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The N-Word : Comprehending the Complexity of Stratification in American Community Settings Anne V
Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2009 The N-word : comprehending the complexity of stratification in American community settings Anne V. Benfield Union College - Schenectady, NY Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the Race and Ethnicity Commons, Sociology of Culture Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Recommended Citation Benfield, Anne V., "The -wN ord : comprehending the complexity of stratification in American community settings" (2009). Honors Theses. 1433. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/1433 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The N-Word: Comprehending the Complexity of Stratification in American Community Settings By Anne V. Benfield * * * * * * * * * Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Department of Sociology UNION COLLEGE June, 2009 Table of Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Chapter One: Literature Review Etymology 7 Early Uses 8 Fluidity in the Twentieth Century 11 The Commercialization of Nigger 12 The Millennium 15 Race as a Determinant 17 Gender Binary 19 Class Stratification and the Talented Tenth 23 Generational Difference 25 Chapter Two: Methodology Sociological Theories 29 W.E.B DuBois’ “Double-Consciousness” 34 Qualitative Research Instrument: Focus Groups 38 Chapter Three: Results and Discussion Demographics 42 Generational Difference 43 Class Stratification and the Talented Tenth 47 Gender Binary 51 Race as a Determinant 55 The Ambiguity of Nigger vs. -
" Go Eat a Bat, Chang!": on the Emergence of Sinophobic Behavior on Web Communities in the Face of COVID-19
“Go eat a bat, Chang!”: On the Emergence of Sinophobic Behavior on Web Communities in the Face of COVID-19* Fatemeh Tahmasbi1, Leonard Schild2, Chen Ling3, Jeremy Blackburn1, Gianluca Stringhini3, Yang Zhang2, and Savvas Zannettou4 1Binghamton University,2CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security, 3Boston University, 4Max Planck Institute for Informatics [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract thought to have originated in China, with the presumed ground zero centered around a wet market in the city of Wuhan in The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has changed our lives the Hubei province [50]. In a few months, SARS-CoV-2 has in an unprecedented way. In the face of the projected catas- spread, allegedly from a bat or pangolin, to essentially every trophic consequences, many countries enforced social distanc- country in the world, resulting in over 1M cases of COVID-19 ing measures in an attempt to limit the spread of the virus. and 50K deaths as of April 2, 2020 [45]. Under these conditions, the Web has become an indispensable Humankind has taken unprecedented steps to mitigating the medium for information acquisition, communication, and en- spread of SARS-CoV-2, enacting social distancing measures tertainment. At the same time, unfortunately, the Web is ex- that go against our very nature. While the repercussions of so- ploited for the dissemination of potentially harmful and disturb- cial distancing measures are yet to be fully understood, one ing content, such as the spread of conspiracy theories and hate- thing is certain: the Web has not only proven essential to the ful speech towards specific ethnic groups, in particular towards approximately normal continuation of daily life, but also as a Chinese people since COVID-19 is believed to have originated tool by which to ease the pain of isolation. -
On the Power of Slurring Words and Derogatory Gestures
Charged Expressions: On the Power of Slurring Words and Derogatory Gestures Ralph DiFranco, Ph.D. University of Connecticut, 2016 Slurs have the striking power to promulgate prejudice. Standard semantic and pragmatic theories fail to explain how this works. Drawing on embodied cognition research, I show that metaphorical slurs, descriptive slurs, and slurs that imitate their targets are effective means of transmitting prejudice because they are vehicles for prompting hearers to form mental images that depict targets in unflattering ways or to simulate experiential states such as negative feelings for targets. However, slurs are a heterogeneous group, and there may be no one mechanism by which slurs harm their targets. Some perpetrate a visceral kind of harm – they shock and offend hearers – while others sully hearers with objectionable imagery. Thus, a pluralistic account is needed. Although recent philosophical work on pejoratives has focused exclusively on words, derogation is a broader phenomenon that often constitutively involves various forms of non- verbal communication. This dissertation leads the way into uncharted territory by offering an account of the rhetorical power of iconic derogatory gestures and other non-verbal pejoratives that derogate by virtue of some iconic resemblance to their targets. Like many slurs, iconic derogatory gestures are designed to sully recipients with objectionable imagery. I also address ethical issues concerning the use of pejoratives. For instance, I show that the use of slurs for a powerful majority -
