INDAGO

(continuing Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum, Bloemfontein)

Published annually for the National Museum, Bloemfontein

INDAGO is an accredited journal that publishes original research results in English in both the natural and human sciences. Manuscripts relevant to Africa on topics related to the approved research disciplines of the Museum, and/or those based on study collections of the Museum, and/or studies undertaken in the Free State, will be considered. Submission of a manuscript will be taken to imply that the material is original and that no similar paper is being or will be submitted for publication elsewhere. Authors will bear full responsibility for the factual content of their publications and opinions expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Museum. All contributions will be critically reviewed by at least two appropriate external referees. Contributions should be addressed to: The Editor-in-Chief, Indago, National Museum, P.O. Box 266, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa and e-mailed to [email protected]. Instructions to authors appear at the back of each volume.

Editor-in-Chief Michael F. Bates (Ph.D., Stellenbosch), Department of Herpetology, National Museum, Bloemfontein

Associate editors Natural Sciences: Vacant Human Sciences: Shiona Moodley (M.A., Wits), Department of Rock Art, National Museum Marianna Botes (Ph.D., UFS), Department of History, National Museum

Consulting Editors Prof. C. Chimimba (Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, South Africa) Dr J. Deacon (South African Heritage Resources Agency, Cape Town, South Africa – retired) Dr A. Dippenaar-Schoeman (ARC – Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa) Dr A. Kemp (Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, Pretoria, South Africa – retired) Dr D.T. Rowe-Rowe (Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa – retired) Prof. B.S. Rubidge (Centre of Excellence for the Palaeosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa) Prof. A.E. van Wyk (Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, South Africa) Prof. A. Wessels (Department of History, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa)

Layout Marelie van Rensburg, Design Department, National Museum

Hard copies of Indago are available from the Library at the National Museum, Bloemfontein. Free access to electronic copies (PDF) via the Museum’s website www.nasmus.co.za.

Cover illustration Hoodia gordonii (Photo: P.C. Zietsman)

© 2019 National Museum, Bloemfontein ISSN 0067-9208 ISBN 978-1-86847-183-6 INDAGO

DECEMBER 2019 VOLUME 35 ISSN 0067-9208

RESEARCH ARTICLES NATURAL SCIENCES Floristic diversity at Kolomela mine on the Ghaap Plateau, Postmasburg, Northern Cape Province P.C. Zietsman & L.E. Zietsman ...... 1–33 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The following individuals contributed to the quality of Indago Vol. 35 (2019) by serving as reviewers. Their assistance is gratefully acknowledged.

Hugo Bezuidenhout (South Africa) Anonymous (South Africa) Indago Vol. 35 (2019) 1

NATURAL SCIENCES Indago, Vol. 35, 2019, pp. 1–33

Floristic diversity at Kolomela mine on the Ghaap Plateau, Postmasburg, Northern Cape Province

P.C. Zietsman1*, 2 & L.E. Zietsman1

1Department of Botany, National Museum, P.O. Box 266, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa E-mail: [email protected] 2Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa *Corresponding author

Abstract As part of a collaborative long-term biodiversity monitoring programme initiated by Kolomela mine (Kumba Iron Ore) with the National Museum (Bloemfontein) and the University of the Free State (Bloemfontein) a plant species list was compiled for Kolomela mine’s property on the Ghaap Plateau. This is the first comprehensive plant species list for this part of the Ghaap Plateau. Kolomela mine is situated west of Postmasburg in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa. A total of 573 plant species, representing 81 families and 311 genera, were recorded. Four pteridophyte (ferns) taxa, 164 monocotyledons and 438 dicotyledons were collected. Three species are nationally protected (TOPS), three are specially protected in the Northern Cape, and 76 are protected in the province. Fifty-four species are endemic to South Africa and an additional 14 are endemic to the Northern Cape. Seven species that are regarded as encroachers were collected and 30 alien invasive species recorded. Based on the diversity of plant species found, it is evident that the area is botanically important. It is also clear that by conserving the non-mining areas on its property, Kolomela mine can contribute towards the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) by conserving and sustainably managing this part of the Ghaap Plateau.

(Ghaap Plateau, plant diversity, endemic, Kumba Iron Ore, Anglo American)

INTRODUCTION possibilities and opportunities in this very sensitive and arid region. In 2010 they embarked on a long- Kolomela mine (Kumba Iron Ore), subsequently re- term biomonitoring programme, in collaboration ferred to as ‘Kolomela’, is a new open pit iron ore with the National Museum, Bloemfontein and Uni- mine situated approximately 12 km south-west of versity of the Free State. In so doing they contributed Postmasburg on the Ghaap Plateau in the Northern towards improving our knowledge and understanding Cape Province, South Africa (Fig. 1). Production of the biodiversity of the Ghaap Plateau. A thorough started in 2009 and mining activities have started inventory of the flowering plants forms an integral to affect the immediate and regional biodiversity part of this extensive monitoring programme. throughout the life cycle of the mine. Possible nega- tive impacts were identified in the Environmental Im- South Africa is one of the most biologically diverse pact Assessment (EIA) for Kolomela mine, initially countries in the world, topped only by Indonesia and named Sishen South (Anderson 2004). Direct neg- Brazil. It occupies only about 2% of the world’s land ative impacts on the biodiversity of the area include area, but supports nearly 10% of all plant species. land clearance, de-watering and dust generation. The Cape Floristic Region, Succulent Karoo and Ma- putaland-Pondoland are three globally-recognised The farms that belong to Kolomela cover approxi- biodiversity hotspots in South Africa (Klopper et al. mately 33 478 ha. Although no fixed boundaries exist 2010; Driver et al. 2012). for the Ghaap Plateau, it is estimated that these farms represent about 0.6% of the area generally regarded The Ghaap Plateau is part of the Griqualand West as the Ghaap Plateau. Only 8% (2 749 ha) of Kolo- Centre of Endemism (Van Wyk & Smith 2001) and mela is currently mined or earmarked for future min- is approximately 130 km wide. It stretches from the ing activities. Harts River in the east to the north-south trending Ko- rannaberg and Langberg close to Olifantshoek. The The negative impacts that mining can have on local plateau extends from Vryburg in the north to Prieska and regional biodiversity create opportunities to mi- in the south, and includes the Asbestos Hills west of nimise or prevent such impacts. As custodians of the Griekwastad. Acocks (1988) noted 302 plant spe- mining rights area, the mine’s management accepted cies in a single survey in the Asbestos Hills between the responsibility of managing undisturbed areas to Daniëlskuil and Kuruman on the Ghaap Plateau. This ensure that the biodiversity value of these areas is not is the highest number of species recorded at any of degraded beyond repair. The mine’s management the sampling points he used to produce his Veld Types team recognises its opportunity to develop, build and of South Africa, including the above-mentioned bio- expand biodiversity management into a showcase of diversity hotspots (Van Wyk & Smith 2001). It is

Manuscript processed and edited by M.F. Bates (Editor-in-Chief). 2 Zietsman & Zietsman—Floristic diversity at Kolomela mine estimated that succulent species occurring on the The plant diversity of Kolomela is greater than in Ghaap Plateau comprise 32.5% of the endemic or other areas of the Northern Cape due to strong elements near-endemic species of the area, and that due to the from the Eastern Kalahari Bushveld Bioregion, the unexplored status of this area, many new taxa might Kalahari Duneveld Bioregion and the Upper Karoo still be discovered (Van Wyk & Smith 2001). Bioregion of the Nama-Karoo Biome (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). Even though the Ghaap Plateau is Despite Acocks’ (1988) findings, little work has been not regarded as a biodiversity hotspot, both it and the conducted in this area since then. Botanically it is Asbestos Hills have been identified by the Northern unfortunately a neglected part of the country as the Cape Nature Conservation Service as a priority for diversity is deemed to be low. Most studies of the conservation in the Province. They can therefore be Northern Cape included both fauna and flora (Coetzee considered as areas of high conservation value (N. & Werger 1975; Rutherford & Westfall 1986; Sieg- Uys pers. com. 2013). fried 1992; Cowling & Hilton Taylor 1994; Low & Rebelo 1996; Van Rooyen 1999; Van Wyk & Smith A survey of the floristic diversity of these areas is 2001; Mucina & Rutherford 2006; Cromhout 2007; fundamental to the success of Kolomela’s manage- Veldsman 2008; Bezuidenhout 2009; Zietsman 2013, ment programmes and conservation policies, espe- 2014, 2016). Although these studies were regional cially regarding mine closure. It is also fundamental and did not focus on the Ghaap Plateau specifically, to biogeographical analyses and conservation plan- they provide a platform against which to interpret the ning (Clark, Barker & Mucina 2011). Such a survey pre-mining vegetation conditions at Kolomela. Sub- can furthermore be used to evaluate the presence of sequent environmental assessments and biodiversity threatened species and to manage the threat of alien surveys were based on these studies and have im- species (Zietsman & Bezuidenhout 1999). In a long- proved our knowledge of biodiversity at Kolomela, term monitoring programme, accurate GPS data, its immediate neighbourhood and the Ghaap Plateau digital photographs of species, and fixed point photo- in general. graphs of landscapes can also contribute to monitor- ing programmes of rare and endangered plant species Recent conservation assessments completed in South and unique landscapes. Africa show that loss of natural habitat or land cover change, particularly as a result of agriculture, is the Rain is the main ecological driver on the Ghaap primary threat to species. These reports were com- Plateau where the rainfall pattern is extremely erratic pleted in 2010 for amphibians and 2011 for plants with most rain falling during late summer (Van Wyk and reptiles. Invasive alien species threaten both ter- & Smith 2001). During excessive rainfall, which is restrial and freshwater species (Driver et al. 2012). an irregular but not uncommon event, the ephemeral In the arid environment of the Ghaap Plateau, cul- rivers and endorheic pans are flooded for extended tivation is almost non-existent and only a few farm- periods, sometimes up to eight months as during the lands are irrigated for grazing. The main threat is 2010/11 season (P.C. Zietsman pers obs.). Periods of the increase in open-cast mining, poor environmental drought, worsened by extreme summer temperatures, management (or total lack thereof), over-grazing and are quite common. bush-thickening. The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Tracking changes in the percentage of threatened (NBSAP) has a number of goals, one of which is to species provides a good indication of a country’s create a network of protected and conservation areas success in preserving its biodiversity. Knowledge of representative of landscapes, ecosystems and species. threatened species or species of particular concern for These areas must be managed well and sustainably, other reasons such as rarity, helps to prioritise conser- and at the same time expand, strengthen and trans- vation resources (Driver et al. 2012). There is a crit- form the biodiversity economy to benefit the rural ical need for long-term biomonitoring programmes poor (DEA 2016). The commitment of Kolomela’s to ensure future data collection. This will allow the management to this long-term monitoring programme continuous tracking of changes in threatened species is in line with NBSAP outcomes and also presents the and targeting of conservation resources. There is ideal opportunity to conserve the biodiversity of the also a need for conservation activities to be set up areas of the Ghaap Plateau that are currently under around agricultural areas and for land use changes to severe threat because of mining activities. be controlled in both protected and unprotected areas (Driver et al. 2012). MATERIALS & METHODS

At the start of the biomonitoring programme, the only Study area verifiable list of plants collected in quarter-degree cell Kolomela is located on the Ghaap Plateau, 12 km (QDS) 2822BD, in which the largest part of Kolome- south-west of Postmasburg in the Northern Cape la falls, was one available from the Pretoria National Province of South Africa (Fig. 1). The farms that Herbarium (PRE) of the South African National Bio- belong to the mine cover a total area of 33 478 ha. diversity Institute (SANBI). This list consisted of 101 Kumba holds a mining license on 16 954 ha as per plant species. Indago Vol. 35 (2019) 3 the farm title deeds. Approximately 8% of this area 2006). The underlying geology of the Northern Up- is currently affected by mining-related activities. per Karoo is formed by shales of the Volksrust and The farms on which Kolomela is situated were his- Prince Albert Formations as well as Dwyka Group torically used for commercial farming (mostly small diamictites. Superficial deposits, such as calcretes stock farming with limited cattle). The mine still of the Kalahari Group, cover large areas. Soils vary uses some of the large areas that fall outside its foot- from shallow to deep, red-yellow, apedal, freely print for commercial farming. Approximately 30% drained soils to very shallow Glenrosa and Mispah of the total area is earmarked for conservation or is forms (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). The Postmas- included in the Kolomela Biodiversity Action Plan as burg Thornveld is characterised by red Aeolian sand conservancies. of the Kalahari Group overlying the volcanics and sediments of the Griqualand West Supergroup that Kolomela is located in the Kuruman Mountain Bush- outcrops in places. Deep soils are of the Hutton form veld (SVk 10), Northern Upper Karoo (NKu 3) and (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). Postmasburg Thornveld (SVk 14). The Groenwa- terspruit at Leeuwfontein falls within Postmasburg The Groenwaterspruit at Kappies Kareeboom is sit- Thornveld (Fig. 2). The Southern Kalahari Salt Pans uated in the Northern Upper Karoo (NKu 3) which (AZi 4) vegetation type is represented at Ploegfon- forms part of the Upper Karoo Region in the Nama tein (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). Although a num- Karoo Biome. This vegetation type is found on flo- ber of endemic plant species occur in these vegeta- ristic and ecological gradients between the Nama- tion types, they are not regarded as veld types in need Karoo, arid Kalahari Savanna and arid highveld of conservation. grasslands (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). The North- ern Upper Karoo is regarded as Least Threatened and Kuruman Mountain Bushveld is characterised by it is not conserved in any statutory conservation areas. banded iron formations with jaspilite, chert and rie- As a result of agricultural activities and the building beckite-asbestos of the Asbestos Hills Subgroup of of dams, approximately 4% of the Northern Upper the Griqualand West Supergroup. Soils are shallow Karoo has been irreversably transformed. This is the sandy soils of the Hutton form (Mucina & Rutherford highest percentage loss of natural veld as a result of

