MAY 2014 – JULY 2014, Vol. 4, No.3; 2158-2164. E- ISSN: 2249 –1929

Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences Available online atwww.jcbsc.org

Section B: Biological Sciences

CODEN (USA): JCBPAT Research Article

Studies on the Morphology and Phytochemical Constituents of Dipcadi filamentosa in Two States of North-Central Nigeria

*Abdulkareem, K.A., Garuba, T., Abdulrasaq, R. and Mustapha, O.T.

University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria

Received: 27 January 2014; Revised: 09 May 2014; Accepted: 15 May 2014

Abstract: Studies were carried out on the effects of environmental differences on the morphology and phytochemical constituents of Dipcadi filamentosa with a view of establishing diversity among the different populations. The were collected from two States in North Central Nigeria. Kabba is located in Kabba-Bunu local Government Area of Kogi State while Kaiama, Sobi and Tanke are in Kaiama, Ilorin East and Ilorin South Government Area of Kwara State respectively. Bulbs of D. filamentosa collected from Kaiama (KB, KM and KS), Kabba (KA), Sobi (SB) and Tanke (TK) were planted in plastic pots at Botanical Garden, University of Ilorin and morphological characters were observed and measured. Phytochemical screenings were carried out to detect presence of secondary plant products. It was observed that all samples collected from Kaiama were phenotypically the same and differed from other samples. Results showed that KB had highest leaf length of 13.10cm while KA failed to sprout at 2 weeks after planting (WAP). The leaf length of SB (46.57cm) and TK (46.43cm) showed no significant difference (p>0.05) from each other but significantly different from the value recorded for KS (27.60cm) and KB (20.23cm) at 10WAP.The maximum leaf area was measured in SB (73.35cm) which showed no significant difference with all the samples except KB (11.08cm). The phytochemicals screening revealed that tannins, saponins, flavonoids and alkanoids were present in all leaves of the samples from different locations and regional difference had no effect on the presence of these secondary metabolites. Keywords: Bulb, Dipcadi filamentosa, bulb, morphology, phytochemical.

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INTRODUCTION

Dipcadi is a of bulbous in the family Hyacinthaceae. It is widely distributed, occurring in Southern Europe, most of Africa and the Middle East through to the Indian Subcontinent. Along with three other genera, , and Pseudolgaltonia, Dipcadi is placed in the tribe Ornithgaleae1. Some of Dipcadi occur in stony or sandy flats, rocky habitats and grassland, some are grown in cultivated beds and some occur in crevices on exposed limestone ridge and rocky slopes. They can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. The genus is characterized by tuberous scapigorous herbs with racemed flowers, cylindrical perianth of six erect segments, and the outer recurved from about the middle and the inner tips only, including and a short capsule which is broad, tridymedous, loculicidal and many-seeded. The is usually one-sided. The stamens that are enclosed within the flower are joined to the tube formed by the sepals and have flat filaments. The black seeds are in the shape of the disc or flattened globe2. Some species of Dipcadi are edible, medicinal and sometimes cultivated by gardeners specializing in ornamental bulbous . Some species are poisonous to herbivores such as cattle and sheep3. Phytochemicals are naturally occurring in plants and have protective or disease preventive properties. Glycosides convert harmful materials to more or less toxic substances. Tannins compounds are widely distributed in many species of plants, where they play a role in protection from predation and also as pesticides4 and in growth regulation5. Flavonoids have antioxidant activity. Flavonoids are becoming very popular because they have many health promoting effects. Some of the activities attributed to flavonoids include: anti-allergic, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral6. Saponins are glycosides with foaming characteristics. Some saponins are toxic and are known as sapotoxic7. This research work was aimed at investigating the morphology and phytochemical constituents of D. filamentosa collected from different locations so as to establish their diversity with a view of determining their taxonomic status.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection of Materials: The propagating materials (bulbs) of Dipcadi filamentosa were collected from four Local Government Areas of Kwara and Kogi States: Ilorin East (Sobi), Ilorin South (Tanke) Kaiama (Kaiama) and Kabba/Bunu (Kabba).The locations were selected based on agro-ecological differences .All materials were collected in December, 2012. Planting and Measurements: The bulbs were surface sterilized with 70% ethanol and rinsed 3 times with distilled water. Ten viable bulbs were collected from each location. These propagating materials were planted in pots containing sterilized sandy loam soil. The pot size was 15cm×16cm in dimension. The bulbs were planted at 2cm below the soil surface. There were three pots for each location and two bulbs were planted in each of these pots. Irrigation was carried out every morning for ten weeks. Both the qualitative and quantitative measurements of plants were taken every two weeks. The qualitative parameters such as leaf colour, shape and colour of leaf base were observed. The leaf length and width were determined using calibrated rulers. The leaf area was calculated using the following formula by Abayomi and Adedoyin8. Leaf area = l × w × 0.75 where l = length of the leaf w = width of the leaf

