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Planning Metropolitan Landscapes Concepts, Demands, Approaches Editors: Gunther Tress, Bärbel Tress, Bert Harms, Peter Smeets, Arnold van der Valk DELTA Series 4, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2004 Delta series 4 2004 | 1 Contents Introduction to Planning Metropolitan Landscapes 6 Gunther Tress and Bärbel Tress I. Concepts of metropolitan landscapes Uncertainty in planning metropolitan landscapes 12 Marc Antrop Metropolitan matterscape, powerscape and mindscape 26 Maarten Jacobs Leadership literacy: Public interest in land-use governance 39 David S. Fushtey and Moura Quayle II. Demands and problems of metropolitan landscapes Between two cities: The ecological footprint of Vancouver and Seattle in Northwest Washington 62 Paul Sommers The inverted compact city of Delhi 79 Ashok Kumar Metropolitan delta landscapes 103 Peter J.A.M. Smeets, W. Bert Harms, Madeleine J.M. van Mansfeld, Arjen W.C. van Susteren and Marco G.N. van Steekelenburg Impact of land use change in Bangkok Metropolitan and Suburban Area 114 Nitayaporn Tonmanee and Parida Kuneepong III. Approaches to plan and manage metropolitan landscapes Overconsultation breeds contempt: Lessons in participatory watershed planning from the Lake Pontchartrain Basin of Louisiana, USA 128 Kate Sherren Modelling approaches for metropolitan landscapes 144 Paul Schot, Aat Barendregt and Martin J. Wassen Planning nature conservation in Dutch metropolitan landscapes 166 Roul Beunen, Ronald van Ark, Arnold van der Valk and Rinus Jaarsma New planning concepts and regional cooperation: Responding to the challenges of new urban landscapes 178 Andrea Hartz and Rainer Kestermann Spatially explicit risk analysis: A new solution to contamination problems in the metropolitan delta 199 Nico van den Brink and Hans Baveco Cost-benefit analysis in interactive planning processes 213 Mireille Woud, Stijn Reinhard and Aris Gaaff Hydropolitan: An interactive tool for hydrology management in metropolitan deltas 236 Janneke Roos-Klein Lankhorst, Jan van Bakel and Arend Ligtenberg Sustainable land use planning and valorisation of the natural and cultural resources in the metropolitan area of Milan, Italy 254 Giulio Senes and Alessandro Toccolini IV. Epilogue Metropolitan landscapes: Contours of an emerging concept 276 Gunther Tress and Bärbel Tress Acknowledgments 288 Introduction to Planning lems of metropolitan areas that are studied at three Dutch institutes: the Alterra Green World Research institute in Wageningen, the Land Use Planning Group at the Metropolitan Landscapes Environmental Science Department of Wageningen University, and the Agricultural Economics Research Institute in The Hague. Funding for these activities came from Gunther Tress and Bärbel Tress two major research programs: the KAP program – developing planning approaches Alterra Green World Research,Wageningen University and Research Centre and concepts for the regional-specific implementation of multiple use of land (Tress Land Use Planning Group, Dept. of Environmental Sciences,Wageningen University et al., 2003a), and the DELTA program – investigating interdisciplinarity and trans- Wageningen,The Netherlands disciplinarity in landscape research and planning (Tress et al., 2003b). tress@tress.cc The contributions in this book derive from papers presented at the international meetings in Bellingham and Darwin as well as from research conducted at the above- mentioned institutes. Additionally, we invited some selected experts to contribute to “Can we plan metropolitan landscapes? Do metropolitan landscapes exist? What this book. The first part of the book presents conceptual papers on defining and un- makes them different from urban landscapes? Where does a metropolitan land- derstanding metropolitan landscapes. The second part deals with the demands and scape start and where does it end? Who is planning metropolitan landscapes? How problems that exist in several metropolitan landscapes around the world. The third are these plans made? Will the plans ever be realized?” Readers will have these and part presents a broad selection of papers that discuss approaches how to plan and many other questions when reading the phrase “planning metropolitan landscapes”. manage metropolitan landscapes. Finally, the book concludes with a reflection on the It is the aim of this book to discuss some of these questions, however, when looking concept of metropolitan landscapes as presented in this book and in current land- for answers often new questions arise. scape research and planning. The book was initiated at two recently held scientific meetings. The first was the 4th Bärbel Tress & Gunther Tress , workshop of the International Study Group of Multiple Land Use (ISOMUL), held at Wageningen, November 2003 Western Washington University