CHSA HP2010.Pdf
The Hawai‘i Chinese: Their Experience and Identity Over Two Centuries 2 0 1 0 CHINESE AMERICA History&Perspectives thej O u r n a l O f T HE C H I n E s E H I s T O r I C a l s OCIET y O f a m E r I C a Chinese America History and PersPectives the Journal of the chinese Historical society of america 2010 Special issUe The hawai‘i Chinese Chinese Historical society of america with UCLA asian american studies center Chinese America: History & Perspectives – The Journal of the Chinese Historical Society of America The Hawai‘i Chinese chinese Historical society of america museum & learning center 965 clay street san francisco, california 94108 chsa.org copyright © 2010 chinese Historical society of america. all rights reserved. copyright of individual articles remains with the author(s). design by side By side studios, san francisco. Permission is granted for reproducing up to fifty copies of any one article for educa- tional Use as defined by thed igital millennium copyright act. to order additional copies or inquire about large-order discounts, see order form at back or email [email protected]. articles appearing in this journal are indexed in Historical Abstracts and America: History and Life. about the cover image: Hawai‘i chinese student alliance. courtesy of douglas d. l. chong. Contents Preface v Franklin Ng introdUction 1 the Hawai‘i chinese: their experience and identity over two centuries David Y. H. Wu and Harry J. Lamley Hawai‘i’s nam long 13 their Background and identity as a Zhongshan subgroup Douglas D. -
The Social Life of Slurs
The Social Life of Slurs Geoff Nunberg School of Information, UC Berkeley Jan. 22, 2016 To appear in Daniel Fogal, Daniel Harris, and Matt Moss (eds.) (2017): New Work on Speech Acts (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press). Chaque mot a son histoire. —Jules Gilliéron A Philological Caution The Emergence of Slurs We wear two hats when we talk about slurs, as engaged citizens and as scholars of language. The words had very little theoretical interest for philosophy or linguistic semantics before they took on a symbolic role in the culture wars that broke out in and around the academy in the 1980s.1 But once scholars’ attention was drawn to the topic, they began to discern connections to familiar problems in meta-ethics, semantics, and the philosophy of language. The apparent dual nature of the words—they seem both to describe and to evaluate or express— seemed to make them an excellent test bed for investigations of non-truth-conditional aspects of meaning, of certain types of moral language, of Fregean “coloring,” and of hybrid or “thick” terms, among other things. There are some writers who take slurs purely as a topical jumping-off point for addressing those issues and don’t make any explicit effort to bring their discussions back to the social questions that drew scholars’ attention to the words in the first place. But most seem to feel that their research ought to have some significance beyond the confines of the common room. That double perspective can leave us a little wall-eyed, as we try to track slurs as both a social and linguistic phenomenon. -
The Dictionary Legend
THE DICTIONARY The following list is a compilation of words and phrases that have been taken from a variety of sources that are utilized in the research and following of Street Gangs and Security Threat Groups. The information that is contained here is the most accurate and current that is presently available. If you are a recipient of this book, you are asked to review it and comment on its usefulness. If you have something that you feel should be included, please submit it so it may be added to future updates. Please note: the information here is to be used as an aid in the interpretation of Street Gangs and Security Threat Groups communication. Words and meanings change constantly. Compiled by the Woodman State Jail, Security Threat Group Office, and from information obtained from, but not limited to, the following: a) Texas Attorney General conference, October 1999 and 2003 b) Texas Department of Criminal Justice - Security Threat Group Officers c) California Department of Corrections d) Sacramento Intelligence Unit LEGEND: BOLD TYPE: Term or Phrase being used (Parenthesis): Used to show the possible origin of the term Meaning: Possible interpretation of the term PLEASE USE EXTREME CARE AND CAUTION IN THE DISPLAY AND USE OF THIS BOOK. DO NOT LEAVE IT WHERE IT CAN BE LOCATED, ACCESSED OR UTILIZED BY ANY UNAUTHORIZED PERSON. Revised: 25 August 2004 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS A: Pages 3-9 O: Pages 100-104 B: Pages 10-22 P: Pages 104-114 C: Pages 22-40 Q: Pages 114-115 D: Pages 40-46 R: Pages 115-122 E: Pages 46-51 S: Pages 122-136 F: Pages 51-58 T: Pages 136-146 G: Pages 58-64 U: Pages 146-148 H: Pages 64-70 V: Pages 148-150 I: Pages 70-73 W: Pages 150-155 J: Pages 73-76 X: Page 155 K: Pages 76-80 Y: Pages 155-156 L: Pages 80-87 Z: Page 157 M: Pages 87-96 #s: Pages 157-168 N: Pages 96-100 COMMENTS: When this “Dictionary” was first started, it was done primarily as an aid for the Security Threat Group Officers in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ). -
Asian American Representation in Media
WHITE WASHED OUT: ASIAN AMERICAN REPRESENTATION IN MEDIA HELEN YANG Yang 2 Abstract Since the Oscars first began in 1929, less than one percent of annual Academy Award nominations have included Asian Americans. Within the one percent, they have only become notably recognized for their contributions as the tokenized character – a product of Westernized racism and discrimination – while white actors are chosen to fulfill lead Asian roles in an act of “Yellowface”. Using a three-pronged research model of statistical, historical, and psycho-sociolinguistic analyses, this study examines the societal implications of misrepresentation within the media and its affects over minority and race relations throughout the United States. Using information from the United States census and summary statistics over the demographic compositions of the Oscars, disaggregated data is used in conjunction with a historical breakdown of Asian American chronicles and documented immigrant studies. Hour-long interviews were also conducted with volunteers to inspect the negative repercussions of the model minority myth and dissect the role that media plays in cultivating implicit bias against Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in current generations. Overall, the study discovered how underrepresentation negatively correlates with the self-esteems of Asian American individuals. The lack of accurate representation within the media significantly debilitates the confidence and self-image of Asian Americans, which contributes to long-term disadvantages during their academic lives and when pursuing careers within the Humanities and Arts. These findings suggest that misrepresentation of minorities within the media fuels systemic racism and perpetuates normalized notions built on stereotypes and falsely imposed identities of Asian Americans. -
Words Can Kill the Spirit... Derogatory Term!
Words Flyer.rev2 3/20/06 9:11 PM Page 1 Japanese American Citizens League Japanese American Citizens League Anti-Hate Program National Headquarters www.jacl.org 1765 Sutter Street San Francisco, CA 94115 415 921.5225 [email protected] Words Pacific Northwest Office 671 South Jackson Street, Room 206 Seattle, WA 98104 can kill 206 623.5088 [email protected] Midwest Office 5415 North Clark Street the Chicago, IL 60640 773 728.7170 [email protected] spirit... Pacific Southwest Office 244 South San Pedro Street, #406 Los Angeles, CA 90012 213 626.4471 [email protected] “Jap” is a Northern California-Western Nevada-Pacific Office 1255 Post Street, Suite 805 San Francisco, CA 94109 415 345.1075 [email protected] derogatory Washington Office 1001 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 730 Washington, D.C. 20036 term! 202 223.1240 [email protected] Japanese American Citizens League The JACL Anti-Hate Program is made possible through a grant from Anti-Hate Program Words Flyer.rev2 3/20/06 9:11 PM Page 4 … And, These terms are racial slurs and they What to do… offend in the same way that slurs such as so are “nigger,” “kike,” “fag” or “wop” do. These terms At Work: Ethnic slurs, racial “jokes,” offen- are demeaning and they cripple the spirit by sive or derogatory comments, or other verbal terms like causing a person or an entire racial or ethnic or physical conduct based on an individual’s group to feel vulnerable and isolated. race/color constitutes unlawful harassment “ ” if the conduct creates an intimidating, hostile chink, Words like “jap” have a long and bitter history. -
State of New York Prohibited Or Banned Personalized License Plates
Description of document: The state of New York list of prohibited or banned personalized license plates, procedures for screening personalized license plate applications, and where available, administrative appeals of withdrawn personalized plates, 2012 Requested date: 05-November-2012 Released date: 20-February-2013 Posted date: 25-February-2013 Source of document: State of New York Department of Motor Vehicles Freedom of Information Law Office 6 Empire State Plaza, Room 222 Albany, New York 12228 Note: Not all requested items were available from all respondents This material from state Motor Vehicle Departments contains references to language and material that some people may find offensive and may not be suitable for all ages. The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. -
Embracing the Tar-Baby-Latcrit Theory and the Sticky Mess of Race