Figure 1. Location of Kolomela mine. 4 Zietsman & Zietsman—Floristic diversity at Kolomela mine development in any of the Nama-Karoo veld types of individual plants but represents general readings (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). In recent years, open for an area in which specimens were collected (Fig. cast mining of especially iron ore started increasing 2). Specialists at various academic institutions as- along the eastern parts of the Ghaap Plateau. sisted with the identification and/or verification of names of some of the specimens that were collected The climate of the area is hot and semi-arid; the rainy (see Acknowledgements). Cuttings from non-flow- season usually extends from October to May, and ering succulents, such as mesems (vygies) and stape- rainfall is irregular and erratic (250–450 mm per an- liads were planted in pots and grown until flowering num). Late summer (March to May) marks the peak and then identified. The flowers were then added to of the rainy season. The mean long-term seasonal the herbarium sheets. All specimens are housed at rainfall is 327 mm. The area is characterised by very NMB and duplicates were sent to PRE. The species high day temperatures of up to 46°C during the sum- list (Appendix 1) also includes existing specimen mer months. Winter months are much colder, with records at PRE. Photographs (see figures below) minimum temperatures often below freezing. The were taken by the first author (P.C. Zietsman). area’s average annual temperature is 18.8°C (Smit et al. 2013). Nomenclature and identification Nomenclature follows BRAHMS (Botanical Re- Material collected search and Herbarium Management System) (SANBI At least three collecting trips were conducted per an- 2017b). In the species list, families are arranged al- num since the start of the programme, from March phabetically, followed by an alphabetically-arranged 2010 to July 2018. As many habitats as possible list of genera and species within each family. For were sampled to represent the flora of the area as each of the taxa the collector and collector’s number accurately as possible. Field work was conducted at are indicated. Herbaria acronyms follow Holmgren et various times of the year. Voucher specimens of all al. (1990). Where experts were unable to identify the flowering and/or fruiting plants were collected. Stan- species, the genus is followed by a number (e.g. Dip- dard data was recorded, including locality, habitat, cadi sp. 1). Exotic plants are indicated by an asterisk. substrate, lithology, exposure, aspect and slope. The GPS data recorded does not indicate the co-ordinates With regard to endemism, distribution and conserva-

Figure 2. Map of Kolomela mine showing collecting localities (red circles), with vegetation types (Mucina & Rutherford 2006) indicated. Indago Vol. 35 (2019) 5 tion status, data in Fish et al. (2015) and the South listed only because the family (e.g. Apocynaceae) is African Red List (SANBI 2017a) were used. listed provincially as protected. We do not regard all such species to be in need of protection and they have RESULTS AND DISCUSSION therefore not been included in Table 3 (e.g. Gom- phocarpus fruticosus, Euphorbia inaequilatera and Plant diversity Moraea pallida). The two most important tree Since the start of the project, specimens of 573 plant species in this area, Vachellia erioloba (Camel Thorn) species have been collected and/or observed at Kolo- and Boscia albitrunca (Shepherd’s Tree), are protec- mela (Appendix 1). Most of these are new records ted under the Forestry Act (DAFF 2015). for the Ghaap Plateau. This list represents 81 families (Table 1). Two are pteridophytes (ferns). The mono- Information regarding the rationale behind listing a cotyledons are represented by 14 families, of which the plant species as protected is not always clear. Hoodia Poaceae is the largest with 31 genera and 72 species (75 gordonii is currently TOPS listed but has been omit- taxa). There are 65 families of dicotyledons, of which ted from the 2013 Draft TOPS list (DEA 2015). For the Asteraceae is the best represented with 48 genera the purpose of this study it is still regarded as a TOPS and 76 species (79 taxa) (Table 2). species. The survival of these protected species depends on the continued sustainable management Although plant collecting activities started during and protection of ecological processes at Kolomela. the unusually wet 2010/2011 season, most of the col- lecting took place during the following dry seasons, Species of conservation concern which had very little summer rain. In an area such as Although several species collected at Kolomela the Ghaap Plateau, where rainfall is the main driver might still occur in large numbers throughout their with regard to biodiversity, it can be expected that distribution range, they are of conservation concern there are still many species to collect during wetter because of local anthropogenic threats. In general, seasons. the greatest threats are uncontrolled and unsustain- able harvesting for medicinal purposes (Hoodia Conservation status gordonii and Boophone disticha), illegal collecting, Three species are protected nationally as Threatened for example by succulent enthusiasts (Pachypodium or protected species (TOPS), 76 are protected in the succulentum) and habitat decline (Pentzia stellata). Northern Cape and three are specially protected in the province (Table 3). Some of these species are Throughout large parts of its distribution range,

Table 1. Total numbers of plant families, genera, species and taxa collected at Kolomela mine.

Family Genera Species/taxa Pteridophyta 2 3 3 / 4 Monocotyledonae 14 69 151 / 164 Dicotyledonae 65 239 419 / 438 TOTAL 81 311 573/ 606

Table 2. List of largest plant families (with 10 or more species) at Kolomela mine.

Family No. of species (taxa) No. of genera % of flora Asteraceae 76 (79) 48 13.2 Poaceae 72 (75) 31 12.6 Fabaceae 40 (41) 22 7.0 Malvaceae 35 (37) 12 6.1 Amaranthaceae 23 (26) 13 4.0 Hyacinthaceae 23 (27) 6 4.0 Cyperaceae 23 (26) 9 4.0 Aizoaceae 20 (20) 12 3.5 Scrophulariaceae 18 (19) 9 3.1 Solanaceae 17 (17) 5 3.0 Acanthaceae 12 (12) 4 2.0 Apocynaceae 10 (10) 8 1.7 Cucurbitaceae 10 (10) 7 1.7 Convolvulaceae 10 (10) 5 1.7 6 Zietsman & Zietsman—Floristic diversity at Kolomela mine

Table 3. List of plant taxa, collected at Kolomela mine, that are of conservation concern. [Nationally protected (TOPS), Specially protected provincially (SP), Provincially protected (P), Red List Critically Endangered (CR), Red List Near-threatened (NT), s = succulent species]

Family Taxon Status DICOTYLEDONS Aizoaceae Aizoon asbestinum Schltr.s P Galenia affinis Sond. P Galenia collina (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Walp. P Galenia crystallina (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Fenzl ex Harv. & Sond. var. crystallina P Galenia prostrata G.Schellenb. P Galenia pubescens (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Druce P Lithops aucampiae L.Bolus subsp. aucampiaes P Mestoklema arboriforme (Burch.) N.E.Br. ex Glenss P Nananthus aloides (Haw.) Schwantess P Plinthus karooicus I.Verd. P Plinthus sericeus Pax P Prepodesma orpenii (N.E.Br.) N.E.Br.s P Ruschia calcarea L.Boluss P Ruschia griquensis (L.Bolus) Schwantess P Ruschia uncinata (L.) Schwantess P Tetragonia arbuscula Fenzl P Tetragonia calycina Fenzl P Titanopsis calcarea (Marloth) Schwantess P Trianthema triquetra Willd. ex Spreng. subsp. triquetra var. triquetra P Trichodiadema pomeridianum L.Bolus.s P Anacampserotaceae Anacampseros subnuda Poelln. subsp. subnudas P Avonia papyracea (E.Mey. ex Fenzl) G.D.Rowley subsp. namaensis (Ger- P baulet) G.D.Rowleys Apiaceae Deverra burchellii (DC.) Eckl. & Zeyh. P Deverra rapaletsa Magee & Zietsman P Apocynaceae Cynanchum orangeanum (Schltr.) N.E.Br. P Cynanchum viminale (L.) Bassi subsp. viminales (Sarcostemma viminale P subsp. viminale) Fockea angustifolia K.Schum.s P Gomphocarpus tomentosus Burch. subsp. tomentosus P Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex Decne.s TOPS Microloma armatum (Thunb.) Schltr. var. burchellii (N.E.Br.) Bruyns P Orbea lutea (N.E.Br.) Bruyns subsp. luteas P Pachypodium succulentum (L.f.) Sweets TOPS Piaranthus decipiens (N.E.Br.) Bruynss P Asteraceae Pentzia stellata (P.P.J. Herman) Magee NT Capparaceae Boscia albitrunca (Burch.) Gilg & Gilg-Ben. P Caryophyllaceae Dianthus micropetalus Ser. P Celastraceae Gymnosporia buxifolia (L.) Szyszyl. P Crassulaceae Crassula capitella Thunb. subsp. nodulosa (Schönland) Toelkens P Crassula corallina Thunb. subsp. corallinas P Crassula lanceolata (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Endl. ex Walp. subsp. lanceolatas P Crassula lanceolata (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Endl. ex Walp. subsp. transvaalensis P (Kuntze) Toelkens Kalanchoe paniculata Harv.s P Kalanchoe rotundifolia (Haw.) Haw.s P Indago Vol. 35 (2019) 7

Family Taxon Status Euphorbiaceae Croton gratissimus Burch. var. gratissimus P Euphorbia crassipes Marloth.s P Euphorbia gariepina Boiss. subsp. gariepinas P Euphorbia spartaria N.E.Br.s P Euphorbia wilmaniae Marloth.s P Fabaceae Lessertia frutescens (L.) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning subsp. frutescens SP Lessertia pauciflora Harv. var. pauciflora SP Vachellia erioloba (E.Mey.) P.J.H.Hurter P Vachellia haematoxylon (Willd.) Seigler & Ebinger P Geraniaceae Pelargonium minimum (Cav.) Willd. SP Meliaceae Nymania capensis (Thunb.) Lindb. P Oleaceae Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G.Don) Cif. P Oxalidaceae Oxalis depressa Eckl. & Zeyh. P Oxalis hirsuta Sond. P Oxalis lawsonii F.Bolus P Oxalis obliquifolia Steud. ex A.Rich. P Pedaliaceae Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC. ex Meisn. subsp. procumbens TOPS Scrophulariaceae Jamesbrittenia atropurpurea (Benth.) Hilliard subsp. atropurpurea P Jamesbrittenia aurantiaca (Burch.) Hilliard P Jamesbrittenia integerrima (Benth.) Hilliard P Jamesbrittenia tysonii (Hiern) Hilliard P Manulea gariepina Benth. P MONOCOTYLEDONS Agavaceae Chlorophytum fasciculatum (Baker) Kativu P Chlorophytum krauseanum (Dinter) Kativu P Amaryllidaceae Ammocharis coranica (Ker Gawl.) Herb. P Boophone disticha (L.f.) Herb. P Crinum lugardiae N.E.Br. P Nerine laticoma (Ker Gawl.) T.Durand & Schinz P Asphodelaceae Aloe grandidentata Salm-Dycks P Aloe hereroensis Engl.s P Bulbine abyssinica A.Rich.s P Bulbine cf. praemorsa (Jacq.) Spreng.s P Haworthiopsis tessellata (Haw.) G.D.Rowley var. crousii (M.Hayashi) P Gildenh. & Kloppers Trachyandra saltii (Baker) Oberm. var. oatesii (Baker) Oberm.s P Colchicaceae Colchicum melanthoides (Willd.) J.C.Manning & Vinn. subsp. P melanthoides Hyacinthaceae Lachenalia cf. karooica W.F.Barker ex G.D.Duncan P Ledebouria coriacea S.Venter CR Iridaceae Babiana bainesii Baker P Duthieastrum linifolium (E.Phillips) M.P.de Vos P Gladiolus permeabilis D.Delaroche subsp. edulis (Burch. ex Ker Gawl.) P Oberm. Moraea polystachya (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. P 8 Zietsman & Zietsman—Floristic diversity at Kolomela mine

Hoodia gordonii (Ghaap, Fig. 3) has undergone se- Northern Cape. A Nanathus aloides (Figs 7a & b) vere decline since 2001 as a result of harvesting for community consisting of more than 100 individuals its appetite-suppressing properties. Fortunately wild occurs on the calcrete banks between the Groenwa- harvesting of this TOPS species has declined in South terspruit and the floodplain. Africa as a result of the decrease in international de- mand and the strict enforcement of new legislation to All but one of the 14 species of Prepodesma that protect it (SANBI 2017a). occur in South Africa can be found in the Great and Little Karoo (SANBI 2017a). Prepodesma orpenii Harpagophytum procumbens subsp. procumbens (Fig. 8a), a Northern Cape endemic, is quite com- (Devil’s Claw, Figs 4a & b) occurs over a wide range mon although very difficult to find due to its cryptic of habitats on well drained sandy soil in open savan- nature. Van Wyk & Smith (2001) noted that although na. It is not endemic to South Africa, but has TOPS mesems are well represented on the Ghaap Plateau, status because of harvesting pressure due to its me- they are taxonomically poorly known in this region. dicinal value in treating arthritis and rheumatism. Considering the cryptic nature of some of these Between 1999 and 2005 the international demand species, it is very likely that the list of mesem taxa for for Devil’s Claw tubers was very high, but the de- Kolomela is an under-representation of what can be mand and subsequent harvesting pressure have since found in the area. declined (SANBI 2017a). Ledebouria coriacea (Fig. 8b) is critically endan- Pachypodium succulentum (Dikvoet, Figs 5a & b) is gered and previously known only from the Coega the third TOPS species recorded at Kolomela. It is Bontveld near Port Elizabeth. There it occurs on al- fairly localised on quartzite outcrops. luvial sand and fine gravel underlain by calcrete. A single, small population numbering fewer than 500 The extremely toxic bulb of Boophone disticha individuals is under severe threat due to ongoing (Bushman Poison Bulb, Figs 6a & b) is widely used habitat loss caused by urban expansion, especially medicinally to treat septic wounds and as dressing af- uncontrolled expansion of informal settlements (Ven- ter circumcision (Van Wyk, van Oudtshoorn & Ger- ter 1993). It is also losing habitat to ongoing indus- icke 2009). It is very popular in the muti markets and trial development as the population occurs in an area amongst urban and rural healers. This is a protected that has been earmarked for large-scale economic species that is threatened in most parts of the coun- development (SANBI 2017a). A small population try. It is declining due to both habitat loss, especially has been recorded at the farm Heuningkranz where in KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng, and unsustainable active prospecting is currently taking place. harvesting, mainly because large, reproductive in- dividuals are being removed. Although this species A number of scarce and protected species were ob- is long-lived, the plant only flowers after 10 years served and collected on the calcrete bank at Ploeg- and seldom flowers every year. As can be expect- fontein and along the bank of the Groenwaterspruit ed, harvesters collect the biggest bulbs, which are west of the Witsand Road. The only population of also the reproductive individuals, thus putting further Euphorbia wilmaniae (Figs 9a & b), an endemic to pressure on populations (SANBI 2017a). the Ghaap Plateau, observed at Kolomela occurs on the calcrete banks at Ploegfontein adjacent to the According to Herman (1999), Pentzia stellata occurs Groenwaterspruit. only on seasonally waterlogged pans that consist of unweathered calcrete. These pans are often exploited The habitat of Lithops aucampiae subsp. for calcrete rock used in road construction. One of its aucampiae (Figs 10a & b) is characterised by very major habitats is the Ghaap Plateau, where numerous shallow soil, exposed limestone outcrops and no such ephemeral pans occur. Unfortunately, this hab- cover from shrubs or trees, which creates an ex- itat is under threat due to increased mining activities in the area. A few known populations are situated on farms where they may be affected by habitat deg- radation due to trampling and overgrazing. It has a very small Area of Occupancy, estimated to be less than 20 km², and is listed as Near Threatened (SAN- BI 2017a).

