asaModelSystemtoStudytheRoleofAuxin Wake Forest University, NC Gloria Muday 2000, 2001,2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Gene The Effect ofSimulatedMicrogravity onActivatedTCell State UniversityofNewYork, NewPaltz,NY Maureen Morrow 2000, 2001,2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Animal Surface A Graviresponsive Time-Keeping Protein ofthePlantand Purdue University, IN D. JamesMorre 2000, 2001,2002 Developmental Biology Effects ofMicrogravity onZebrafishVestibular Development Robert Wood JohnsonMedicalSchool,NJ Stephen Moorman 2000, 2001,2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Reloading Bone MatrixChangesduringSkeletalUnloadingand University ofNorthCarolina DentalResearch Center, NC Yamauchi Mitsuo FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 2000, 2001 Cellular andMolecularBiology Enteric Pathogen Effect ofSimulatedMicrogravity onGeneExpression inthe Tulane UniversityHealth SciencesCenter, LA Nickerson Cheryl 2002 Organismal andComparativeBiology Virulence Effect ofSpaceflightonMicrobial GeneExpression and Tulane UniversityHealthSciencesCenter, LA Nickerson Cheryl 2000, 2001,2002 Organismal andComparativeBiology Microgravity Effects onSeedDevelopmentandMaturation University ofMassachusetts,MA Musgrave Mary 2002 Developmental Biology Microgravity Biological andPhysicalConstraintsonSeedDevelopmentin University ofMassachusetts,MA Musgrave Mary 2001, 2002 Developmental Biology Flavonoids duringGravitropism inArabidopsis Regulation ofAuxinTransport byPhosphorylationand Wake Forest University, NC Gloria Muday Salmonella typhimurium APPENDICES 55 Imara Perera NC State University, North Carolina A and Plant Gravitropism: Phosphoinositide Signaling Approach Transgenic Biology Cellular and Molecular 2001, 2002 Kevin Peterson Dartmouth College, NH Regulation and Evolution of Bilaterian Body Transcriptional Plans Evolutionary Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Jonathan Phillips University of Massachusetts, MA to Modify Genetic Manipulation of Cell Adhesion Proteins Remodeling Mechanical Response and Tissue Cellular and Molecular Biology 2001, 2002 Barbara Pickard MO University, Washington Thermal,Integration of Plant Responses to Mechanical, Electrical and Chemical Signals and Comparative Biology Organismal 2000, 2001 Suzanne Ponik IN Indiana University, of Integrin-Extracellular Matrix Adhesion in Fluid Effects Metabolism in Osteoblasts Prostaglandin Shear-Induced Cellular and Molecular Biology 2001, 2002 FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL Gene Expression and Virulence Gene Expression Drosophila melanogaster Drosophila Janis O'Donnell University of Alabama, AL Environmental Catecholamine Regulation and Response to Change in Cellular and Molecular Biology 2001, 2002 Neal Pellis TX NASA Johnson Space Center, Movement Induced Changes in Lymphocyte Microgravity Interstitium through Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Richard Nowakowski Richard NJ University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, System in the Developing Nervous Reduced Gravity: Effects Developmental Biology 2000 Potiential in the Space Environment Potiential in the Space Biology Cellular and Molecular 2000, 2001, 2002 Nowakowski Richard NJ University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Analysis Murine Development: Cellular and Molecular Developmental Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 David William Niesel David William Medical Branch, TX University of Texas pneumoniae Streptococcus 56 APPENDICES 2000, 2001 Cellular andMolecularBiology Calbindins andApoptosisafterShort-Term SpaceFlight Marshall University, WV William Rhoten 2000 Cellular andMolecularBiology Gravity-Induced ChangesinGeneExpression inArabidopsis Colorado StateUniversity, CO A.S.N. Reddy 2001, 2002 Developmental Biology Development Effects ofMicrogravity onPreimplantation Mouse Wayne StateUniversityMedicalSchool,MI Daniel Rappolee 2000, 2001,2002 Organismal andComparativeBiology Microgravity Bacterial PhysiologyandVirulence onEarthand in Montana StateUniversity, MT Pyle Barry 2000, 2001,2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Calcium/calmodulin MediatedGravitropic ResponseinPlants Washington StateUniversity, WA B. Poovaiah FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 2000, 2001,2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Cellular BasesofLightRegulatedGravityResponses University ofTexas, Austin,TX Stanley Roux 2000, 2001,2002 Biology Evolutionary Transcription FactorEvolutionandLymphocyte Origins InstituteofTechnology,California CA Ellen Rothenberg 2000 Organismal andComparativeBiology Flown Rats Multidisciplinary StudiesofSynapticPlacticityinSpace- University ofNewMexicoHealthSciencesCenter, NM Muriel D.Ross 2000, 2001,2002 Developmental Biology Hypergravity System Effects ontheMaternal-Fetal NASA AmesResearch Center, CA April E.Ronca 2000 Developmental Biology Effects ofMicrogravity on Neuromuscular Development Medical CollegeofWisconsin, WI Danny A.Riley APPENDICES 57 Clarence Sams Clarence TX Center, NASA Johnson Space in Simulated Signal Transduction T Cell Activation and Microgravity Biology Cellular and Molecular 2000, 2001 Schultz Edward WI University of Wisconsin, and Repair during Microgravity Skeletal Muscle Growth Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Martin Shankland Austin, TX University of Texas, in Annelids Evolutionary Origin of Body Axis Segmentation and Arthropods Evolutionary Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 James Skeath University School of Medicine, MO Washington Neural Pattern Evolution of Arthropod Evolutionary Biology 2001, 2002 Staehelin Andrew University of Colorado, CO and Function Integrated Analysis of Columella Cell Structure Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL Fred Sack Fred OH Ohio State University, (Ceratodon) in Development of Gravity Sensitive Plant Cells Microgravity Developmental Biology 2000, 2002 Elizabeth