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Phytochemical Screening: The phytochemical analyses were carried out using the method described by Raaman9. Alkaloid, tannin, flavonoids, anthraquinone, saponins, steroids, glycosides and terpenoids were qualitatively determined. Statistical Analysis: All the data collected were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The findings in this research work revealed that all samples collected from Kaiama displayed similar leaf colour (green), leaf shape (slightly curled) and colour of leaf base (yellowish green). The morphology of the remaining plants was qualitatively the same except the leaf shape of KA that was straight as shown in Table 1. Two weeks after planting (2WAP), KB was observed with highest leaf length (13.10cm) but KA failed to sprout. From 2WAPto 8WAP, the leaf length of all samples were numerically but not significantly different from one another. The leaf length of SB (46.57cm) and TK (46.43cm) showed no significant difference but significant difference was observed between KB (20.23cm) and KA (38.73cm) at 10WAP at probability level of 0.05 (Table 2). The leaf width of all samples, throughout the experimental period, showed no significant difference. The highest value for leaf width was observed in SB from 2WAP to 10WAP (Table 3). At the point of termination, the maximum leaf area was observed in SB (73.35cm) which showed no significant difference with all other samples except KB (11.08cm) as shown in Table 4. Leaf number of all samples showed no significant different (Table 5).

Table-1: The qualitative characters of Dipcadi filamentosa collected from different local governments.

Dipcadi LOCATION/LGA LEAF LEAF SHAPE COLOUR OF filamentosa COLOUR LEAF BASE KB Kaiama Green Slightly curled Yellowish green KM Kaiama Green Slightly curled Yellowish green KS Kaiama Green Slightly curled Yellowish green KA Kabba-Bunu Green Straight Green SB Ilorin East Green Slightly curled Green TK Ilorin South Green Slightly curled Green

KB= Kaiama Big, KM= Kaiama Medium, KS= Kaiama Small, KA= Kabba, SB= Sobi and TK= Tanke

The phytochemical screening revealed that tannins, saponins, flavonoids and alkanoids were present in all leaves of the samples and locational difference had no effect on the presence of these secondary metabolites (Table 6). At 10WAP, morphological difference was observed in the leaf length. The difference may be as a result of biodiversity. Delgado10 reported that environmental conditions could be responsible for morphological differences in plants. The location and irrigation conditions influenced the dry matter yield and most of morphological characteristics of the plants11. Generally, plants growing in extreme environmental conditions have anatomically and morphologically different chloroplasts than plants growing in environmentally friendly conditions and as a result of this, the morphology of the plants

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Table-2: Leaf length of Dipcadi filamentosa collected from different locations.

2WAP 4WAP 6WAP 8WAP 10WAP KB 13.10±2.89a 22.77±2.67a 27.13±2.84a 19.57±9.97a 20.23±10.37c KM 5.97± 5.96a 16.63±6.59a 24.80±4.46a 30.10±1.71a 33.40±0.78abc KS 6.23± 6.23a 14.17±7.94a 19.30±9.91a 24.27±6.95a 27.60±2.03bc KA 0.00 ±0.00a 8.00 ± 4.48a 18.50±7.11a 28.00±4.57a 38.73±3.58ab SB 11.60±0.96a 20.67±2.74a 29.73±4.09a 37.47±4.49a 46.57±5.53a TK 10.17±1.02a 19.73±2.68a 30.20±4.14a 39.43±4.16a 46.43±4.31a P. VALUE 0.227 0.384 0.612 0.214 0.027

Means scored with the same letter (s) along the same column are not significantly different at p = 0.05

Table-3: Leaf width of Dipcadi filamentosa collected from different locations.

2WAP 4WAP 6WAP 8WAP 10WAP KB 0.77±0.15a 1.03±0.22a 1.20±0.25a 0.70±0.41a 0.73±0.43a KM 0.57±0.57a 1.23±0.30a 1.60±0.32a 1.80±0.30a 1.67±0.16a KS 0.27±0.27a 0.93±0.47a 1.17±0.59a 1.50±0.26a 1.67±0.15a KA 0.00±0.00a 0.63±0.32a 1.10±0.16a 1.57±0.33a 1.67±0.67a SB 1.37±0.27a 1.67±0.22a 1.87±0.20a 1.98±0.26a 2.10±0.29a TK 1.07±0.33a 1.23±0.09a 1.72±0.25a 1.78±0.36a 1.87±0.26a P. VALUE 0.052 0.288 0.453 0.079 0.041

Means scored with the same letter (s) along the same column are not significantly different at p≤ 0.05

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Table-4: Leaf area of Dipcadi filamentosa collected from different locations.

2WAP 4WAP 6WAP 8WAP 10WAP KB 7.57±2.54a 17.59±2.44a 24.35±3.08a 10.27±7.97a 11.08±8.64c KM 2.55±7.61a 15.34±9.94a 29.76±10.72a 40.64±7.20a 41.83±4.97abc KS 1.26±3.74a 9.88±7.83a 16.94±12.56a 27.30±10.97a 34.57±5.42ab KA 0.00±0.00a 3.78±3.36a 15.26±7.02a 32.97±5.95a 48.51±4.29abc SB 11.92±3.17a 25.89±5.91a 41.70±8.86a 55.64±12.39a 73.35±16.60ab TK 8.17±0.10a 18.20±3.84a 38.96±9.01a 52.64±13.22a 65.12±13.75a P. VALUE 0.377 0.487 0.350 0.073 0.015

Means scored with the same letter (s) along the same column are not significantly different at p≤ 0.05

Table-5: Leaf number of Dipcadi filamentosa collected from different locations.

2WAP 4WAP 6WAP 8WAP 10WAP KB 4.33±0.88a 5.33±1.86a 5.67±2.19a 5.33±3.92a 7.00±5.57a KM 0.67±0.67b 2.00±1.00a 2.33±0.88a 2.33±0.88a 2.33±0.88a KS 0.67±0.67b 1.67±1.20a 2.67±1.33a 2.33±0.88a 2.67±0.33a KA 0.00±0.00b 1.67±0.88a 2.33±0.33a 3.00±0.00a 3.00±0.00a SB 3.33±0.33a 4.33±0.33a 6.33±0.88a 7.33±0.88a 9.33±1.33a TK 4.00±0.58a 4.33±0.67a 5.67±0.33a 6.67±0.67a 7.67±0.67a P. VALUE 0.000 0.122 0.080 0.221 0.244

Means scored with the same letter (s) along the same column are not significantly different at p≤ 0.05

Table-6: Phytochemical screening of the Dipcadi filamentosa collected from different locations.

Phytochemicals KB KM KS KA SB TK Alkaloids + + + + + + Anthraquinone ------Flavonoids + + + + + + Glycosides ------Saponins + + + + + + Steroids ------Tannins + + + + + + Terponoids ------

- = Absent + = Present

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CONCLUSION

The biodiversity of the plant influence morphological changes in Dipcadi filamentosa but has no impact on the phytochemical composition of the plant. Findings from this research work showed that the various populations cannot as of now be given a specific name even though they produced minor morphological differences.

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* Corresponding author: Abdulkareem, K.A.; University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.

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