Endemic species There are 14 species of plants at Kolomela that are endemic to the Northern Cape (Table 4). Apart from these, there are another 52 species that are endemic to South Africa (Table 5).

All mesem (vygies) species are protected in the Figure 3. Hoodia gordonii Indago Vol. 35 (2019) 9

(a) (b) Figure 4. Harpagophytum procumbens subsp. procumbens flowers (a) and fruit (b). The vernacular name of Devil’s Claw is in reference to the appearance of the fruit.

(a) (b)

Figure 5. Pachypodium succulentum flowers (a) and fruit (b).

(a) (b) Figure 6. Boophone disticha inflorescense (a) and fan-shaped leaves (b). 10 Zietsman & Zietsman—Floristic diversity at Kolomela mine tremely harsh micro-environment (Cole 1988). This species may be elevated to species status (Van Wyk species is a popular collectors’ item and as such, is pers. com. 2018). under threat. Invasive and problem plant species (IAPS) Van Wyk & Smith (2001) presented a list of non-suc- Invasive alien species pose a management challenge culent endemic species that occur on the Ghaap as well as a major threat to biodiversity in protected Plateau. Searsia tridactyla, a shrub (Figs 11a & b), areas (Spear et al. 2011). Identifying them is the first occurs on the shallow limestone in the pan veld at step towards their monitoring and eradication. By Ploegfontein, and Putterlickia saxatilis (Figs 12a & far the most important and troublesome of these spe- b) was found only on exposed iron ore outcrops at the cies at Kolomela are Cylindropuntia indicata which farm Heuningkranz. occurs along the Groenwaterspruit (Figs 15a & b), C. fulgida subsp. mamillata (Fig. 16a) at Wildealsput, New species and species of taxonomic interest and Opuntia microdasys (Fig. 16b) at Wolhaarkop. A fairly common, but previously undescribed, De- These species establish very successfully by vegeta- verra species (Figs 13a & b) was collected at Kolo- tive propagation (P.C. Zietsman pers. obs.). Unfor- mela. It was described as Deverra rapaletsa. The tunately their attractive flowers make them popular species epithet is derived from the Setswana (a major garden plants, especially in arid regions, and their language in the area) word for flat and refers to the extremely thorny stems make them ideal for use as distinctive prostrate growing habit of this species. security hedges. This species occurs on the weathered limestone out- crops along the Groenwaterspruit, south of Postmas- Thirty invader species in categories 1, 2 and 3 were burg. observed at Kolomela (Table 6). Twenty-five of these fall into category 1, and three fall into category In South Africa, Triaspis hypericoides subsp. hyperi- 2. Plant species with invader status 1 and 2 must coides (Figs 14a & b) is restricted to the Griekwaland be actively eradicated and their regrowth controlled West Centre of Endemism (Van Wyk & Smith (DAFF 2001). Category 3 plants need not be re- 2001). It is isolated from its closest neighbouring moved, but may not be propagated or sold. Seven populations, which are found in the northern part of declared indigenous bush-thickening species occur at Botswana. This plant is also isolated from the Tri- Kolomela. aspis hypericoides subsp. nelsonii populations that occur in Limpopo, Mpumalanga and North West Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa (Figs 17a & b) provinces in South Africa and the populations in falls into category 3 (DEA 2016) and represents the the far north of Namibia (Immelman 1986). In biggest threat to the indigenous vegetation in Kolo- Sekhukhuneland, T. glaucophylla is associated with mela and the greater Ghaap Plateau. It occurs pri- heavy-metal soils (Van Wyk & Smith 2001). It marily along drainage lines, such as the Groenwater- has been suggested that T. hypericoides subsp. hy- spruit, and in disturbed areas around watering points. pericoides might also be an indicator of similar The mine is currently involved with a very success- soils. Based on the complete isolation of the Ghaap ful control programme aimed at eradication of this populations from all other Triaspis species, this sub- species.

Table 4. List of South African endemic plant taxa collected at Kolomela mine that occur exclusively in the Northern Cape. [s = succulent species]

Family Taxon Acanthaceae Blepharis marginata (Nees) C.B.Clarke Glossochilus burchellii Nees Justicia puberula Immelman Justicia thymifolia (Nees) C.B.Clarke Aizoaceae Prepodesma orpenii (N.E.Br.) N.E.Br.s Ruschia calcarea L.Boluss Anacardiaceae Searsia tridactyla (Burch.) Moffett Asphodelaceae Haworthiopsis tessellata (Haw.) G.D.Rowley var. crousii (M.Hayashi) Gildenh. & Kloppers Asteraceae Eriocephalus ericoides (L.f.) Druce subsp. griquensis M.A.N.Müll. Tarchonanthus obovatus DC. Celastraceae Putterlickia saxatilis (Burch.) Jordaan Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia wilmaniae Marloths Molluginaceae Pharnaceum viride Adamson Santalaceae Thesium pleuroloma A.W.Hill Indago Vol. 35 (2019) 11

Table 5. List of plant taxa collected at Kolomela mine that are endemic to South Africa (excluding those endemic to the Northern Cape). [s = succulent species]

Family Taxon DICOTYLEDONS Acanthaceae Barleria bechuanensis C.B.Clarke Aizoaceae Galenia affinis Sond. Galenia collina (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Walp. Galenia crystallina (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Fenzl ex Harv. & Sond. var. crystallina Galenia prostrata G.Schellenb. Galenia pubescens (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Druce Lithops aucampiae L.Bolus subsp. aucampiaes Ruschia griquensis (L.Bolus) Schwantess Titanopsis calcarea (Marloth) Schwantess Amaranthaceae Salsola kalaharica Botsch. Apocynaceae Pachypodium succulentum (L.f.) Sweets Asteracae Berkheya pinnatifida (Thunb.) Thell. subsp. pinnatifida Eriocephalus karooicus M.A.N.Müll. Garuleum bipinnatum (Thunb.) Less. Osteospermum leptolobum (Harv.) Norl. Pentzia stellata (P.P.J. Herman) Magee Phymaspermum parvifolium (DC.) Benth. & Hook. ex B.D.Jacks. Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia nodosa (H.Buek) Lammers Caryophyllaceae Dianthus micropetalus Ser. Convolvulaceae Convolvulus boedeckerianus Peter Crassulaceae Crassula lanceolata (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Endl. ex Walp. subsp. lanceolatas Cucurbitaceae Cucumis heptadactylus Naudin Fabaceae Listia minima (B.-E.van Wyk) B.-E.van Wyk & Boatwr. Rhynchosia capensis (Burm.f.) Schinz Rhynchosia ciliata (Thunb.) Schinz Malvaceae Hermannia bryniifolia Burch. Hermannia linearifolia Harv. Hermannia pulverata Andrews Hibiscus marlothianus K.Schum. Oxalidaceae Oxalis hirsuta Sond. Polygalaceae Polygala asbestina Burch. Santalaceae Thesium hystricoides A.W.Hill Scrophulariaceae Aptosimum indivisum Burch. ex Benth. Jamesbrittenia tysonii (Hiern) Hilliard Selago albida Choisy Selago mixta Hilliard Sutera griquensis Hiern Solanacae Solanum capense L. Vahliaceae Vahlia capensis (L.f.) Thunb. subsp. capensis Zygophyllaceae Roepera lichtensteiniana (Cham.) Beier & Thulins Roepera microphyllum (L.f.) Beier & Thulins MONOCOTYLEDONS Asparagaceae Asparagus striatus (L.f.) Thunb. Asphodelaceae Trachyandra saltii (Baker) Oberm. var. oatesii (Baker) Oberm.s Hyacinthaceae Dipcadi ciliare (Zeyh. ex Harv.) Baker 12 Zietsman & Zietsman—Floristic diversity at Kolomela mine

Family Taxon Lachenalia cf. karooica W.F.Barker ex G.D.Duncan Ledebouria coriacea S.Venter Ledebouria glauca S.Venter Iridaceae Babiana bainesii Baker Duthieastrum linifolium (E.Phillips) M.P.de Vos Poaceae Eragrostis macrochlamys Pilg. var. wilmaniae (C.E.Hubb. & Schweick.) De Winter Eragrostis obtusa Munro ex Ficalho & Hiern Eragrostis x pseud-obtusa De Winter

Verbesina encelioides var. encelioides (Golden Crown- 68 endemic species, and the 82 protected species, beard, Figs 18a & b), a native to the south-western present the mine with a unique opportunity to con- United States and Mexico, has not yet reached in- tribute towards conservation of this unique biodiver- vader status in South Africa but is already presen- sity-rich botanical area. ting problems in disturbed sandy areas (P.C. Ziets- man pers. obs.). It aggressively invades disturbed This study confirms the estimated percentage of suc- areas in the drier parts of the country and being a culent endemism in southern Africa (van Wyk & pioneer plant, it prevents natural sucession. Waste Smith 2001). The species of conservation concern rock dumps, road reserves and areas that are being include 40% succulents, of which 16% are South rehabilitated are exceptionally vulnerable to invasion African endemics. Most importantly, 28.5% of by this species. As rehabilitation of, especially, waste Northern Cape endemics listed are succulents. The rock dumps is very important to Kolomela and all majority of the latter group of species occur in offset other mining companies in the Ghaap Plateau, this areas or areas already earmarked for farming, thus species will have a significant impact on the success presenting a very good conservation opportunity to of rehabilitation activities. the mine.

The conservation and invasive status of species This study significantly increases knowledge about occurring at Kolomela is summarised in Fig. 19. this neglected and under-collected habitat and con- tributes greatly towards expanding the information CONCLUSION base on plant diversity of the Ghaap Plateau. It enhances knowledge on species distribution and Until about 15 years ago, the vegetation of the Ghaap resulted in the discovery of at least one new species. Plateau was relatively well conserved despite the It also increases the awareness of local threats to the fact that there is only one formally declared nature flora of this area. Of the seven encroacher species reserve in the area, namely Witsand Nature Reserve. recorded for Kolomela, it is suggested that Senega- Since 2005, numerous small and large iron ore mines lia mellifera and Tarchonanthus camphoratus must have emerged, putting immense pressure on the bio- be included in control programmes. Due to an ag- diversity. Furthermore, poor veld management over gressive ongoing eradication programme, most IAPS decades led to bush-thickening, which resulted in a Kolomela are under control. The four cacti spe- even more veld degradation to the detriment of bio- cies are still of great concern though, due to their diversity. ability to establish vegetatively. Verbesina encelioi- des var. encelioides, a proposed invader, presents a Although Acocks (1988) reported the highest number serious challenge due to mining-related disturbances of plant species noted in the Asbestos Hills on the and should be monitored and controlled. Ghaap Plateau between Daniëlskuil and Kuruman, few if any, botanical collecting has been conducted With this newly accumulated knowledge on the since. Phenological data and distribution records of distribution of species (indigenous and alien), a more than 472 previously unrecorded plant species programme can be put in place to monitor mining- for this specific area were collected. This includes 54 related impacts, such as de-watering and dust, on species that are endemic to South Africa, 14 endemic plant diversity. The area presents major opportuni- to the Northern Cape, and 82 species of national or ties for botanists, especially plant taxonomists, as provincial conservation concern. many species of restricted distribution remain undis- covered (Van Wyk & Smith 2001). According to Van As part of Kolomela’s farm management plan, 52% Wyk & Smith (2001), the remaining large outcrops (17 430 ha) of the area will be used for stock farming of iron-ore and manganese should receive imme- and the remaining 40% (13 298 ha) for offset areas diate attention for detailed floristic surveys. Based and conservation purposes. With this in mind, the on his taxonomic review of the genus Hermannia, Indago Vol. 35 (2019) 13

(a) (b)

Figure 7. Nanathus aloides flower (a) and habitat (b).

(a) (b)

Figure 8. Prepodesma orpenii (a) and Ledebouria coriacea (b).

(a) (b)

Figure 9. Euphorbia wilmaniae (a) and habitat (b).

(a) (b)

Figure 10. Lithops aucampiae subsp. aucampiae flower (a) and leaves (b). 14 Zietsman & Zietsman—Floristic diversity at Kolomela mine

(a) (b)

Figure 11. Searsia tridactyla shrubs (a) are fairly common on the shallow limestone at Ploegfontein. The spiny stems (b) are a distinctive characteristic of this plant.

(a) (b) Figure 12. Putterlickia saxatilis (a). The flowers and fruit (b) are bright red.

(a) (b)

Figure 13. Deverra rapaletsa, a newly described species. Prostrate habit (a) and flowers (b).

Figure 14. Triaspis hypericoides subsp. hypericoides (a) and fruit (b). Indago Vol. 35 (2019) 15

(a) (b)

Figure 15. Cylindropuntia imbricata (a) and flower (b).

(a) (b)

Figure 16. Cylindropuntia fulgida var. mamillata (a) and Opuntia microdasys (b).