Sajdel-Sulkowska / Brigham and Women's Medical School Harvard Hospital, MA on Cell Adhesion Molecules in the of Hypergravity The Effect Developing Central Nervous System. Developmental Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 David Rowe CT University of Connecticut Health Center, in Intact to Assess Osteoprogenitor Use of GTP Bone Cellular and Molecular Biology 2001, 2002 David Rowe CT University of Connecticut Health Center, Markers of Bone Cell Lineage Progression Transgenic Biology and Comparative Organismal 2000 Stanley Roux Austin, TX University of Texas, FernEarly Development of Gametophytes in Microgravity Developmental Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 58 APPENDICES 2000, 2001,2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology and MechanismsofGating Mechanosensitive ChannelsinBacteria:FunctionalDomains MD University ofMaryland, Sergei Sukharev 2000, 2001,2002 Organismal andComparativeBiology Microgravity Wheatin Photosynthesis andMetabolismofSuperDwarf Dynamac Corporation,FL Stutte Gary 2000, 2001,2002 Organismal andComparativeBiology Microgravity Effect ofMicrogravity on Dynamac Corporation,FL Stutte Gary 2001, 2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Ceratopteris richardii RNAi AnalysisofGravitySignalTransduction in University ofTexas, Austin,TX Stephen C.Stout 2001, 2002 Developmental Biology Development oftheVestibular PeripheryinChickens The RoleoftheHomeoboxTranscription FactorcProx1 inthe University ofWashington, WA Jennifer Stone Raphanus sativusL. FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 in 2000, 2001,2002 Organismal andComparativeBiology Muscle Influence ofUnweightingOnInsulinSignalTransduction in University ofArizona,AZ Marc Tischler 2000, 2001,2002 Organismal andComparativeBiology Atrophy Mechanical SignalTransduction in Countermeasures toMuscle LosAngeles, CA University ofCalifornia, James Tidball 2002 Developmental Biology Station Environment Term Exposure of Genetic andDevelopmentalStabilityinResponsetoLong- University ofOklahoma,OK James Thompson 2002 Developmental Biology and DevelopmentalStabilityin Effect ofHypergravity, Vibration, andRadiationonGenetic University ofOklahoma,OK James Thompson 2001, 2002 Developmental Biology in AdultMaleRats Long-Term SimulationMicrogravity InhibitsSpermatogenesis University ofKansasMedicalCenter, KS Joseph Tash Drosophila melanogaster Drosophila melanogaster to aSpace APPENDICES 59 Kerry Walton School of Medicine, NY University New York Motor Development on Postnatal of Microgravity Effects Developmental Biology 2000 Eugenia Wang University of Louisville, KY Analysis of Microgravity-Dependent NCC2-5373 Microarray in Normal Human Fibroblasts Gene Expressions Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Eugenia Wang University of Louisville, KY of NCC2-5374 Cloning and Functional Characterization Microgravity-Dependent Are Novel Genes Whose Expressions in Normal Human Fibroblasts Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Ning Wang MA Univerity, Harvard of Cell Mechanics and Function by Cell Control Microenvironment Cellular and Molecular Biology 2001, 2002 Wang Yu-li University of Massachusetts Medical School, MA and Function of Animal of Gravity on the Structure Effects Cells Cellular and Molecular Biology 2001, 2002 FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 ACCOMPLISHMENTS BIOLOGY SPACE FUNDAMENTAL Kerry Walton University School of Medicine, NY New York Gravitation and the Development of Motricity Developmental Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Charles E. Wade CA Center, NASA Ames Research by Rats Expenditure of Gravity on Energy Effect and Comparative Biology Organismal 2000 Herman Vandenburgh Medical School, RI Miriam Hospital Brown Skeletal Muscle Growth Factors and Tension-Induced Growth Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Barbara Triplett Agricultural of Agriculture United States Department LA Research, during Cotton in Gene Expression Gravity Induced Changes Fiber Development Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 Herman Vandenburgh Medical School, RI Miriam Hospital Brown on Skeletal Myofibers of Space Travel Effect Cellular and Molecular Biology 2000, 2001, 2002 60 APPENDICES 2000, 2001,2002 Developmental Biology the AbsenceofGravityPerception Development andFunctionoftheMouseVestibular Systemin College ofPhysiciansandSurgeons, NY Debra Wolgemuth 2001, 2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Processes with ApplicationtoMuscleAtrophy andRegeneration Discovery andDefinitionoftheMicrogravity Transcriptome, InstituteofTechnology,California CA Barbara Wold 2000, 2001,2002 Biology Evolutionary Analysis andAstrophysics Numerical andComputationalTechniques inPhylogenetic American MuseumofNaturalHistory, NY Ward Wheeler 2000, 2001,2002 Biology Evolutionary Post-embryonic Growth, andRegenerationamongAnnelids Comparative AnalysesofSegmentationduringEmbryogenesis, Berkeley,University ofCalifornia, CA David Weisblat 2000, 2001,2002 Organismal andComparativeBiology Immunological InfluencesontheVestibular Sensory Organs Central InstitutefortheDeaf,MO Mark Warchol FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 2000 Cellular andMolecularBiology Microgravity Effects onLymphocyte AdhesionandMotility Bioengineering Rice UniversityInstituteofBiosciencesand Kyriacos Zygourakis 2002 Cellular andMolecularBiology Rice NSCORT inGravitationalBiology Bioengineering, TX Rice UniversityInstituteofBiosciencesand Kyriacos Zygourakis 2000, 2001,2002 Biology Evolutionary Endo16 Functional AnalysesofEvolutionaryDiversificationthe and Evolution ofaGeneRegulatorySystem:Structural Duke University, NC WrayGregory 2001, 2002 Developmental Biology Immune System The Effects ofMicrogravity ontheDevelopmentof University ofArizona,AZ Chris Woods 2000 ComparativeBiology Organismal and Elongation andGravitropism intheDEZ The RoleofElectricalEventsinControlling Differential Ohio StateUniversity, OH Scot C.Wolverton Appendix B:

