Konrad Zuse the Computer- My Life
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Group Developed Weighing Matrices∗
AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF COMBINATORICS Volume 55 (2013), Pages 205–233 Group developed weighing matrices∗ K. T. Arasu Department of Mathematics & Statistics Wright State University 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435 U.S.A. Jeffrey R. Hollon Department of Mathematics Sinclair Community College 444 W 3rd Street, Dayton, OH 45402 U.S.A. Abstract A weighing matrix is a square matrix whose entries are 1, 0 or −1,such that the matrix times its transpose is some integer multiple of the identity matrix. We examine the case where these matrices are said to be devel- oped by an abelian group. Through a combination of extending previous results and by giving explicit constructions we will answer the question of existence for 318 such matrices of order and weight both below 100. At the end, we are left with 98 open cases out of a possible 1,022. Further, some of the new results provide insight into the existence of matrices with larger weights and orders. 1 Introduction 1.1 Group Developed Weighing Matrices A weighing matrix W = W (n, k) is a square matrix, of order n, whose entries are in t the set wi,j ∈{−1, 0, +1}. This matrix satisfies WW = kIn, where t denotes the matrix transpose, k is a positive integer known as the weight, and In is the identity matrix of size n. Definition 1.1. Let G be a group of order n.Ann×n matrix A =(agh) indexed by the elements of the group G (such that g and h belong to G)issaidtobeG-developed if it satisfies the condition agh = ag+k,h+k for all g, h, k ∈ G. -
The Advent of Recursion & Logic in Computer Science
The Advent of Recursion & Logic in Computer Science MSc Thesis (Afstudeerscriptie) written by Karel Van Oudheusden –alias Edgar G. Daylight (born October 21st, 1977 in Antwerpen, Belgium) under the supervision of Dr Gerard Alberts, and submitted to the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MSc in Logic at the Universiteit van Amsterdam. Date of the public defense: Members of the Thesis Committee: November 17, 2009 Dr Gerard Alberts Prof Dr Krzysztof Apt Prof Dr Dick de Jongh Prof Dr Benedikt Löwe Dr Elizabeth de Mol Dr Leen Torenvliet 1 “We are reaching the stage of development where each new gener- ation of participants is unaware both of their overall technological ancestry and the history of the development of their speciality, and have no past to build upon.” J.A.N. Lee in 1996 [73, p.54] “To many of our colleagues, history is only the study of an irrele- vant past, with no redeeming modern value –a subject without useful scholarship.” J.A.N. Lee [73, p.55] “[E]ven when we can't know the answers, it is important to see the questions. They too form part of our understanding. If you cannot answer them now, you can alert future historians to them.” M.S. Mahoney [76, p.832] “Only do what only you can do.” E.W. Dijkstra [103, p.9] 2 Abstract The history of computer science can be viewed from a number of disciplinary perspectives, ranging from electrical engineering to linguistics. As stressed by the historian Michael Mahoney, different `communities of computing' had their own views towards what could be accomplished with a programmable comput- ing machine. -
Turing's Influence on Programming — Book Extract from “The Dawn of Software Engineering: from Turing to Dijkstra”
Turing's Influence on Programming | Book extract from \The Dawn of Software Engineering: from Turing to Dijkstra" Edgar G. Daylight∗ Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands [email protected] Abstract Turing's involvement with computer building was popularized in the 1970s and later. Most notable are the books by Brian Randell (1973), Andrew Hodges (1983), and Martin Davis (2000). A central question is whether John von Neumann was influenced by Turing's 1936 paper when he helped build the EDVAC machine, even though he never cited Turing's work. This question remains unsettled up till this day. As remarked by Charles Petzold, one standard history barely mentions Turing, while the other, written by a logician, makes Turing a key player. Contrast these observations then with the fact that Turing's 1936 paper was cited and heavily discussed in 1959 among computer programmers. In 1966, the first Turing award was given to a programmer, not a computer builder, as were several subsequent Turing awards. An historical investigation of Turing's influence on computing, presented here, shows that Turing's 1936 notion of universality became increasingly relevant among programmers during the 1950s. The central thesis of this paper states that Turing's in- fluence was felt more in programming after his death than in computer building during the 1940s. 1 Introduction Many people today are led to believe that Turing is the father of the computer, the father of our digital society, as also the following praise for Martin Davis's bestseller The Universal Computer: The Road from Leibniz to Turing1 suggests: At last, a book about the origin of the computer that goes to the heart of the story: the human struggle for logic and truth. -
Operating Manual R&S NRP-Z22
Operating Manual Average Power Sensor R&S NRP-Z22 1137.7506.02 R&S NRP-Z23 1137.8002.02 R&S NRP-Z24 1137.8502.02 Test and Measurement 1137.7870.12-07- 1 Dear Customer, R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG Trade names are trademarks of the owners. 1137.7870.12-07- 2 Basic Safety Instructions Always read through and comply with the following safety instructions! All plants and locations of the Rohde & Schwarz group of companies make every effort to keep the safety standards of our products up to date and to offer our customers the highest possible degree of safety. Our products and the auxiliary equipment they require are designed, built and tested in accordance with the safety standards that apply in each case. Compliance with these standards is continuously monitored by our quality assurance system. The product described here has been designed, built and tested in accordance with the EC Certificate of Conformity and has left the manufacturer’s plant in a condition fully complying with safety standards. To maintain this condition and to ensure safe operation, you must observe all instructions and warnings provided in this manual. If you have any questions regarding these safety instructions, the Rohde & Schwarz group of companies will be happy to answer them. Furthermore, it is your responsibility to use the product in an appropriate manner. This product is designed for use solely in industrial and laboratory environments or, if expressly permitted, also in the field and must not be used in any way that may cause personal injury or property damage. -
Z1 Z2 Z4 Z5 Z6 Z7 Z3 Z8
Illinois State Police Division of Criminal Investigation JO DAVIESS STEPHENSON WINNEBAGO B McHENRY LAKE DIVISION OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION - O O Colonel Mark R. Peyton Pecatonica 16 N E Chicago Lieutenant Colonel Chris Trame CARROLL OGLE Chief of Staff DE KALB KANE Elgin COOK Lieutenant Jonathan Edwards NORTH 2 Z1DU PAGE C WHITESIDE LEE 15 1 Z2 NORTH COMMAND - Sterling KENDALL WILL Major Michael Witt LA SALLE 5 Zone 1 - (Districts Chicago and 2) East Moline HENRY BUREAU Captain Matthew Gainer 7 17 Joliet ROCK ISLAND GRUNDY Zone 2 - (Districts 1, 7, 16) LaSalle MERCER Captain Christopher Endress KANKAKEE PUTNAM Z3 Zone 3 - (Districts 5, 17, 21) KNOX STARK Captain Richard Wilk H MARSHALL LIVINGSTON E WARREN Statewide Gaming Command IROQUOIS N PEORIA 6 Captain Sean Brannon D WOODFORD E Pontiac Ashkum CENTRAL R 8 Metamora S 21 O McLEAN N FULTON CENTRAL COMMAND - McDONOUGH HANCOCK TAZEWELL Captain Calvin Brown, Interim Macomb FORD VERMILION Zone 4 - (Districts 8, 9, 14, 20) 14 MASON CHAMPAIGN Captain Don Payton LOGAN DE WITT SCHUYLER Zone 5 - (Districts 6, 10) PIATT ADAMS Captain Jason Henderson MENARD Investigative Support Command CASS MACON Pesotum BROWN Captain Aaron Fullington Z4 10 SANGAMON Medicaid Fraud Control Bureau MORGAN DOUGLAS EDGAR PIKE 9 Z5 Captain William Langheim Pittsfield SCOTT MOULTRIE Springfield 20 CHRISTIAN COLES SHELBY GREENE MACOUPIN SOUTH COMMAND - CLARK Major William Sons C CUMBERLAND A MONTGOMERY L Zone 6 - (Districts 11, 18) H Litchfield 18 O Lieutenant Abigail Keller, Interim JERSEY FAYETTE EFFINGHAM JASPER U Zone 7 - (Districts 13, 22) N Effingham 12 CRAWFORD Z6 BOND Captain Nicholas Dill MADISON Zone 8 - (Districts 12, 19) CLAY Collinsville RICHLAND LAWRENCE Captain Ryan Shoemaker MARION 11 Special Operations Command ST. -
A Biased History Of! Programming Languages Programming Languages:! a Short History Fortran Cobol Algol Lisp
A Biased History of! Programming Languages Programming Languages:! A Short History Fortran Cobol Algol Lisp Basic PL/I Pascal Scheme MacLisp InterLisp Franz C … Ada Common Lisp Roman Hand-Abacus. Image is from Museo (Nazionale Ramano at Piazzi delle Terme, Rome) History • Pre-History : The first programmers • Pre-History : The first programming languages • The 1940s: Von Neumann and Zuse • The 1950s: The First Programming Language • The 1960s: An Explosion in Programming languages • The 1970s: Simplicity, Abstraction, Study • The 1980s: Consolidation and New Directions • The 1990s: Internet and the Web • The 2000s: Constraint-Based Programming Ramon Lull (1274) Raymondus Lullus Ars Magna et Ultima Gottfried Wilhelm Freiherr ! von Leibniz (1666) The only way to rectify our reasonings is to make them as tangible as those of the Mathematician, so that we can find our error at a glance, and when there are disputes among persons, we can simply say: Let us calculate, without further ado, in order to see who is right. Charles Babbage • English mathematician • Inventor of mechanical computers: – Difference Engine, construction started but not completed (until a 1991 reconstruction) – Analytical Engine, never built I wish to God these calculations had been executed by steam! Charles Babbage, 1821 Difference Engine No.1 Woodcut of a small portion of Mr. Babbages Difference Engine No.1, built 1823-33. Construction was abandoned 1842. Difference Engine. Built to specifications 1991. It has 4,000 parts and weighs over 3 tons. Fixed two bugs. Portion of Analytical Engine (Arithmetic and Printing Units). Under construction in 1871 when Babbage died; completed by his son in 1906. -
Turing — the Father of Computer Science”
Towards a Historical Notion of \Turing | the Father of Computer Science" Third and last draft, submitted in August 2013 to the Journal History and Philosophy of Logic Edgar G. Daylight? Eindhoven University of Technology Department of Technology Management [email protected] Abstract. In the popular imagination, the relevance of Turing's the- oretical ideas to people producing actual machines was significant and appreciated by everybody involved in computing from the moment he published his 1936 paper `On Computable Numbers'. Careful historians are aware that this popular conception is deeply misleading. We know from previous work by Campbell-Kelly, Aspray, Akera, Olley, Priestley, Daylight, Mounier-Kuhn, and others that several computing pioneers, in- cluding Aiken, Eckert, Mauchly, and Zuse, did not depend on (let alone were they aware of) Turing's 1936 universal-machine concept. Further- more, it is not clear whether any substance in von Neumann's celebrated 1945 `First Draft Report on the EDVAC' is influenced in any identifiable way by Turing's work. This raises the questions: (i) When does Turing enter the field? (ii) Why did the Association for Computing Machin- ery (ACM) honor Turing by associating his name to ACM's most pres- tigious award, the Turing Award? Previous authors have been rather vague about these questions, suggesting some date between 1950 and the early 1960s as the point at which Turing is retroactively integrated into the foundations of computing and associating him in some way with the movement to develop something that people call computer science. In this paper, based on detailed examination of hitherto overlooked pri- mary sources, attempts are made to reconstruct networks of scholars and ideas prevalent to the 1950s, and to identify a specific group of ACM actors interested in theorizing about computations in computers and attracted to the idea of language as a frame in which to understand computation. -
Calculating Space) 1St
Konrad Zuse’s Rechnender Raum (Calculating Space) 1st. re-edition1 written in LATEX by A. German and H. Zenil As published in A Computable Universe: Understanding & Exploring Nature as Computation, World Scientific, 2012 Painting by Konrad Zuse (under the pseudonym “Kuno See”). Followed by an Afterword by Adrian German and Hector Zenil 2 1with kind permission by all parties involved, including MIT and Zuse’s family. 2The views expressed in the afterword do not represent the views of those organisations with which the authors are affiliated. 1 Calculating Space (“Rechnender Raum”)z Konrad Zuse Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS 3 2.1 Concerning the Theory of Automatons . .3 2.2 About Computers . .5 2.3 Differential Equations from the Point of View of the Automa- ton Theory . .8 2.4 Maxwell Equations . 10 2.5 An Idea about Gravitation . 13 2.6 Differential Equations and Difference Equations, Digitalization 13 2.7 Automaton Theory Observations of Physical Theories . 14 3 EXAMPLES OF DIGITAL TREATMENT OF FIELDS AND PARTICLES 19 3.1 The Expression “Digital Particle” . 19 3.2 Two-Dimensional Systems . 27 3.3 Digital Particles in Two-Dimensional Space . 30 3.4 Concerning Three-Dimensional Systems . 34 4 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 37 4.1 Cellular Automatons . 37 4.2 Digital Particles and Cellular Automatons . 39 4.3 On the Theory of Relativity . 39 zSchriften zur Datenverarbeitung, Vol. 1, 1969 Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn, Braun- schweig, 74 pp. MIT Technical TranslationTranslated for Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology, Project MAC, by: Aztec School of Languages, Inc., Research Translation Division (164), Maynard, Massachusetts and McLean, Virginia AZT-70-164-GEMIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Project MAC, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139—February 1970 2 4.4 Considerations of Information Theory . -
Pioneers of Computing
Pioneers of Computing В 1980 IEEE Computer Society учредило Золотую медаль (бронзовую) «Вычислительный Пионер» Пионерами учредителями стали 32 члена IEEE Computer Society, связанных с работами по информатике и вычислительным наукам. 1 Pioneers of Computing 1.Howard H. Aiken (Havard Mark I) 2.John V. Atanasoff 3.Charles Babbage (Analytical Engine) 4.John Backus 5.Gordon Bell (Digital) 6.Vannevar Bush 7.Edsger W. Dijkstra 8.John Presper Eckert 9.Douglas C. Engelbart 10.Andrei P. Ershov (theroretical programming) 11.Tommy Flowers (Colossus engineer) 12.Robert W. Floyd 13.Kurt Gödel 14.William R. Hewlett 15.Herman Hollerith 16.Grace M. Hopper 17.Tom Kilburn (Manchester) 2 Pioneers of Computing 1. Donald E. Knuth (TeX) 2. Sergei A. Lebedev 3. Augusta Ada Lovelace 4. Aleksey A.Lyapunov 5. Benoit Mandelbrot 6. John W. Mauchly 7. David Packard 8. Blaise Pascal 9. P. Georg and Edvard Scheutz (Difference Engine, Sweden) 10. C. E. Shannon (information theory) 11. George R. Stibitz 12. Alan M. Turing (Colossus and code-breaking) 13. John von Neumann 14. Maurice V. Wilkes (EDSAC) 15. J.H. Wilkinson (numerical analysis) 16. Freddie C. Williams 17. Niklaus Wirth 18. Stephen Wolfram (Mathematica) 19. Konrad Zuse 3 Pioneers of Computing - 2 Howard H. Aiken (Havard Mark I) – США Создатель первой ЭВМ – 1943 г. Gene M. Amdahl (IBM360 computer architecture, including pipelining, instruction look-ahead, and cache memory) – США (1964 г.) Идеология майнфреймов – система массовой обработки данных John W. Backus (Fortran) – первый язык высокого уровня – 1956 г. 4 Pioneers of Computing - 3 Robert S. Barton For his outstanding contributions in basing the design of computing systems on the hierarchical nature of programs and their data. -
Nonlinear Control of Underactuated Mechanical Systems with Application to Robotics and Aerospace Vehicles
Nonlinear Control of Underactuated Mechanical Systems with Application to Robotics and Aerospace Vehicles by Reza Olfati-Saber Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY February 2001 © Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2001. All rights reserved. Author ................................................... Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science January 15, 2000 C ertified by.......................................................... Alexandre Megretski, Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering Thesis Supervisor Accepted by............................................ Arthur C. Smith Chairman, Department Committee on Graduate Students Nonlinear Control of Underactuated Mechanical Systems with Application to Robotics and Aerospace Vehicles by Reza Olfati-Saber Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science on January 15, 2000, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Abstract This thesis is devoted to nonlinear control, reduction, and classification of underac- tuated mechanical systems. Underactuated systems are mechanical control systems with fewer controls than the number of configuration variables. Control of underactu- ated systems is currently an active field of research due to their broad applications in Robotics, Aerospace Vehicles, and Marine Vehicles. The examples of underactuated systems include flexible-link robots, nobile robots, walking robots, robots on mo- bile platforms, cars, locomotive systems, snake-type and swimming robots, acrobatic robots, aircraft, spacecraft, helicopters, satellites, surface vessels, and underwater ve- hicles. Based on recent surveys, control of general underactuated systems is a major open problem. Almost all real-life mechanical systems possess kinetic symmetry properties, i.e. -
Bridge Measurement Analysis
Bridge Measurement Analysis Svetlana Avramov-Zamurovic1, Bryan Waltrip2 and Andrew Koffman2 1United States Naval Academy, Weapons and Systems Engineering Department Annapolis, MD 21402, Telephone: 410 293 6124 Email: [email protected] 2National Institute of Standards and Technology†, Electricity Division Gaithersburg, MD 21899. Telephone: 301 975 2438, Email: [email protected] Introduction At the United States Academy there are several engineering majors, including Systems Engineering. This program offers excellent systems integration education. In particular the major concentrates on control of electrical, computer and mechanical systems. In addition to several tracks, students have the opportunity to independently research a field of interest. This is a great opportunity for teachers and students to pursue more in-depth analyses. This paper will describe one such experiment in the field of metrology. Very often engineering laboratories at undergraduate schools are well equipped with power supplies, signal generators, oscilloscopes and general-purpose multimeters. This set allows teachers and students to set up test-beds for most of the basic electronics circuits studied in different engineering tracks. Modern instrumentation is in general user-friendly and students like using the equipment. However, students are often not aware that there are two pieces of information necessary to establish a measurement result: the numerical value of the measured quantity and the uncertainty with which that measurement was performed. In order to achieve high measurement accuracy, more complex measurement systems must be developed. This paper will describe the process of analyzing a bridge measurement using MATLAB‡. Measurement Bridge One of the basic circuits that demonstrate the concept of a current/voltage divider is a Wheatstone bridge (given in Figure 1.) A source voltage is applied to a parallel connection of impedances. -
The Z1: Architecture and Algorithms of Konrad Zuse's First Computer
The Z1: Architecture and Algorithms of Konrad Zuse’s First Computer Raul Rojas Freie Universität Berlin June 2014 Abstract This paper provides the first comprehensive description of the Z1, the mechanical computer built by the German inventor Konrad Zuse in Berlin from 1936 to 1938. The paper describes the main structural elements of the machine, the high-level architecture, and the dataflow between components. The computer could perform the four basic arithmetic operations using floating-point numbers. Instructions were read from punched tape. A program consisted of a sequence of arithmetical operations, intermixed with memory store and load instructions, interrupted possibly by input and output operations. Numbers were stored in a mechanical memory. The machine did not include conditional branching in the instruction set. While the architecture of the Z1 is similar to the relay computer Zuse finished in 1941 (the Z3) there are some significant differences. The Z1 implements operations as sequences of microinstructions, as in the Z3, but does not use rotary switches as micro- steppers. The Z1 uses a digital incrementer and a set of conditions which are translated into microinstructions for the exponent and mantissa units, as well as for the memory blocks. Microinstructions select one out of 12 layers in a machine with a 3D mechanical structure of binary mechanical elements. The exception circuits for mantissa zero, necessary for normalized floating-point, were lacking; they were first implemented in the Z3. The information for this article was extracted from careful study of the blueprints drawn by Zuse for the reconstruction of the Z1 for the German Technology Museum in Berlin, from some letters, and from sketches in notebooks.