in Bellingham (USA) in June 2002. The meeting was entitled “Collaborative Planning for the Metropolitan Landscapes” and discussed References planning and research aspects related to metropolitan landscapes, mainly in the USA Haaland, K., Smith, B. (Eds.), 2002. Collaborative Tress, G., Tress, B., Smeets, P.,2003a. A brief re- and the Netherlands (Haaland & Smith, 2002). The second event was a symposium planning for the metropolitan landscape; regional view of the KAP research and development program. In: Tress, G., Tress, B., Bloemmen, M. (Eds.). on “Landscape Dialogues in Metropolitan Delta Areas” held during the 6th World strategies for smart growth: when city and country collide. Conference proceedings from the workshop From tacit to explicit knowledge in integrative and Congress of the International Association of Landscape Ecology (IALE) in Darwin of the International Study Group on Multiple Use participatory research. DELTA Series 3, Wagenin- gen. (Australia) in July 2003. This meeting brought together researchers and planners to of Land (ISOMUL), Bellingham, USA, June 2002, Western Washington University. Tress, B., Tress, G., Valk, A.v.d., 2003b. Interdisci- discuss specific problems of metropolitan areas located at large river deltas (Pear- Pearson, D., Hobbs, R. (Eds.), 2003. Crossing fron- plinarity and transdisciplinarity in landscape stud- tiers: Landscape ecology down under. Building ies – the Wageningen DELTA approach. In: Tress, B., son & Hobbs, 2003). bridges between cultures, disciplines and ap- Tress, G., Valk, A.v.d., Fry, G. (Eds.). Interdisciplinary A third motivation to this book came from the research interest in planning prob- proaches. Book of Abstracts, 6th World Congress of and transdisciplinary landscapes studies: potential the International Association of Landscape Ecolo- and limitations. DELTA Series 2, Wageningen, pp. gy, Darwin, Australia, July 2003. 8-15. 6 | Delta series 4 2004 Delta series 4 2004 | 7 Concepts of metropolitan landscapes 8 | Delta series 4 2004 Delta series 4 2004 | 9 Uncertainty in planning lated to the application of GIS and spatial analysis is various domains. Longley et al. (2001) relate uncertainty to the different steps involved in metropolitan landscapes the representation of geographic phenomena, in particular when using GIS and applying spatial analysis and mapping (Figure 1). The first source of un- Marc Antrop certainty (U1) comes from the conceptualisation of the real world and the Geography Department definition of geographical data. Is the reality conceived as natural objects or Ghent, Belgium units, or by a more abstract representation? Much has to do with the possi- marc.antrop@ugent.be bility of a physical delineation or bordering of units and the classification of continuous phenomena with vague borders and complex transitions into discrete categories. In GIS this implies also the choice of the data model; rep- resenting reality by objects, vector or raster structures; reducing real things Introduction into points, lines and polygons. Conceptualising reality also depends upon Planning metropolitan landscapes means dealing with many sources of culture, perception and language. The classical examples are the types of uncertainty simultaneously. This article discusses conceptually the nature of snow or seasons recognized by locals in comparison to the more general and the uncertainty involved with metropolitan areas, landscape and planning. less refined categorisation by outsiders. The key issue is that uncertainty cannot be avoided, but appropriate methods The second source of uncertainty (U2) is partially the immediate conse- must be found to deal with it. quence of the conceptualisation. It involves the choice of the level of meas- urement used (nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio) and of the data quality, Defining uncertainty both qualitative and quantitative. Techniques and methods of data collection Uncertainty is related to many different things such as data quality, the- and description contribute to this aspect of uncertainty. Also sampling is- ory and conceptualisation, model formulation, decision making and of course sues are important here. error and risk issues in each of these. This complexity is expressed by many The third source of uncertainty (U3) relates to all manipulations of the terms such as uncertainty, fuzziness, vagueness, precision and accuracy. Some data during analysis and combination of different data. The choice of (leg- terms have, according to the context, a very specific definition or are used in end) categories and their operational definition is part of this and also the a more general sense, sometimes even as synonyms. classification of the data. Here the specific character of geographical data is Uncertainty

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