Gwynne-Evans (in litt. 2018) noted that: “A num- possible without the enthusiastic support of Mr Aart ber of Hermannia species are restricted to the inland van den Brink (former General Manager, KIO) and limestones including several new species. As Her- Mr Jaco Lambrechts (Environmental Manager, KIO). mannia has been shown to be representative of vege- Mrs I.J. Sparks and Mr Izak Gous, both from KIO, tation types, they indicate that the limestone is an assisted with logistics and field work. Special thanks important habitat for restricted and specialist spe- to Pretoria National Herbarium (PRE) for assisting cies in other families and genera as well. They are with identifications. We are especially grateful to deserving of greater protection from threats of all Drs Hester Steyn and Marinda Koekemoer, Messrs kinds including limestone mining, the use of lime- Paul Hermann and Pieter Bester from PRE, and Drs stone on roads and from grazing.” John Manning and Anthony Magee from Compton Herbarium and Graham Duncan from Kirstenbosch By continuing with this long-term biomonitoring National Botanical Garden, who assisted with iden- project, Kumba Iron Ore can contribute towards im- tifications of species in their respective fields of proving the knowledge, understanding and interpre- expertise. Ms Priscilla Burgoyne (Curator of the tation of the biodiversity, environmental processes Southern Cape Herbarium, George) helped with the and drivers of this very sensitive arid region. Fur- identification of the mesems, while Dr Fanie Venter thermore, by protecting the approximately 30 100 ha (Australian Tropical Herbarium, Cairns) identified (91%) of non-mining areas, Kolomela can contribute all the Ledebouria species. Dr David Gwynne-Evans immensely towards conservation of the many species assisted with the identification of Hermannia spe- that are endemic or under threat. cies. Mr Mias van der Westhuizen (Glen Agricultural College) assisted with identification of the grasses. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dr Kenneth Oberlander (University of Stellenbosch) identified the Oxalis species. Prof. Braam van Wyk We are indebted to the National Museum, Bloem- (University of Pretoria) offered valuable inputs on fontein for allowing us to do this research. Anglo Ghaap Plateau endemism. The inputs and sugges- American, Kumba Iron Ore (KIO) allowed us to con- tions of the reviewers, Dr Hugo Bezuidenhout and duct research at the mine. This would not have been an anonymous individual, are sincerely appreciated. 16 Zietsman & Zietsman—Floristic diversity at Kolomela mine

Table 6. List of weeds, invaders and indigenous encroachers (bush-thickening species) collected at Kolomela mine. (1 = Declared weeds - must be eradicated; 2 = Declared invaders - must be removed. Commercial species can be grown with permission; 3 = Ornamental plants that can become invasive. Need not be removed, but may not be propagated or sold)

Family Taxon Category Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera L. var. sicula L.* 1 Atriplex nummularia Lindl. subsp. nummularia* 2 Salsola kali L.* 1 Asteraceae Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.* 1 Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze* 1 Tarchonanthus camphoratus L. Encroacher Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex A.Gray var. encelioides* Proposed invader Xanthium spinosum L*. 1 Bignoniaceae Rhigozum trichotomum Burch. Encroacher Cactaceae Cylindropuntia fulgida (Engelm.) F.M.Knuth var. mamillata (A.Schott ex 1 Engelm.) Backeb.* Cylindropuntia imbricata (Haw.) F.M.Knuth* 1 Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.* 1 Opuntia microdasys (Lehm.) Pfeiff.* 1 Convolvulaceae Cuscuta campestris Yunck.* 1 Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth* 1 Ebenaceae Euclea undulata Thunb. Encroacher Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis L. var. communis* 2 Fabaceae Erythrostemon gilliesii Klotzsch* (Caesalpinia gilliesii*) 1 Prosopis glandulosa Torr. var. glandulosa* 3 Senegalia mellifera (Vahl) Seigler & Ebinger subsp. detinens (Burch.) Encroacher Kyal. & Boatwr. Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Galasso Encroacher Vachellia tortilis (Forssk.) Galasso & Banfi subsp. heteracantha (Burch.) Encroacher Kyal. & Boatwr. Malvaceae Grewia flava DC. Encroacher Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke* 1 Meliaceae Melia azedarach L.* 1 Myrtaceae Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.* 1 Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis jalapa L.* 1 Papaveraceae Argemone ochroleuca Sweet subsp. ochroleuca* 1 Poaceae Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov.* 1 Salicaceae Populus x canescens (Aiton) Sm.* 2 Solanaceae Datura ferox L.* 1 Datura inoxia Mill.* 1 Nicotiana glauca Graham* 1 Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.* 1 Tamaricaceae Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.* 1 Verbenaceae Verbena bonariensis L.* 1 Verbena brasiliensis Vell.* 1 Indago Vol. 35 (2019) 17

(a) (b)

Figure 17. Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa (a) invades along drainage lines (b).

(a) (b)

Figure 18. Verbesina encelioides var. encelioides Golden Crown- beard, (a) & (b) has an attractive sunflower-like inflorescence.

Figure 19. The conservation and invasive status of plant species collected at Kolomela mine. [TOPS (nationally protected), SP in NC (specially protected in the Northern Cape), P in NC (protected provincially), SA Endemic (endemic to South Africa), NC Endemic (endemic to the Northern Cape), IAPS (declared invasive species)] 18 Zietsman & Zietsman—Floristic diversity at Kolomela mine

REFERENCES

ACOCKS, J.P.H. 1988. Veld types of South Africa. 3rd ed. DRIVER, A., SINK, K.J., NEL, J.L., HOLNESS, S., VAN Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 57: (1– NIEKERK, L., DANIELS, F., JONAS, Z., MAJIEDT, 146). Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Preto- P.A., HARRIS, L. & MAZE, K. 2012. National Biodiversity ria. Assessment 2011: An assessment of South Africa’s bio- diversity and ecosystems. Synthesis Report. South Afri- ANDERSON, T.A. 2004. Sishen South mine – Environmen- can National Biodiversity Institute and Department of tal Impact Assessment. Sishen South Project, Ecological Environmental Affairs, Pretoria. Impact Assessment Report (S0048). FISH, L., MASHAU, A.C., MOEAHA, M.J. & NEMBUDANI, BEZUIDENHOUT, H. 2009. The classification, mapping and M.T. 2015. Identification guide to southern African grasses. description of the vegetation of the Rooipoort Nature Re- An identification manual with keys, descriptions and distri- serve, Northern Cape, South Africa. Koedoe 51. On-line butions. Strelitzia 36. South African National Biodiversity version ISSN 2071–0771. Institute, Pretoria.

CLARK, V.R., BARKER, N.P. & MUCINA, L. 2011. The HERMAN, P.P.J. 1999. Synopsis of the genus Rennera Merxm. Roggeveldberge – notes on a botanically hot area on a cold (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) with the description of a new corner of the southern Great Escarpment, South Africa. species from South Africa. Botanical Journal of the Linnean South African Journal of Botany 77: 112–126. Society 129(4): 367–377.

COETZEE, B.J. & WERGER, M.J.A. 1975. A west-east HOLMGREN, P.K., HOLMGREN, N.H. & BARNETT, L.C. vegetation transect through Africa south of the Tropic of 1990. Index Herbariorum. Part 1: The herbaria of the Capricorn. Bothalia 11(4): 539–561. world. 8th ed. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

COLE, D.T. 1988. Lithops, flowering stones. Acorn Books: IMMELMAN, K.S. 1986. Triaspis – Malpighiaceae. Flora of Randburg. Southern Africa 18(3): 63–69.

COWLING, R.M. & HILTON TAYLOR, C. 1994. Patterns of KLOPPER, R.R., HAMER, M., STEENKAMP, Y., SMITH, G. & plant diversity and endemism in southern Africa: an over- CROUCH, N.R. 2010. South Africa’s biodiversity treasure view. In: Huntley, B.J. (Ed.). Botanical diversity in southern trove. Quest 6(3): 20–23. Africa. Strelitzia 1: 31–52. South African National Biodi- versity Institute, Pretoria. LOW, A.B. & REBELO, A.G. 1996. Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. 2nd ed. Department of Environ- CROMHOUT, M. 2007. The ecology of the African buffalo in the mental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria. eastern Kalahari region, South Africa. M.Sc. thesis, Centre for Wildlife Management, Department of Animal and Wild- MUCINA, L. & RUTHERFORD, M.C. (Eds.). 2006. The life Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelit- University of Pretoria, Pretoria. zia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Preto- ria. DAFF (Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries). 2001. Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, 1983 (Act no. RUTHERFORD, M.C. & WESTFALL, R.H. 1986. Biomes of 43 of 1983). Declared weeds and invaders. Staatskoerant southern Africa – an objective categorization. Memoirs of no. 22166. the Botanical Survey of South Africa 54: 1–98.

DAFF (Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries). 2015. SANBI. 2017a. Red List of South African Plants, version 2017.1. Notice of list of protected tree species under the National (Accessed: October 2017). Forest Act, 1998 (Act no. 84 of 1998). Staatskoerant no. 30253. SANBI. 2017b. http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/online-biodi- versity-data/brahms-report-templates-and-rdes/. (Accessed: DEA (Department of Environmental Affairs). 2015. National En- January 2018). vironmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004). Threatened or protected species lists. Notice SIEGFRIED, W.R. 1992. Conservation status of the South 255 of 2015. Staatskoerant no. 38600. African endemic avifauna. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 22: 61–64. DEA (Department of Environmental Affairs). 2016. National Bio- diversity Research and Evidence Strategy (2015 – 2025). SMIT, G.N., JANSE VAN RENSBURG, G., DEACON, F. & Strategy document. Department of Environmental Affairs, SMIT, Z.M. 2013. Vegetation monitoring on the property of Pretoria. the Sishen South (Kolomela) mine, Postmasburg – 2012/13 season. Kumba Iron Ore internal report. Indago Vol. 35 (2019) 19

SPEAR, D., MCGEOCH, M.A., FOXCROFT, L.C., BEZUID- VENTER, S. 1993. A revision of the genus Ledebouria Roth ENHOUT, H. 2011. Alien species in South Africa’s national (Hyacinthaceae) in South Africa. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, parks. Koedoe 53(1): 4. University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v53i1. 1032(Art. #1032). ZIETSMAN, P.C. & BEZUIDENHOUT, H. 1999. Flowering VAN MUNSTER, S., MAGEE, A. & ZIETSMAN, P.C. 2019. plant biodiversity of Augrabies Falls National Park: a com- Deverra rapaletsa, a new limestone endemic species from parison between Augrabies Falls National Park, Kalahari the Ghaap Plateau, Northern Cape, South Africa. South Gemsbok National Park, Vaalbos National Park and Goegap African Journal of Botany 121: 431–434. Nature Reserve. Koedoe 42: 95–112.

VAN ROOYEN, N. 1999. The vegetation types and veld ZIETSMAN, P.C. 2013. Kolomela mine biodiversity action plan condition of Tswalu Private Desert Reserve. Unpublished – 2013. Kumba Iron Ore internal report. report to the management of Tswalu Kalahari Reserve. ZIETSMAN, P.C. 2014. Vegetation diversity at Kolomela mine: VAN WYK, A.E. & SMITH, G.F. 2001. Regions of floristic An integrated report on botanical diversity and sensitive endemism in southern Africa. A review with emphasis on areas. Kumba Iron Ore internal report. succulents. Umdaus: Arcadia, Pretoria. ZIETSMAN, P.C. 2016. Integrated Water Use License: Kolomela VAN WYK, B., VAN OUDTSHOORN, B. & GERICKE, N. mine Groenwaterspruit aquiver recharge and pan wetlands: 2009. Medicinal plants of South Africa. Briza: Pretoria. Monitoring the potential impacts on biodiversity. Kumba Iron Ore internal report. VELDSMAN, S.G. 2008. Vegetation degradation gradients and ecological index of key grass species in the south-eastern Kalahari, South Africa. M.Sc. thesis, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria. 20 Zietsman & Zietsman—Floristic diversity at Kolomela mine

Appendix 1: Plant checklist of Kolomela mine. All vouchers, except for a few at the National Herbarium (PRE), are housed at the National Museum, Bloemfontein (NMB). * Naturalised taxa; synonyms in brackets.

Pteridophytes OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Ophioglossum polyphyllum A.Braun var. angustifolium Pocock ex Zietsman, PC & LE 6328 J.E.Burrows Ophioglossum polyphyllum A.Braun var. polyphyllum Zietsman, PC & LE 4785, 5876, 4925

PTERIDACEAE Cheilanthes sp. Zietsman, PC & LE, field obs. Pellaea calomelanos (Sw.) Link var. calomelanos Zietsman, PC & LE, 5404

Dicotyledons

ACANTHACEAE Barleria bechuanensis C.B.Clarke Zietsman, PC & LE 6408, 6457, 6532 Barleria lichtensteiniana Nees Zietsman, PC & LE 5385 Barleria rigida Nees Zietsman, PC & LE 5597, 6824 Blepharis integrifolia (L.f.) E.Mey. ex Schinz var. integrifolia Zietsman, PC & LE 6399 Blepharis marginata (Nees) C.B.Clarke Zietsman, PC & LE 6458 Blepharis mitrata C.B.Clarke Zietsman, PC & LE 5429 Glossochilus burchellii Nees Zietsman, PC & LE 5412, 5920, 5945 Justicia distichotricha Lindau (Monechma distichotrichum) Zietsman, PC & LE 6704 Justicia divaricata Licht. ex Roem. & Schult. (Monechma divaricatum) Zietsman, PC & LE 5282, 6845 Justicia incana (Nees) T.Anderson (Monechma incanum) Zietsman, PC & LE 5381 Justicia puberula Immelman Zietsman, PC & LE 5948, 5983, 6877 Justicia thymifolia (Nees) C.B.Clarke Zietsman, PC & LE 6842

AIZOACEAE Aizoon asbestinum Schltr. Zietsman, PC & LE 5910 Galenia affinis Sond. Zietsman, PC & LE 6338 Galenia collina (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Walp. Zietsman, PC & LE 5865 Galenia crystallina (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Fenzl ex Harv. & Sond. var. crystallina Zietsman, PC & LE 6255 Galenia prostrata G.Schellenb. Zietsman, PC & LE 6388 Galenia pubescens (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Druce Zietsman, PC & LE 6727 Lithops aucampiae L.Bolus subsp. aucampiae Zietsman, PC & LE 5912 Mestoklema arboriforme (Burch.) N.E.Br. ex Glen Zietsman, PC & LE 6323 Nananthus aloides (Haw.) Schwantes Zietsman, PC & LE 5902, 6266 Plinthus karooicus I.Verd. Zietsman, PC & LE 5398, 6517 Plinthus sericeus Pax Zietsman, PC & LE 5739 Prepodesma orpenii (N.E.Br.) N.E.Br. Zietsman, PC & LE 5305 Ruschia calcarea L.Bolus Zietsman, PC & LE 6262, 6721 Ruschia griquensis (L.Bolus) Schwantes Zietsman, PC & LE 5303, 6249 Ruschia uncinata (L.) Schwantes Zietsman, PC & LE 5393 Tetragonia arbuscula Fenzl Esterhuysen, EE 2322 (PRE) Tetragonia calycina Fenzl Zietsman, PC & LE 5567 Titanopsis calcarea (Marloth) Schwantes Zietsman, PC & LE 5600, 6949 Trianthema triquetra Willd. ex Spreng. subsp. triquetra var. triquetra Zietsman, PC & LE 6387 Trichodiadema pomeridianum L.Bolus Zietsman, PC & LE 6874

AMARANTHACEAE (including Chenopodiaceae) Achyranthes aspera L. var. sicula L.* Zietsman, PC & LE 6567 Aerva leucura Moq. Zietsman, PC & LE 5519 Alternanthera pungens Kunth* Zietsman, PC & LE 6677 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC* (Alternanthera nodiflora*) Zietsman, PC & LE 4927, 6568 Amaranthus dinteri Schinz subsp. dinteri var. a Zietsman, PC & LE 5959 Amaranthus schinzianus Thell. Zietsman, PC & LE 6504 Indago Vol. 35 (2019) 21