RelatED reading and references

BOOKS Hangar L/Life Sciences Support Facility http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/payload/lssm/facility/hangarl.html The Influence of Gravity on Life, E.R. Holton, in Evolution of Planet Earth: Impact of the Physical International Space Station Environment, Lynn Rothschild, Adrian Lister, eds. 2003. http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station

Life into Space, vol. 1, 1965-1990. NASA RP-1372, 1995. KC-135 Reduced Gravity Research Program http://jsc-aircraft-ops.jsc.nasa.gov/kc135 Life into Space, vol. 2, 1991-1998, NASA/SP–2000-534, Life Sciences Applications Database 2000. http://128.102.40.145:591/lsad

Life Sciences Data Archive WEB SITES http://www.lsda.jsc.nasa.gov

Ames Research Center Life Sciences Division NASA Astrobiology Institute http://lifesci.arc.nasa.gov http://nai.arc.nasa.gov

Ames Research Center Space Projects Division Office of Biological and Physical Research (OBPR) http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov http://spaceresearch.nasa.gov

AstroBionics OBPR Research Taskbook http://astrobionics.arc.nasa.gov http://research.hq.nasa.gov/taskbook.cfm

BioVIS Technology Center Science@NASA http://biovis.arc.nasa.gov http://science.nasa.gov

Center for Astrobioinformatics Space Biology: An Educator’s Resource http://genome.nasa.gov http://www.spacebio.net

Center for Gravitational Biology Research Spaceflight and Life Sciences Training Program http://lifesci.arc.nasa.gov/CGBR/cgbr.html http://slstp.nasa.gov

Center for Health Applications of Aerospace Related Spaceline Life Sciences Research Highlights Technologies http://spaceline.usuhs.mil/nasa/highlights.html http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/health/chaart.html Space Life Sciences Laboratory (SLS Lab) Critical Path Roadmap http://researchpark.ksc.nasa.gov/serpl http://criticalpath.jsc.nasa.gov Space Shuttle Fundamental Space Biology Program http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle http://fundbio.arc.nasa.gov Space Station Biological Research Project

Fundamental Space Biology Outreach (Web of Life) http://brp.arc.nasa.gov APPENDICES http://weboflife.nasa.gov

FUNDAMENTAL SPACE BIOLOGY ACCOMPLISHMENTS REPORT 2000-2002 61