Afterword: Embracing the Tar-Baby-LatCrit Theory and the Sticky Mess of Race Leslie Espinozat and Angela P. HarrisT In this Afterword, Leslie Espinoza and Angela Harris identify some of the submerged themes of this Symposium and reflect on LatCrit theory more generally. ProfessorHarris argues that LatCrit theory reveals ten- sions between scholars wishing to transcend the "black-white para- digm" and proponents of "black exceptionalism. " Professor Espinoza argues that the papers presented in this Symposium often reproduce in their critiques the very problems they have identified with race theory, illustrating the proposition that race in the United States is a "Tar- Baby." Professor Harris argues that LatCrit theory's value lies in its insistence that questions of language, culture and nation are inextrica- bly intertwined with questions of race. Professor Espinoza, placing LatCrit theory in the broader context of critical theory, expresses hope that storytelling as a method of scholarship will allow us to "re-story" the past and "re-imagine" the future. Copyright @ 1997 California Law Review, Inc. t Associate Professor of Law, Boston College Law School. This article is a true collaboration. Angela Harris and I shared thoughts, hopes, fears, frustrations and food. We endeavored to be honest with each other and with you, the reader. A special thank you to Dean Aviam Soifer for arranging my research leave, without which this article would not be. A debt is owed to Lisa Orube and Jennifer Nye for their unfailing research assistance. And finally, I would like to thank Mr. Timothy G. Garvey, an Irish patriot, who taught me that racism, while not always about color, is unfailingly about power. -
"Slurring Words", with Luvell Anderson
nous_820 nousxml-als.cls (1994/07/13 v1.2u Standard LaTeX document class) 1-7-2011 :634 NOUS nous_820 Dispatch: 1-7-2011 CE: N/A Journal MSP No. No. of pages: 27 PE: Grace Chen 1 NOUSˆ 00:0 (2011) 1–27 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 10 Slurring Words 11 12 LUVELL ANDERSON 13 Rutgers University 14 15 ERNIE LEPORE 16 17 Rutgers University 18 19 20 Increasingly philosophers (and linguists) are turning their attention to slurs— 21 a lexical category not much explored in the past. These are expressions that 22 target groups on the basis of race (‘nigger’), nationality (‘kraut’), religion 23 (‘kike’), gender (‘bitch’), sexual orientation (‘fag’), immigrant status (‘wet- 24 back’) and sundry other demographics. Slurs of a racial and ethnic variety 25 have become particularly important not only for the sake of theorizing about 26 their linguistic distribution adequately but also for the implications their us- 27 age has on other well-worn areas of interest. In “Reference, Inference, and 28 The Semantics of Pejoratives,” Timothy Williamson discusses the merits of 29 Inferentialism by looking at Dummett’s treatment of the slur ‘boche.’ Mark 30 Richard attempts to show that, contrary to a commitment to minimalism 31 about truth, one is not conceptually confused in holding that slurring state- 32 ments are not truth-apt discursive discourses, i.e. statements that are neither 33 true nor false, but still represent the world to be a certain way. Others, like 34 David Kaplan, argue that slurs force us to expand our very conception of 35 meaning. -
Towards British-Chinese Futures: a Social Geography of Second Generation Young Chinese People in London
Towards British-Chinese futures: a social geography of second generation young Chinese people in London. Pang, Kim Kiang The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author For additional information about this publication click this link. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/jspui/handle/123456789/1614 Information about this research object was correct at the time of download; we occasionally make corrections to records, please therefore check the published record when citing. For more information contact [email protected] Towards British-Chinese futures: a social geography of second generation young Chinese people in London Kim Kiang Pang Thesis submitted for degree of Ph.D Department of Geography Queen Mary and Westfield College University of London 1999 ABSTRACT This thesis is primarily concerned with the cultural identities of second generation British-Chinese people located within the urban context of London. There are two chief reasons why London is the setting of the study. One, it has the largest Chinese population of any city in Britain, accounting for over a third of the British total. Second, its Chinatown acts as an economic hub for Chinese social and cultural activity for the South East region. It is argued that the conditions of Chinese settlement in London allow for the formation of Chinese collectivities and identities characterised by a high level of heterogeneity. One of the principal aims of the research is to demonstrate how pre- existing writing on 'new ethnicities' in Britain may be applicable to Chinese youth.