Amaranthus thunbergii Moq. Zietsman, PC & LE 5921 Atriplex nummularia Lindl. subsp. nummularia* Zietsman, PC & LE 5698 Atriplex semibaccata R.Br. var. appendiculata Aellen Zietsman, PC & LE 5906 Chenopodium album L.* Zietsman, PC & LE 5486, 5542 Chenopodium cf. pumilio R.Br.* Zietsman, PC & LE 5886 Gomphrena celosioides Mart.* Zietsman, PC & LE 6401 Guilleminea densa (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Moq.* Zietsman, PC & LE 6612 Hermbstaedtia fleckii(Schinz) Baker & C.B.Clarke Zietsman, PC & LE 5929 Hermbstaedtia odorata (Burch.) T.Cooke var. aurantiaca (Suess.) C.C.Towns. Zietsman PC & LE 6390, 6523 Hermbstaedtia odorata (Burch.) T.Cooke var. odorata Zietsman, PC & LE 6286 Kyphocarpa angustifolia (Moq.) Lopr. Zietsman, PC & LE 5487, 5593 Pupalia lappacea (L.) A.Juss. var. lappacea Zietsman, PC & LE 5591 Salsola aphylla L.f. Zietsman, PC & LE 6291 Salsola cf. aphylla L.f. Zietsman, PC & LE 5693 Salsola armata C.A.Sm. ex Aellen Acocks, JPH 288 (PRE) Salsola kalaharica Botsch. Esterhuysen, EE 2345 (PRE) Salsola kali L.* Zietsman, PC & LE 5435 Salsola sp. Zietsman, PC & LE 5518 Sericocoma avolans Fenzl Zietsman, PC & LE 6392 Sericorema remotiflora (Hook.f.) Lopr. Zietsman, PC & LE 5529, 6610

ANACAMPSEROTACEAE Anacampseros subnuda Poelln. subsp. subnuda Zietsman, PC & LE 5481, 6281 Avonia papyracea (E.Mey. ex Fenzl) G.D.Rowley subsp. namaensis Zietsman, PC & LE 5526 (Gerbaulet) G.D.Rowley

ANACARDIACEAE Schinus molle L.* Zietsman, PC & LE 6350 Searsia burchellii (Sond. ex Engl.) Moffett Zietsman, PC & LE 5296 Searsia ciliata (Licht. ex Schult.) A.J. Mill. Zietsman, PC & LE 5534 Searsia lancea (L.f.) F.A.Barkley Zietsman, PC & LE 6509 Searsia pyroides (Burch.) Moffett var. pyroides Zietsman, PC & LE 6779 Searsia tridactyla (Burch.) Moffett Zietsman, PC & LE 4792, 5951

APIACEAE Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague ex Britton & P.Wilson* Zietsman, PC & LE 6848 Deverra burchellii (DC.) Eckl. & Zeyh. Zietsman, PC & LE 6301 Deverra rapaletsa Magee & Zietsman Zietsman, PC & LE 5520, 6600

APOCYNACEAE Cynanchum orangeanum (Schltr.) N.E.Br. Zietsman, PC & LE 5871, 6778 Cynanchum viminale (L.) Bassi subsp. viminale (Sarcostemma viminale Zietsman, PC & LE 6702 subsp. viminale) Fockea angustifolia K.Schum. Zietsman, PC & LE 6884 Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) W.T. Aiton subsp. fruticosus Zietsman, PC & LE 5595, 5697 Gomphocarpus tomentosus Burch. subsp. tomentosus Zietsman, PC & LE 5417, 5671 Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex Decne. Zietsman, PC & LE, field obs. Microloma armatum (Thunb.) Schltr. var. burchellii (N.E.Br.) Bruyns Zietsman, PC & LE 5901 Orbea lutea (N.E.Br.) Bruyns subsp. lutea Zietsman, PC & LE 6305, 6792 Pachypodium succulentum (L.f.) Sweet Zietsman, PC & LE 5409 Piaranthus decipiens (N.E.Br.) Bruyns Zietsman, PC & LE 6261

ASTERACEAE Amellus tridactylus DC. subsp. arenarius (S.Moore) Rommel Zietsman, PC & LE 5300, 6764, 6786 Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns Zietsman, PC & LE 6843 Arctotis arctotoides (L.f.) O.Hoffm. Zietsman, PC & LE 5741 Arctotis leiocarpa Harv. Zietsman, PC & LE 5425 Berkheya pinnatifida (Thunb.) Thell. subsp. pinnatifida Zietsman, PC & LE 6257 Bidens bipinnata L.* Zietsman, PC & LE 5694 Chrysanthellum indicum DC.* Zietsman, PC & LE 6825 Chrysocoma ciliata L. Zietsman, PC & LE 5301 22 Zietsman & Zietsman—Floristic diversity at Kolomela mine

Chrysocoma obtusata (Thunb.) Ehr.Bayer Zietsman, PC & LE 5272, 5279 Cichorium intybus L. subsp. intybus* Zietsman, PC & LE 5905 Cineraria cf. vallis-pacis Dinter ex Merxm. Zietsman, PC & LE 6769 Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.* Zietsman, PC & LE 6268 Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist* Zietsman, PC & LE 5434, 5440 Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist* Zietsman, PC & LE 5592 Curio radicans (L.) P.V.Heath (Senecio radicans) Zietsman, PC & LE 6703 Dicoma capensis Less. Zietsman, PC & LE 5884 Dimorphotheca pluvialis (L.) Moench Zietsman, PC & LE 5280 Eriocephalus ericoides (L.f.) Druce subsp. griquensis M.A.N.Müll. Zietsman, PC & LE 5290, 6411 Eriocephalus karooicus M.A.N.Müll. Zietsman, PC & LE 5862, 6622 Eriocephalus merxmuelleri M.A.N.Müll. Zietsman, PC & LE 5962 Euryops subcarnosus DC. subsp. vulgaris B.Nord. Zietsman, PC & LE 5972 Felicia fascicularis DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 5911, 5961, 5979, 5996, 6536, 6730, 6791, 6869 Felicia hirsuta DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 4990, 6573 Felicia muricata (Thunb.) Nees subsp. cinerascens Grau Zietsman, PC & LE 6878 Felicia muricata (Thunb.) Nees subsp. muricata Zietsman, PC & LE 5304 Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze* Zietsman, PC & LE 5907 Garuleum bipinnatum (Thunb.) Less. Zietsman, PC & LE 5294 Garuleum schinzii O.Hoffm. subsp. schinzii Esterhuysen, EE 2325 (PRE) Gazania krebsiana Less. subsp. arctotoides (Less.) Roessler Zietsman, PC & LE 4989, 6790 Gazania lichtensteinii Less. Zietsman, PC & LE 6340 Gazania sp. Zietsman, PC & LE 6788 Geigeria filifolia Mattf. Zietsman, PC & LE 5494 Geigeria ornativa O.Hoffm. subsp. ornativa Zietsman, PC & LE 5482, 5583, 5728 Gnaphalium filagopsis Hilliard & B.L.Burtt Zietsman, PC & LE 6883 Helianthus annuus L.* Zietsman, PC & LE 6267 Helichrysum arenicola M.D.Hend. Zietsman, PC & LE 5438 Helichrysum argyrosphaerum DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 5281, 5428, 5738 Helichrysum cerastioides DC. var. cerastioides Zietsman, PC & LE 5415 Helichrysum lineare DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 5497, 6784 Helichrysum lucilioides Less. Zietsman, PC & LE 6464 Helichrysum zeyheri Less. Zietsman, PC & LE 5692, 5967 Hertia pallens (DC.) Kuntze Zietsman, PC & LE 5271 Hirpicium echinus Less. Zietsman, PC & LE 5745 Ifloga glomerata (Harv.) Schltr. Zietsman, PC & LE 6728 Kleinia longiflora DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 5306, 6776 Laggera decurrens (Vahl) Hepper & J.R.I.Wood Zietsman, PC & LE 5311 Lasiopogon glomerulatus (Harv.) Hilliard Zietsman, PC & LE 5437 Lasiopogon muscoides (Desf.) DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 6787 Leysera tenella DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 6643 Lopholaena cneorifolia (DC.) S.Moore Zietsman, PC & LE 5295 Nidorella resedifolia DC. subsp. resedifolia Zietsman, PC & LE 5504 Osteospermum leptolobum (Harv.) Norl. Zietsman, PC & LE 5982, 6412 Osteospermum microphyllum DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 6275, 6533, 6571 Osteospermum muricatum E.Mey. ex DC. subsp. muricatum Zietsman, PC & LE 5541, 5932, 6494, 6681, 6826 Osteospermum scariosum DC. var. scariosum (Tripteris aghillana var. Zietsman, PC & LE 6298 aghillana) Osteospermum spinescens Thunb. Zietsman, PC & LE 5531 Osteospermum cf. spinescens Thunb. Zietsman, PC & LE 5889 Pegolettia retrofracta (Thunb.) Kies Zietsman, PC & LE 5288, 5387, 5734, 5966, 6608 Pentzia calcarea Kies Zietsman, PC & LE 5682 Pentzia calva S.Moore Zietsman, PC & LE 5681, 5683, 6493 Pentzia globosa Less. Zietsman, PC & LE 5601, 6688 Pentzia incana (Thunb.) Kuntze Zietsman, PC & LE 5297, 6531 Pentzia lanata Hutch. Zietsman, PC & LE 6528, 6687 Pentzia stellata (P.P.J. Herman) Magee (Rennera stellata) Zietsman, PC & LE 6489 Phymaspermum parvifolium (DC.) Benth. & Hook. ex B.D.Jacks. Zietsman, PC & LE 5879, 5974, 6530 Indago Vol. 35 (2019) 23

Psiadia punctulata (DC.) Vatke Zietsman, PC & LE 5938 Pteronia glauca Thunb. Zietsman, PC & LE 5302 Pteronia mucronata DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 5274, 5727, 6547 Rosenia humilis (Less.) K.Bremer Zietsman, PC & LE 5291, 6343, 6642 Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze ex Thell.* Zietsman, PC & LE 5958 Senecio inaequidens DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 5278, 5729, 5903, 6782 Sonchus dregeanus DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 5439 Sonchus oleraceus L.* Zietsman, PC & LE 5521 Tagetes minuta L.* Zietsman, PC & LE 5523 Taraxacum officinale Weber * Zietsman, PC & LE 6771 Tarchonanthus camphoratus L. Zietsman, PC & LE 5293, 5622 Tarchonanthus obovatus DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 5388 Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex A.Gray var. encelioides* Zietsman, PC & LE 5418 Xanthium spinosum L.* Zietsman, PC & LE 6847

BIGNONIACEAE Rhigozum obovatum Burch. Zietsman, PC & LE 5376 Rhigozum trichotomum Burch. Zietsman, PC & LE 5477

BORAGINACEAE Anchusa riparia A.DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 5530 Ehretia alba Retief & A.E.van Wyk Zietsman, PC & LE 5403, 5869 Heliotropium ciliatum Kaplan Zietsman, PC & LE 6816 Heliotropium lineare (A.DC.) Gürke Zietsman, PC & LE 6565

BRASSICACEAE Erucastrum griquense (N.E.Br.) O.E.Schulz Zietsman, PC & LE 5731, 5933, 6607 Erucastrum strigosum (Thunb.) O.E.Schulz Zietsman, PC & LE 6480 Lepidium africanum (Burm.f.) DC. subsp. africanum Zietsman, PC & LE 5877 Lepidium africanum (Burm.f.) DC. subsp. divaricatum (Aiton) Jonsell Zietsman, PC & LE 4928 Lepidium desertorum Eckl. & Zeyh. Zietsman, PC & LE 5426 Lepidium englerianum (Muschl.) Al-Shehbaz* (Coronopus integrifolius*) Zietsman, PC & LE 5882, 6710, 6789 Matthiola torulosa (Thunb.) DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 6617 Sisymbrium burchellii DC. var. burchellii Esterhuysen, EE 2358 (PRE)

CACTACEAE Cylindropuntia fulgida (Engelm.) F.M.Knuth var. mamillata (A.Schott Zietsman, PC & LE, field obs. ex Engelm.) Backeb.* Cylindropuntia imbricata (Haw.) F.M.Knuth* Zietsman, PC & LE, field obs. Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.* Zietsman, PC & LE, field obs. Opuntia microdasys (Lehm.) Pfeiff.* Zietsman, PC & LE, field obs.

CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia nodosa (H.Buek) Lammers Zietsman, PC & LE 6405, 6697 Wahlenbergia cf. undulata (L.f.) A.DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 6832

CAPPARACEAE Boscia albitrunca (Burch.) Gilg & Gilg-Ben. Zietsman, PC & LE 5382 Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) Wild Zietsman, PC & LE 5269

CARYOPHYLLACEAE Dianthus micropetalus Ser. Zietsman, PC & LE 5696, 5913 Herniaria erckertii Herm. subsp. erckertii Zietsman, PC & LE 5377 Pollichia campestris Aiton Zietsman, PC & LE 5873

CELASTRACEAE Gymnosporia buxifolia (L.) Szyszyl. Zietsman, PC & LE 5384, 5430, 5535 Putterlickia saxatilis (Burch.) Jordaan Zietsman, PC & LE 5915

CLEOMACEAE 24 Zietsman & Zietsman—Floristic diversity at Kolomela mine

Cleome angustifolia Forssk. subsp. diandra (Burch.) Kers Zietsman, PC & LE 6510 Cleome gynandra L. Zietsman, PC & LE 5971 Cleome rubella Burch. Zietsman, PC & LE 5977

CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus boedeckerianus Peter Zietsman, PC & LE 5432, 5897, 6780 Convolvulus ocellatus Hook. var. ocellatus Zietsman, PC & LE 5904 Convolvulus sagittatus Thunb. Zietsman, PC & LE 6312, 6684 Cuscuta campestris Yunck.* Zietsman, PC & LE 5532, 6726 Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Zietsman, PC & LE 5554 Ipomoea bolusiana Schinz Zietsman, PC & LE 5454, 6302 Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. var. obscura Zietsman, PC & LE 5413, 6872 Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth* Zietsman, PC & LE 6560 Ipomoea suffruticosa Burch. Zietsman, PC & LE 6296 Seddera suffruticosa (Schinz) Hallier f. Zietsman, PC & LE 5555

CORBICHONIACEAE Corbichonia decumbens (Forssk.) Exell Zietsman, PC & LE 5919

CRASSULACEAE Crassula capitella Thunb. subsp. nodulosa (Schönland) Toelken Zietsman, PC & LE 6418 Crassula corallina Thunb. subsp. corallina Zietsman, PC & LE 4787 Crassula lanceolata (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Endl. ex Walp. subsp. lanceolata Zietsman, PC & LE 6706 Crassula lanceolata (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Endl. ex Walp. subsp. transvaalensis Zietsman, PC & LE 5690 (Kuntze) Toelken Kalanchoe paniculata Harv. Zietsman, PC & LE 6885 Kalanchoe rotundifolia (Haw.) Haw. Zietsman, PC & LE 5684

CUCURBITACEAE Acanthosicyos naudinianus (Sond.) C.Jeffrey Zietsman, PC & LE 6889 Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai Zietsman, PC & LE 6887 Coccinia rehmannii Cogn. Esterhuysen, EE 2418 (PRE) Coccinia sessilifolia (Sond.) Cogn. Zietsman, PC & LE 4786, 6299 Corallocarpus schinzii Cogn. Zietsman, PC & LE 6851 Cucumis africanus L.f. Zietsman, PC & LE 4920, 5594 Cucumis heptadactylus Naudin Zietsman, PC & LE 6693 Cucumis zeyheri Sond. Zietsman, PC & LE 6841 Kedrostis capensis (Sond.) A.Meeuse Esterhuysen, EE 2308 (PRE) Trochomeria debilis (Sond.) Hook.f. Zietsman, PC & LE 6419

DIPSACACEAE Scabiosa columbaria L. Zietsman, PC & LE 5536

EBENACEAE Diospyros lycioides Desf. subsp. lycioides Zietsman, PC & LE 5455, 5740 Euclea undulata Thunb. Zietsman, PC & LE 5389, 5484

ELATINACEAE Bergia anagalloides (E.Mey. ex Fenzl) Walp. Zietsman, PC & LE 4915, 5578

EUPHORBIACEAE Croton gratissimus Burch. var. gratissimus Zietsman, PC & LE 5556 Euphorbia crassipes Marloth. Zietsman, PC & LE 6554 Euphorbia gariepina Boiss. subsp. gariepina Zietsman, PC & LE 5299 Euphorbia inaequilatera Sond. var. inaequilatera Zietsman, PC & LE 5956 Euphorbia spartaria N.E.Br. (Euphorbia rectirama) Zietsman, PC & LE 5548, 6876 Euphorbia wilmaniae Marloth Zietsman, PC & LE 5525 Ricinus communis L. var. communis* Zietsman, PC & LE, field obs. Indago Vol. 35 (2019) 25

FABACEAE Calobota cuspidosa (Burch.) Boatwr. & B.-E.van Wyk (Lebeckia macrantha) Zietsman, PC & LE 5733, 6422, 6686 Chamaecrista biensis (Steyaert) Lock Zietsman, PC & LE 6844 Crotalaria griquensis L.Bolus Zietsman, PC & LE 6413, 6831 Cullen tomentosum (Thunb.) J.W.Grimes Zietsman, PC & LE 6678 Cyamopsis serrata Schinz Zietsman, PC & LE 5560 Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.) Skeels Zietsman, PC & LE, field obs. Erythrostemon gilliesii Klotzsch* (Caesalpinia gilliesii*) Zietsman, PC & LE 6620 Indigastrum argyraeum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Schrire Zietsman, PC & LE 5563, 5931 Indigofera alternans DC. var. alternans Zietsman, PC & LE 5533, 5549 Indigofera charlieriana Schinz var. charlieriana Zietsman, PC & LE 6503, 6711 Indigofera cryptantha Benth. ex Harv. var. cryptantha Zietsman, PC & LE 6866 Indigofera heterotricha DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 5405, 6279 Indigofera hochstetteri Baker subsp. streyana (Merxm.) A. Schreib. Zietsman, PC & LE 6414 Indigofera sessilifolia DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 5383, 5386, 6336, 6415, 6781 Indigofera vicioides Jaub. & Spach var. vicioides Zietsman, PC & LE 6505, 6828 Leobordea platycarpa (Viv.) B.-E.van Wyk & Boatwr. (Lotononis platycarpa) Zietsman, PC & LE 6495, 6570 Lessertia frutescens (L.) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning subsp. frutescens Zietsman, PC & LE 5746 Lessertia pauciflora Harv. var. pauciflora Zietsman, PC & LE 5867, 6709, 6729 Listia bainesii (Baker) B.-E.van Wyk & Boatwr. Zietsman, PC & LE 5308 Listia heterophylla E.Mey. (Lotononis listii) Zietsman, PC & LE 6404 Listia minima (B.-E.van Wyk) B.-E.van Wyk & Boatwr. (Lotononis minima) Zietsman, PC & LE 6497 Lotononis cf. burchellii Benth. Zietsman, PC & LE 6862 Medicago laciniata (L.) Mill. var. laciniata* Zietsman, PC & LE 6850 Melolobium calycinum Benth. Zietsman, PC & LE 5292 Prosopis glandulosa Torr. var. glandulosa* Zietsman, PC & LE 5457 Ptycholobium biflorum (E.Mey.) Brumitt subsp. biflorum Zietsman, PC & LE 6838 Rhynchosia capensis (Burm.f.) Schinz Zietsman, PC & LE 6840 Rhynchosia ciliata (Thunb.) Schinz Zietsman, PC & LE 6535 Rhynchosia totta (Thunb.) DC. var. rigidula (DC.) Moteetee & M.M.le Roux Acocks, JPH 278 (PRE) Rhynchosia totta (Thunb.) DC. var. totta Zietsman, PC & LE 5916 Senegalia mellifera (Vahl) Seigler & Ebinger subsp. detinens (Burch.) Zietsman, PC & LE 5391 Kyal. & Boatwr. (Acacia mellifera subsp. detinens) Senna artemisioides (Gaudich. ex DC.) Randell* Zietsman, PC & LE 4991 Senna italica Mill. subsp. arachoides (Burch.) Lock Zietsman, PC & LE 5561 Tephrosia burchellii Burtt Davy Zietsman, PC & LE 6511, 6829 Tephrosia longipes Meisn. subsp. longipes var. longipes Zietsman, PC & LE 5969, 6278, 6550 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. subsp. leptostachya (DC.) Brummit var. Zietsman, PC & LE 6466, 6615 leptostachya Vachellia erioloba (E.Mey.) P.J.H.Hurter (Acacia erioloba) Zietsman, PC & LE 5395 Vachellia haematoxylon (Willd.) Seigler & Ebinger (Acacia haematoxylon) Zietsman, PC & LE 5551 Vachellia hebeclada (DC.) Kyal. & Boatwr. subsp. hebeclada (Acacia Zietsman, PC & LE 5394, 5550, 5735 hebeclada subsp. hebeclada) Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Galasso (Acacia karroo) Zietsman, PC & LE 5540 Vachellia tortilis (Forssk.) Galasso & Banfi subsp.heteracantha (Burch.) Zietsman, PC & LE 6344 Kyal. & Boatwr. (Acacia tortilis subsp. heteracantha)

GENTIANACEAE Sebaea pentandra E.Mey. var. pentandra Zietsman, PC & LE 5423, 6763

GERANIACEAE Monsonia angustifolia E.Mey. ex A.Rich. Zietsman, PC & LE 5677, 5689, 6859 Monsonia salmoniflora (Moffett) F.Albers (Sarcocaulon salmoniflorum) Zietsman, PC & LE 5587 Pelargonium minimum (Cav.) Willd. Zietsman, PC & LE 5742

GISEKIACEAE Gisekia africana (Lour.) Kuntze var. africana Zietsman, PC & LE 6462 Gisekia pharnaceoides L. var. pharnaceoides Zietsman, PC & LE 5480 26 Zietsman & Zietsman—Floristic diversity at Kolomela mine

KEWACEAE Kewa salsoloides (Burch.) Christenh. (Hypertelis salsoloides var. salsoloides) Zietsman, PC & LE 5737

LAMIACEAE Acrotome inflata Benth. Zietsman, PC & LE 6471 Leonotis pentadentata J.C.Manning & Goldblatt (Leonotis capensis / Zietsman, PC & LE 5392, 5599, 6339 Leucas capensis) Salvia disermas L. Van Wyk, E, Nkuna, LA & Dlamini, MD 580 (PRE) Salvia radula Benth. Zietsman, PC & LE 5545 Salvia runcinata L.f. Zietsman, PC & LE 6321 Salvia stenophylla Burch. ex Benth. Zietsman, PC & LE 5564 Salvia verbenaca L. Zietsman, PC & LE 6624, 6777 Stachys burchelliana Launert Zietsman, PC & LE 5390 Stachys spathulata Burch. ex Benth. Zietsman, PC & LE 5893

LIMEACEAE Limeum aethiopicum Burm.f. var. aethiopicum Zietsman, PC & LE 5914, 5930 Limeum argute-carinatum Wawra ex Wawra & Peyr. var. argute-carinatum Zietsman, PC & LE 5688, 5875 Limeum fenestratum (Fenzl) Heimerl var. fenestratum Zietsman, PC & LE 6537 Limeum myosotis H.Walter var. myosotis Zietsman, PC & LE 5878, 5980, 6470 Limeum pterocarpum (J.Gay) Heimerl var. pterocarpum Zietsman, PC & LE 6596 Limeum sulcatum (Klotzsch) Hutch. var. sulcatum Zietsman, PC & LE 5874, 6496 Limeum viscosum (J.Gay) Fenzl subsp. viscosum var. glomeratum Zietsman, PC & LE 6506 (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Friedrich

LOBELIACEAE Lobelia dregeana (C.Presl) A.DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 5582, 6762, 6849 Lobelia cf. dregeana (C.Presl) A.DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 6888 Lobelia erinus L. Zietsman, PC & LE 5307, 6759 Lobelia cf. erinus L. Zietsman, PC & LE 5576 Lobelia thermalis Thunb. Zietsman, PC & LE 5894, 6785

LOPHIOCARPACEAE Lophiocarpus polystachyus Turcz. Zietsman, PC & LE 5924, 6337, 6708 Lophiocarpus tenuissimus Hook.f. Zietsman, PC & LE 5506

LORANTHACEAE Tapinanthus oleifolius (J.C.Wendl.) Danser Zietsman, PC & LE 5309, 5559, 6682

MALPIGHIACEAE Triaspis hypericoides (DC.) Burch. subsp. hypericoides Zietsman, PC & LE 6837

MALVACEAE Abutilon austro-africanum Hochr. Zietsman, PC & LE 5568, 5922 Abutilon pycodon Hochr. Van Rensburg, DP & Zietsman, PC 20 Corchorus asplenifolius Burch. Zietsman, PC & LE 5528, 6619 Grewia flava DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 5378, 6251 Hermannia abrotanoides Schrad. Zietsman, PC & LE 4781, 5981 Hermannia affinis K.Schum. Zietsman, PC & LE 5379, 5968, 6846 Hermannia bryoniifolia Burch. Van Rensburg, DP & Zietsman, PC 25 Hermannia burchellii (Sweet) I.Verd. Zietsman, PC & LE 5736 Hermannia coccocarpa (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze Zietsman, PC & LE 6723 Hermannia comosa Burch. ex DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 6407, 6621, 6817 Hermannia cuneifolia Jacq. var. glabrescens (Harv.) I.Verd. Zietsman, PC & LE 5527, 5562 Hermannia desertorum Eckl. & Zeyh. Esterhuysen, EE 2321 (PRE) Hermannia erodioides (Burch. ex DC.) Kuntze Zietsman, PC & LE 6498, 6679 Hermannia cf. gariepina Eckl. & Zeyh. Zietsman, PC & LE 5289 Hermannia jacobeifolia (Turcz.) R.A.Dyer Zietsman, PC & LE 5744 Hermannia linearifolia Harv. Zietsman, PC & LE 5505, 5569 Hermannia linnaeoides (Burch.) K.Schum. Zietsman, PC & LE 4921, 5273 Indago Vol. 35 (2019) 27

Hermannia modesta (Ehrenb.) Mast. Zietsman, PC & LE 6465 Hermannia pulverata Andrews / H. bolusii Szyszyl. Zietsman, PC & LE 6561 Hermannia resedifolia (Burch. ex DC.) R.A.Dyer Zietsman, PC & LE 5270, 5408 Hermannia tomentosa (Turcz.) Schinz ex Engl. Zietsman, PC & LE 6819 Hermannia cf. tomentosa (Turcz.) Schinz ex Engl. Zietsman, PC & LE 6527, 6538 Hermannia sp. Wilman, M 4794 (PRE) Hibiscus marlothianus K.Schum. Zietsman, PC & LE 5900 Hibiscus micranthus L.f. var. micranthus Zietsman, PC & LE 6875 Hibiscus pusillus Thunb. Zietsman, PC & LE 6409, 6855 Hibiscus trionum L.* Zietsman, PC & LE 6403 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke* Zietsman, PC & LE 6835 Melhania prostrata DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 6865 Melhania rehmannii Szyszyl. Zietsman, PC & LE 6519, 6863 Melhania virescens (K.Schum.) K.Schum. Zietsman, PC & LE 6248, 6599 Pavonia burchellii (DC.) R.A.Dyer Zietsman, PC & LE 6522 Radyera urens (L.f.) Bullock Zietsman, PC & LE 6867 Sida chrysantha Ulbr. Zietsman, PC & LE 5410, 6287, 6319, 6614, 6860, 6892 Sida ovata Forssk. Zietsman, PC & LE 5565 Sphaeralcea bonariensis (Cav.) Griseb.* Zietsman, PC & LE 6481 Waltheria indica L. Zietsman, PC & LE 5947

MELIACEAE Melia azedarach L.* Zietsman, PC & LE 5730 Nymania capensis (Thunb.) Lindb. Zietsman, PC & LE 5286

MOLLUGINACEAE Hypertelis cerviana (L.) Thulin (Mollugo cerviana) Zietsman, PC & LE 6572 Pharnaceum viride Adamson Zietsman, PC & LE 5411, 5427

MORACEAE Ficus cordata Thunb. subsp. cordata Zietsman, PC & LE 5552, 6950

MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.* Zietsman, PC & LE, field obs.

NYCTAGINACEAE Boerhavia cordobensis Kuntze* Zietsman, PC & LE 5970 Commicarpus pentandrus (Burch.) Heimerl Zietsman, PC & LE 5899 Mirabilis jalapa L.* Zietsman, PC & LE 6270

OLEACEAE Menodora africana Hook. Zietsman, PC & LE 6300 Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G.Don) Cif. (Olea europaea Zietsman, PC & LE 6421 subsp. africana)

ONAGRACEAE Oenothera rosea L’Her. ex Aiton* Zietsman, PC & LE 6765

OXALIDACEAE Oxalis depressa Eckl. & Zeyh. Zietsman, PC & LE 5908 Oxalis hirsuta Sond. Zietsman, PC & LE 6881, 6526 Oxalis lawsonii F.Bolus Zietsman, PC & LE 5588, 5863, 5973 Oxalis obliquifolia Steud. ex A.Rich. Zietsman, PC & LE 6880 Oxalis sp. Saaiman, T 366

PAPAVERACEAE Argemone ochroleuca Sweet subsp. ochroleuca* Zietsman, PC & LE 5407

PEDALIACEAE Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC. ex Meisn. subsp. procumbens Zietsman, PC & LE 6303 28 Zietsman & Zietsman—Floristic diversity at Kolomela mine

Pterodiscus speciosus Hook. Zietsman, PC & LE 4246 Sesamum triphyllum Welw. ex Asch. var. triphyllum Zietsman, PC & LE 5679, 6514

PHYLLANTHACEAE Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. Zietsman, PC & LE 5674 Phyllanthus parvulus Sond. var. garipensis (E.Mey. Ex Drège) Radcl.-Sm. Zietsman, PC & LE 6541, 6857 Phyllanthus parvulus Sond. var. parvulus Zietsman, PC & LE 5872

PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago major L.* Zietsman, PC & LE 6269

POLYGALACEAE Polygala asbestina Burch. Zietsman, PC & LE 5524 Polygala krumanina Burch. ex Ficalho & Hiern Zietsman, PC & LE 6814 Polygala leptophylla Burch. var. leptophylla Zietsman, PC & LE 5399, 5883, 6314

POLYGONACEAE Oxygonum alatum Burch. var. alatum Zietsman, PC & LE 6463

PORTULACACEAE Portulaca hereroensis Schinz Zietsman, PC & LE 5589, 6564 Portulaca kermesina N.E.Br. Zietsman, PC & LE 6562, 6605, 6696, 6705 Portulaca oleracea L.* Zietsman, PC & LE 6611 Portulaca quadrifida L. Zietsman, PC & LE 6244, 6490 Portulaca cf. quadrifida L. Zietsman, PC & LE 4789, 5868

RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus multifidus Forssk. Zietsman, PC & LE 6760

RESEDACEAE Oligomeris dipetala (Aiton) Turcz var. dipetala Zietsman, PC & LE 6482, 6719

RHAMNACEAE Ziziphus mucronata Willd. subsp. mucronata Zietsman, PC & LE 5479

RUBIACEAE Cordylostigma virgata (Willd.) Groeninckx & Dessein (Kohautia virgata) Zietsman, PC & LE 5964 Kohautia cynanchica DC. Zietsman, PC & LE 5431, 5866, 5917 Nenax microphylla (Sond.) T.M.Salter Zietsman, PC & LE 6716

SALICACEAE Populus x canescens (Aiton) Sm.* Zietsman, PC & LE, field obs.

SANTALACEAE Lacomucinaea cf. lineata (L.f.) Nickrent & M.A.García (Thesium lineatum) Zietsman, PC & LE 6556 Thesium hystricoides A.W.Hill Zietsman, PC & LE 5928 Thesium hystrix A.W.Hill Zietsman, PC & LE 5285, 5995, 6276, 6416, 6775 Thesium lacinulatum A.W.Hill Zietsman, PC & LE 5954 Thesium pleuroloma A.W.Hill Zietsman, PC & LE 6348 Viscum rotundifolium L.f. Zietsman, PC & LE 5558

SCROPHULARIACEAE Aptosimum albomarginatum Marloth & Engl. Zietsman, PC & LE 5397, 5743, 5890, 5909, 6699, 6783 Aptosimum indivisum Burch. ex Benth. Zietsman, PC & LE 5949 Aptosimum lineare Marloth & Engl. Zietsman, PC & LE 5887, 6822 Aptosimum marlothii (Engl.) Hiern Zietsman, PC & LE 5380 Aptosimum spinescens (Thunb.) F.E.Weber Zietsman, PC & LE 6500 Diclis petiolaris Benth. Zietsman, PC & LE 4917, 6768 Indago Vol. 35 (2019) 29

Jamesbrittenia atropurpurea (Benth.) Hilliard subsp. atropurpurea Zietsman, PC & LE 5891, 6250 Jamesbrittenia aurantiaca (Burch.) Hilliard Zietsman, PC & LE 5277, 5580, 6795 Jamesbrittenia integerrima (Benth.) Hilliard Zietsman, PC & LE 5283, 5553 Jamesbrittenia tysonii (Hiern) Hilliard Zietsman, PC & LE 6252 Jamesbrittenia sp. Esterhuysen, EE 2282 (PRE) Limosella africana Glück var. africana Zietsman, PC & LE 6770 Manulea gariepina Benth. Zietsman, PC & LE 5937 Peliostomum leucorrhizum E.Mey. ex Benth. Zietsman, PC & LE 5287, 5896, 6277 Selago albida Choisy Zietsman, PC & LE 5596, 6417 Selago albomarginata Hilliard Zietsman, PC & LE 5892 Selago mixta Hilliard Zietsman, PC & LE 4926, 5284, 5864, 6794 Sutera griquensis Hiern Van Rensburg, DP & Zietsman, PC 19 Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Zietsman, PC & LE 5422

SOLANACEAE Datura ferox L.* Zietsman, PC & LE 5522 Datura inoxia Mill.* Zietsman, PC & LE 6295 Lycium bosciifolium Schinz Zietsman, PC & LE 5926 Lycium cinereum Thunb. Zietsman, PC & LE 5880, 5923, 6254 Lycium horridum Thunb. Zietsman, PC & LE 5400 Lycium pilifolium C.H.Wright Zietsman, PC & LE 5566 Lycium schizocalyx C.H.Wright Zietsman, PC & LE 6253 Nicotiana glauca Graham* Zietsman, PC & LE 5571 Solanum burchellii Dunal Esterhuysen, EE 2313 (PRE) Solanum campylacanthum Hochst. ex A.Rich. subsp. panduriforme Zietsman, PC & LE 6318, 6518 (Drège ex Dunal) J.Samuels Solanum capense L. (Solanum namaquense) Zietsman, PC & LE 5570, 6521 Solanum catombelense Peyr. Zietsman, PC & LE 6839 Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.* Zietsman, PC & LE 6258 Solanum lichtensteinii Willd. Zietsman, PC & LE 5572 Solanum nigrum L.* Zietsman, PC & LE 5436 Solanum supinum Dunal Zietsman, PC & LE 5619, 5885, 6827 Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Zietsman, PC & LE 6853

TALINACEAE Talinum arnotii Hook.f. Saaiman, T 368 Talinum caffrum (Thunb.) Eckl. & Zeyh. Zietsman, PC & LE 6260, 6557 Talinum crispatulum Dinter & Poelln. Zietsman, PC & LE 4782

TAMARICACEAE Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.* Zietsman, PC & LE 5547

THYMELAEACEAE Lasiosiphon polycephalus (E.Mey. ex Meisn.) H.Pearson (Gnidia polycephala) Zietsman, PC & LE 5275

VAHLIACEAE Vahlia capensis (L.f.) Thunb. subsp. capensis Zietsman, PC & LE 6822 Vahlia capensis (L.f.) Thunb. subsp. vulgaris Bridson var. linearis E.Mey. Zietsman, PC & LE 5402, 5963, 6311 ex Bridson Vahlia capensis (L.f.) Thunb spp. vulgaris intermediate between var. vulgaris Zietsman, PC & LE 5476 and var. linearis

VERBENACEAE Chascanum pinnatifidum (L.f.) E.Mey. var. pinnatifidum Zietsman, PC & LE 6288 Lantana rugosa Thunb. Zietsman, PC & LE 5557, 5925 Verbena bonariensis L.* Zietsman, PC & LE 6852 Verbena brasiliensis Vell.* Zietsman, PC & LE 6761 30 Zietsman & Zietsman—Floristic diversity at Kolomela mine ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Fagonia isotricha Murb. var. isotricha Zietsman, PC & LE 6460, 6927 Roepera lichtensteiniana (Cham.) Beier & Thulin (Zygophyllum Zietsman, PC & LE 5298, 5997 lichtensteinianum) Roepera microphyllum (L.f.) Beier & Thulin (Zygophyllum microphyllum) Zietsman, PC & LE 5544 Roepera pubescens (Schinz) Beier & Thulin (Zygophyllum pubescens) Zietsman, PC & LE 5939 Tetraena microcarpa (Licht. ex Cham.) Beier & Thulin (Zygophyllum Zietsman, PC & LE 6459 microcarpum) Tribulus terrestris L. Zietsman, PC & LE 5665, 6676 Tribulus zeyheri Sond. subsp. zeyheri Zietsman, PC & LE 5433

Monocotyledons

AGAVACEAE Agave americana L. subsp. americana* Zietsman, PC & LE, field obs. Chlorophytum fasciculatum (Baker) Kativu Zietsman, PC & LE 6313, 6406, 6606 Chlorophytum krauseanum (Dinter) Kativu Zietsman, PC & LE 6512

AMARYLLIDACEAE Ammocharis coranica (Ker Gawl.) Herb. Zietsman, PC & LE 6290 Boophone disticha (L.f.) Herb. Zietsman, PC & LE 6400 Crinum lugardiae N.E.Br. Zietsman, PC & LE 6332 Nerine laticoma (Ker Gawl.) T.Durand & Schinz Zietsman, PC & LE 4784

APONOGETONACEAE Aponogeton junceus Lehm. Zietsman, PC & LE 4788

ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus cooperi Baker Zietsman, PC & LE 5406, 6322 Asparagus nelsii Schinz Zietsman, PC & LE 6256 Asparagus retrofractus L. Zietsman, PC & LE 5955 Asparagus striatus (L.f.) Thunb. Esterhuysen, EE 2289 (PRE ) Asparagus suaveolens Burch. Zietsman, PC & LE 5416, 5898

ASPHODELACEAE Aloe grandidentata Salm-Dyck Zietsman, PC & LE 5310 Aloe hereroensis Engl. Zietsman, PC & LE 4430, 5732 Bulbine abyssinica A.Rich. Zietsman, PC & LE 5396 Bulbine cf. abyssinica A.Rich. Zietsman, PC & LE 6282 Bulbine cf. praemorsa (Jacq.) Spreng. Zietsman, PC & LE 6297 Haworthiopsis tessellata (Haw.) G.D.Rowley var. crousii (M.Hayashi) Zietsman, PC & LE 6242 Gildenh. & Klopper Trachyandra saltii (Baker) Oberm. Zietsman, PC & LE 5998, 6245 Trachyandra saltii (Baker) Oberm. var. oatesii (Baker) Oberm. Zietsman, PC & LE 5401

COLCHICACEAE Colchicum melanthoides (Willd.) J.C.Manning & Vinn. subsp. melanthoides Zietsman, PC & LE 5726 Ornithoglossum vulgare B.Nord. Zietsman, PC & LE 5664, 6315, 6461

COMMELINACEAE Commelina africana L. var. barberae (C.B. Clarke) C.B. Clarke Zietsman, PC & LE 6283 Commelina africana L. var. lancispatha C.B.Clarke Zietsman, PC & LE 5881

CYPERACEAE Afroscirpoides dioeca (Kunth) García-Madr. Zietsman, PC & LE 6507 Bulbostylis burchellii (Ficalho & Hiern) C.B.Clarke Zietsman, PC & LE 6864 Bulbostylis hispidula (Vahl) R.W.Haines subsp. pyriformis (Lye) R.W.Haines Zietsman, PC & LE 6443, 6543, 6609 Bulbostylis humilis (Kunth) C.B.Clarke Zietsman, PC & LE 6468 Bulbostylis pusilla (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) C.B.Clarke Zietsman, PC & LE 6539 Cyperus bellus Kunth Zietsman, PC & LE 4790 Cyperus cf. bellus Kunth Zietsman, PC & LE 6871 Indago Vol. 35 (2019) 31

Cyperus congestus Vahl Zietsman, PC & LE 5491, 5695, 6712 Cyperus fulgens C.B.Clarke Zietsman, PC & LE 6821 Cyperus indecorus Kunth var. indecorus Zietsman, PC & LE 6689 Cyperus longus L. var. longus Zietsman, PC & LE 6551 Cyperus longus L. var. tenuiflorus (Rottb.) Boeck. Zietsman, PC & LE 5584 Cyperus margaritaceus Vahl var. margaritaceus Zietsman, PC & LE 6549, 6691, 6813 Cyperus marginatus Thunb. Zietsman, PC & LE 6552, 6718, 6766, 6773 Cyperus marlothii Boeck. Zietsman, PC & LE 6623, 6886 Cyperus rupestris Kunth var. rupestris Zietsman, PC & LE 5478, 5483 Cyperus squarrosus L. Zietsman, PC & LE 4918 Cyperus usitatus Burch. Zietsman, PC & LE 6346, 6397, 6685, 6818, 6820 Eleocharis dregeana Steud. Zietsman, PC & LE 6713 Ficinia nodosa (Rottb.) Goetgh., Muasya & D.A.Simpson Zietsman, PC & LE 6767 Isolepis angelica B.L.Burtt Zietsman, PC & LE 6772, 6793 Isolepis sp. Zietsman, PC & LE 5577 Kyllinga alba Nees subsp. alba Zietsman, PC & LE 6273 Schoenoplectus leucanthus (Boeck.) J.Raynal Zietsman, PC & LE 4916, 5581 Schoenoplectus muricinux (C.B.Clarke) J.Raynal Zietsman, PC & LE 5579, 6714 Scirpoides sp. Zietsman, PC & LE 5538

HYACINTHACEAE Albuca cf. amboensis (Schinz) Oberm. Zietsman, PC & LE 6304 Albuca seineri (Engl. & K.Krause) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt Zietsman, PC & LE 4783, 6308 (Ornithogalum seineri) Albuca toxicaria (C.Archer & R.H.Archer) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt Acocks, JPH 2444 (PRE) Albuca virens (Ker Gawl.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt subsp. arida (Oberm.) Zietsman, PC & LE 6324, 6351, J.C.Manning & Goldblatt 6598, 6603, 6604 Albuca virens(Ker Gawl.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt subsp. virens Zietsman, PC & LE 6264, 6345 Dipcadi brevifolium (Thunb.) Fourc. Zietsman, PC & LE 5918 Dipcadi ciliare (Zeyh. ex Harv.) Baker Zietsman, PC & LE 6330, 6698 Dipcadi crispum Baker Zietsman, PC & LE 5999 Dipcadi glaucum (Burch. ex Ker Gawl.) Baker Zietsman, PC & LE 6310, 6618 Dipcadi gracillimum Baker Zietsman, PC & LE 6293 Dipcadi longifolium (Ker Gawl.) Baker Zietsman, PC & LE 5943 Dipcadi marlothii Engl. Zietsman, PC & LE 6289, 6335 Dipcadi papillatum Oberm. Zietsman, PC & LE 6243, 6292, 6294, 6326 Dipcadi platyphyllum Baker Zietsman, PC & LE 6307, 6602 Dipcadi viride (L.) Moench Zietsman, PC & LE 6272, 6285, 6331, 6333, 6873 Dipcadi sp.1 Zietsman, PC & LE 6325 Dipcadi sp. 2 Zietsman, PC & LE 6601 Drimia fasciata (B.Nord.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt Zietsman, PC & LE 5414 Drimia intricata (Baker) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt Zietsman, PC & LE 6402 Lachenalia cf. karooica W.F.Barker ex G.D.Duncan Zietsman, PC & LE 6545 Ledebouria apertiflora (Baker) Jessop Zietsman, PC & LE 6265 Ledebouria coriacea S.Venter Zietsman, PC & LE 6334 Ledebouria glauca S.Venter Zietsman, PC & LE 6263, 6271, 6327 Ledebouria luteola Jessop Zietsman, PC & LE 6597 Ledebouria cf. luteola Jessop Zietsman, PC & LE 5424 Ledebouria revoluta (L.f.) Jessop Zietsman, PC & LE 6309 Schizocarphus nervosus (Burch.) Van der Merwe Zietsman, PC & LE 6410

IRIDACEAE Babiana bainesii Baker Zietsman, PC & LE 4919, 5946, 6870 Duthieastrum linifolium (E.Phillips) M.P.de Vos Zietsman, PC & LE 4924 Gladiolus permeabilis D.Delaroche subsp. edulis (Burch. ex Ker Gawl.) Oberm. Zietsman, PC & LE 6520, 6858 Moraea pallida (Baker) Goldblatt Zietsman, PC & LE 5276 Moraea polystachya (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. Zietsman, PC & LE 4913 32 Zietsman & Zietsman—Floristic diversity at Kolomela mine

JUNCACEAE Juncus rigidus Desf. Zietsman, PC & LE 6553, 6774

POACEAE Andropogon chinensis (Nees) Merr. Esterhuysen, EE 2368 (PRE) Anthephora argentea Gooss. Esterhuysen, EE 2379 (PRE) Anthephora pubescens Nees Zietsman, PC & LE 5975, 6695, 6815 Aristida adscensionis L. Zietsman, PC & LE 5503, 5672 Aristida congesta Roem. & Schult. subsp. barbicollis (Trin. & Rupr.) De Winter Zietsman, PC & LE 5676 Aristida congesta Roem. & Schult. subsp. congesta Zietsman, PC & LE 5678 Aristida diffusa Trin. subsp. burkei (Stapf) Melderis Zietsman, PC & LE 5670, 5953 Aristida engleri Mez var. ramosissima De Winter Esterhuysen, EE 2369 (PRE) Aristida meridionalis Henrard Zietsman, PC & LE 6491 Aristida vestita Thunb. Zietsman, PC & LE 5495, 5586, 6559, 6680 Brachiaria brizantha (A.Rich.) Stapf Acocks, JPH 284 (PRE) Brachiaria marlothii (Hack.) Stent Zietsman, PC & LE 5888, 6395, 6474, 6492 Brachiaria nigropedata (Ficalho & Hiern) Stapf Zietsman, PC & LE 5965 Brachiaria serrata (Thunb.) Stapf Zietsman, PC & LE 6467 Cenchrus ciliaris L. Zietsman, PC & LE 5602, 5680, 6317 Chloris virgata Sw. Zietsman, PC & LE 5500, 5675 Coelachyrum yemenicum (Schweinf.) S.M.Phillips Zietsman, PC & LE 4923, 6555, 6569 Cymbopogon caesius (Hook. & Arn.) Stapf (Cymbopogon excavatus) Zietsman, PC & LE 5952 Cymbopogon pospischilii (K.Schum.) C.E.Hubb. (Cymbopogon plurinodes) Zietsman, PC & LE 5673 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Zietsman, PC & LE 5543, 6724 Digitaria brazzae (Franch.) Stapf Zietsman, PC & LE 5502 Digitaria eriantha Steud. Zietsman, PC & LE 5957, 5960, 6398, 6823 Digitaria polyphylla Henrard Esterhuysen, EE 2275 (PRE) Digitaria seriata Stapf Zietsman, PC & LE 6469, 6534, 6616 Digitaria sp. Acocks, JPH 282 (PRE) Diheteropogon amplectens (Nees) Clayton var. amplectens Zietsman, PC & LE, field obs. Enneapogon cenchroides (Licht. ex Roem. & Schult.) C.E.Hubb. Zietsman, PC & LE 5420, 5501, 5574 Enneapogon desvauxii P.Beauv. Zietsman, PC & LE 4914, 5978 Enneapogon scaber Lehm. Zietsman, PC & LE 6320, 6683, 6856 Enneapogon scoparius Stapf Zietsman, PC & LE 5691, 6389, 6473, 6516, 6544 Eragrostis bicolor Nees Zietsman, PC & LE 6476 Eragrostis biflora Hack. ex Schinz Zietsman, PC & LE 6542 Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees Zietsman, PC & LE 6280 Eragrostis echinochloidea Stapf Zietsman, PC & LE 6524 Eragrostis glandulosipedata De Winter Wilman, M 35985 (PRE) Eragrostis homomalla Nees Zietsman, PC & LE 6715 Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees var. lehmanniana Zietsman, PC & LE 5485, 5539, 6391, 6502, 6529 Eragrostis macrochlamys Pilg. var. wilmaniae (C.E.Hubb. & Schweick.) Zietsman, PC & LE 6717 De Winter Eragrostis nindensis Ficalho & Hiern Zietsman, PC & LE 5492 Eragrostis obtusa Munro ex Ficalho & Hiern Zietsman, PC & LE 5496 Eragrostis porosa Nees Zietsman, PC & LE 5686, 6478, 6499 Eragrostis rotifer Rendle Zietsman, PC & LE 6525 Eragrostis trichophora Coss. & Durieu Zietsman, PC & LE 5941 Eragrostis truncata Hack. Zietsman, PC & LE 5537, 5620, 6722 Eragrostis x pseud-obtusa De Winter Zietsman, PC & LE 5421 Eustachys paspaloides (Vahl) Lanza & Mattei Zietsman, PC & LE 6692 Fingerhuthia africana Lehm. Zietsman, PC & LE 5458 Heteropogon contortus (L.) Roem. & Schult. Zietsman, PC & LE 5950 Melinis nerviglumis (Franch.) Zizka Ferrar, E 19 (PRE) Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka subsp. grandiflora (Hochst.) Zizka Zietsman, PC & LE 6861 Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka subsp. repens Zietsman, PC & LE 5490 Indago Vol. 35 (2019) 33

Microchloa caffra Nees Zietsman, PC & LE 6694 Microchloa kunthii Desv. Ferrar, E 32 (PRE) Miscanthus ecklonii (Nees) Mabb. Zietsman, PC & LE 6349 Oropetium capense Stapf Zietsman, PC & LE 4791 Panicum coloratum L. Zietsman, PC & LE 5498, 6341, 6394 Panicum stapfianum Fourc. Zietsman, PC & LE 6472 Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov.* Zietsman, PC & LE 5573 Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud. Zietsman, PC & LE 5546 Pogonarthria squarrosa (Roem. & Schult.) Pilg. Zietsman, PC & LE 5940, 5944 Schmidtia pappophoroides Steud. Zietsman, PC & LE 5493 Setaria verticillata (L.) P.Beauv. Zietsman, PC & LE 5585 Sporobolus discosporus Nees Zietsman, PC & LE 6508, 6690 Sporobolus fimbriatus (Trin.) Nees Zietsman, PC & LE 5685, 6396, 6477, 6546, 6700, 6725 Sporobolus ioclados (Trin.) Nees Zietsman, PC & LE 5895, 6558, 6613 Sporobolus tenellus (Spreng.) Kunth Zietsman, PC & LE 6393 Stipagrostis ciliata (Desf.) De Winter var. capensis (Trin. & Rupr.) De Winter Zietsman, PC & LE 5976 Stipagrostis obtusa (Delile) Nees Zietsman, PC & LE 5419, 5590 Stipagrostis uniplumis (Licht.) De Winter var. neesii (Trin. & Rupr.) De Winter Esterhuysen, EE 2292 (PRE) Stipagrostis uniplumis (Licht.) De Winter var. uniplumis Zietsman, PC & LE 5488, 5575, 5687, 5942 Themeda triandra Forssk. Zietsman, PC & LE 5456, 5499 Tragus berteronianus Schult. Zietsman, PC & LE 6479 Tragus koelerioides Asch. Zietsman, PC & LE 5598, 6548 Tragus racemosus (L.) All. Zietsman, PC & LE 6475 Urochloa panicoides P.Beauv. Zietsman, PC & LE 5870, 6501

RUSCACEAE Eriospermum corymbosum Baker Zietsman, PC & LE 6329 Eriospermum flagelliforme (Baker) J.C.Manning Zietsman, PC & LE 6284, 6347 Eriospermum porphyrium Archibald Zietsman, PC & LE 6247, 6259 Sansevieria aethiopica Thunb. Zietsman, PC & LE 5507

TYPHACEAE Typha capensis (Rohrb.) N.E.Br. Zietsman, PC & LE 5489 Indago Vol. 35 (2019)

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

POLICY Manuscripts, i.e. full-length papers and short communications (maximum 2 000 words), in British English, containing original research results on African topics related to the approved research disciplines of the National Museum, Bloem- fontein, and/or those based on study collections of the Museum, will be considered. Submission of a manuscript will be taken to imply that the material is original and that no similar manuscript is being or will be submitted for publication elsewhere. Authors will bear full responsibility for the factual content of their publications. All contributions will be crit- ically reviewed by at least two appropriate external referees, but the editorial committee’s decision on whether or not to accept a manuscript is final. Contributions should be e-mailed ([email protected]) to:The Editor-in-Chief, Indago, National Museum, P.O. Box 266, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.

MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts should be in Microsoft Word, 12 pt Times New Roman font, 1.5-spaced and typewritten in A4 format with 25 mm margins all around, and submitted by e-mail ([email protected]). Submitted manuscripts should not exceed 200 pages (including illustrations). All pages should be numbered serially (top right) starting with the title page. Tables and legends should be typed on separate pages. Position of tables and illustrations must be indicated in capitals in the text. English spelling should follow the Oxford English Dictionary. Consult a recent issue of the Journal for typographic conventions (https://nationalmuseumpublications.co.za). The final accepted and updated manuscript should also be sub- mitted electronically.

Layout should be arranged as follows: (a) Title: Must be concise and specific and followed by the name(s) of author(s), address(es) of author(s) and number of figures in the text in parentheses. The email address of the senior author should also be provided. (b) Abstract: An abstract of 300 words or less must be included. A maximum of eight key words may be included at the end. (c) The main text: This should be divided into principal sections with major headings. Sub-headings should be used sparingly. The headings of a section or chapter must be typed in upper case bold and all headings of sub-sections in lower case bold type. (d) Acknowledgements. (e) References (see below). (f) Gazetteer, appendices, etc. (if applicable).

ILLUSTRATIONS (a) Figures must be submitted as a PDF binder. (b) High resolution images or graphics (minimum 500 dpi) should be provided electronically only once the manuscript has been accepted for publication. (c) Tables and figures submitted should not be larger than A4 format, and each figure and table should have a title. In the text these should be abbreviated as Fig. 1, Figs 3 & 4.

REFERENCES (a) Author’s name and year of publication cited in the text are not to be separated by a comma, e.g. (Smith 1969). (b) Use suffixes e.g. a, b after the year for more than one paper by the same author in that year. (c) Where multiple authorship is cited use an ampersand (&) instead of and in the text and reference list. (d) For books, give title (in italics), edition (ed.) and volume number (if any). (e) The title of a journal should be written in full and italicised. (f) Series should appear in parentheses, e.g. Ser. (II); volume number in bold; and part of volume in parentheses (separated from volume number by a single space). (g) Page ranges must be separated by an en dash, not a hyphen. (h) Only capitalise the initials of proper names in the titles of articles and books.

Examples (note capitalisation and punctuation): DIRCH, V.M. 1965. The African genera of Acridoidea. University Press: Cambridge. ENDRöDY-YOUNGA, S. 1978. Coleoptera, pp. 797-821. In: Werger, M.J. (Ed.). Biogeography and ecology of Southern Africa. W. Junk: The Hague. Indago Vol. 35 (2019)

DEAN, W.R. & SKEAD, D.M. 1979. Whiskered terns breeding in western Transvaal. Ostrich 50: 118-119. BROADLEY, D.G. 2001. A review of the genus Thelotornis A. Smith in eastern Africa, with the description of a new species from the Usambara Mountains (Serpentes: Colubridae: Dispholidini). African Journal of Herpetology 50 (2): 53–70. PARKINGTON, J.E. 1976. Follow the San. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Cambridge, Cambridge.

For listing references in History articles, see previous editions of Indago. The Chicago method of reference, with foot- notes, is used; a separate list of references or bibliography is not required. When a reference is used for the first time in a footnote it should be written in full and should include, in parentheses, the place and year of publication, separated by a comma.

NOTES If essential, notes must be indicated by serial superscripts in the text and in order of citation at the foot of the relevant page. Footnotes must also be separated from the text by a horizontal line.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE This is governed by the rulings of the latest International Code of Zoological Nomenclature issued by the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature (particularly articles 22 & 51). The Harvard System of reference should be used in synonymy lists and full references should be incorporated under REFERENCES and not given in contracted form in the synonymy list.

GENERAL (a) Italicise foreign words and scientific names (genus and species). (b) Specific epithets should be preceded by the generic name or its initial, e.g. Rattus norvegicus or R. norvegicus and not just norvegicus. (c) Vernacular names should be accompanied by the appropriate scientific names the first time each is mentioned. Each word in the vernacular name of a species should start with a capital letter in the text, e.g. House Sparrow, Fork-marked Sand Snake, but must be lower case where no species in particular is being referred to, e.g. sparrow, sand snake. (d) Numbers one to nine inclusive should be spelled out and number 10 onwards given in numerals. In a series, use numerals throughout. (e) Dates should be written as 4 August 1974 and times of the day as 08:00. (f) When giving ranges of numbers use en dashes, not hyphens. (g) When four or more authors are cited in the text, quote the surname of the first followed by et al. and the date. Note that in the list of references the names of all authors should be given.

PAGE CHARGES Page charges and costs of colour plates will be levied on manuscripts submitted by contributors who are not employed at the National Museum (or when no Museum employee is a co-author).

PROOFS AND REPRINTS Proofs will be sent to the senior author, who should consult with co-authors. The senior author accepts final responsibility for corrections. