Sankta Sunniva – Er Hun En Historisk Person?

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Sankta Sunniva – Er Hun En Historisk Person? Den hellige Sunniva var sentralmotiv på alterskapet i Austevoll kirke i Hordaland. Alterskapet er nå oppbevart i De kulturhistoriske samlinger ved Universitetsmuseet i Bergen. Foto: Fotoarkivet - Universitetsmuseet i Bergen © Sankta Sunniva – er hun en historisk person? Masteravhandling i kristendomskunnskap (60 stp) NLA Høgskolen, Bergen Våren 2013 Kari Berle Nilsen 2 Sammendrag Målet for denne avhandlingen er å undersøke om vi med sikkerhet kan vite at Sankta Sunniva, helgenen som i den katolske kirken i Norden i dag minnes 8. juli, er en historisk person. Sankta Sunniva flyktet i følge legenden fra Irland sammen med flere av sine landsmenn og strandet på øya Selja. Der levde disse fromme kristne en tid inntil de ble beskyldt for å stjele sauer. Da Håkon jarl og flere av hans menn kom for å drepe dem, ble de på bønn til Gud reddet av et ras der de omkom. To handelsmenn fant en lysende hodeskalle på øya, og senere ble menneskeben funnet i raset av kong Olav Tryggvason og biskopen hans. De fikk bygget en kirke der, og siden ble i følge legenden Sunniva også funnet hel og uskadd. Hun ble lagt i et skrin, som i 1170 ble flyttet til Kristkirken i Bergen. Vårt utgangspunkt er at Sunniva er en historisk person slik hun er skildret i den latinske legenden, en legende som er satt sammen ved hjelp av fire bevarte kilder. To norrøne versjoner av legenden finnes også, den ene skrevet av islandske Odd munk, og bevart i to håndskrifter, den andre skrevet på Island som en del av Flateyjarbok, en bok som er bevart den dag i dag. Vi har sammenliknet disse tre legendeversjonene både ved å se på vekten av legendenes fem hovedhendelser (narrative element) og ved hjelp av en synopse, der vi har tilpasset Odds narrative rekkefølge til den latinske legendes struktur. Den latinske legenden vektlegger Sunniva i mye større grad enn de norrøne, og denne legenden bærer et sterkt preg av å være en liturgisk tekst. Den latinske legendens funksjon er trosformidling gjennom Sunnivas liv og martyrium, mens de norrøne legenders funksjon er å presentere Olav Tryggvason som helgen. Sunnivalegenden har lav kildeverdi som historisk beretning. Kilder for kulten rundt Sunniva og de hellige på Selja: I de fire eldste norske landskapslovene finnes betegnelsen Seljemannamesse, mens Sunniva først kom in i lovverket i 1276, ikke før på siste del av 1300-tallet var Seljemannamesse erstattet av Sta. Sunniva. Andre kilder for kulten er bønner, hymner og mirakelberetninger, f.eks. gjengitt i Breviarium Nidrosiense. Det fantes relikvier av Sunniva flere steder i Norge og i Norden. Til sammen 23 ikonografiske Sunniva-fremstillinger vitner om en utbredt Sunniva-kult, spesielt i tiden før reformasjonen i 1537. I senmiddelalderen var 8. juli en av de største festdagene i landet, og kulten hadde spredt seg til hele Norden og Nord-Tyskland. Også helgen- anlegget, kirkene og benediktinerklosteret på Selja vitner om en flere hundre år gammel kult på øya. Sunnivalegenden har blitt sammenliknet med legenden om Ursula, om Modwenna og om Donnán. Det er mange likhetspunkt, men Sunnivalegenden har også mange detaljer som den er alene om, f.eks. at Gud sender raset for å redde dem. Parallellitet betyr ikke nødvendigvis avskrift. Faktorer som har blitt diskutert i forbindelse med alderen på Sunnivakulten er: Eksistensen av en eldre tradisjonskjerne i legenden, landskapslovenes bruk av betegnelsen Seljemannamesse, Sunniva- navnets opprinnelse, Adam av Bremens scholion 145, opprettelsen av bispedømme på Selja, kirkens behov for en helgen og kongemaktens behov for å bli legitimert på 1100-tallet, og Orø-korset. De fleste av disse faktorene brukes for å forfekte en sen datering for kulten rundt Sunniva. Er Sunniva en historisk person? Etter en vurdering av påstanden om to tradisjonslag i legenden, av vektleggingen av Sunniva i den latinske legenden og i Bergen bispedømme, og av andre faktorer, konkluderer vi med at hun tidlig kan ha vært med i legenden, men at vi likevel ikke med sikkerhet kan vite at Sunniva var en historisk person ut fra det kildematerialet vi i dag kjenner. Vi tror ikke at hun er tatt inn i legenden av kirkepolitiske årsaker eller på grunn av kongemaktens behov. Å velge å tro at hun har levd, er et valg som hører til innenfor troens rom, og kan ikke etterprøves vitenskapelig. 3 Innhold Sammendrag ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Mål for avhandlingen .............................................................................................................................. 7 1 Metodiske spørsmål ............................................................................................................................. 9 1.1 Innledning ...................................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Helgenlegenders funksjon og innhold ........................................................................................... 9 1.3 Olav den Hellige ........................................................................................................................... 12 1.4 Ansgar, Nordens apostel ............................................................................................................. 13 1.5 Sunniva ........................................................................................................................................ 14 1.6 Om liturgi ..................................................................................................................................... 15 1.7 Oppsummering ............................................................................................................................ 16 2 Sunnivalegenden ................................................................................................................................ 17 2.1 Tre versjoner ............................................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Synopse ....................................................................................................................................... 18 2.3 Fem hendelser, ulik vekt ............................................................................................................. 18 2.4 Opphav for legendevariantene ................................................................................................... 20 2.4.1 Kirkens Sunnivalegende ....................................................................................................... 20 2.4.2 Sunnivalegenden i Odd munks saga om Olav Tryggvason ................................................... 25 2.4.3 Sunnivalegenden i Flateyjarbok ........................................................................................... 28 2.5 Sammenlikning av legendevariantene ........................................................................................ 32 2.6 Særpreg ....................................................................................................................................... 39 2.7 Sunnivalegendens funksjon ......................................................................................................... 43 2.8 Legendens kildeverdi ................................................................................................................... 43 2.9 Oppsummering ............................................................................................................................ 44 3 Andre kilder for kulten rundt Sunniva og de hellige på Selja ............................................................. 47 3.1 Innledning .................................................................................................................................... 47 3.2 Lovtekster i Norge ....................................................................................................................... 47 3.3 Liturgiske tekster ......................................................................................................................... 48 3.3.1 Innledning ............................................................................................................................. 48 3.3.2 Bønner .................................................................................................................................. 50 3.3.3 Hymner ................................................................................................................................. 51 3.3.4 Mirakelberetninger .............................................................................................................. 53 3.4 Relikvier ....................................................................................................................................... 53 4 3.5 Bilder, skulpturer ......................................................................................................................... 55 3.6 Helgenanlegget på Selja .............................................................................................................. 55 3.7 Kulten rundt Sunniva og de hellige ............................................................................................. 57 3.8 Oppsummering ............................................................................................................................ 59 4 Legender som likner Sunnivalegenden .............................................................................................
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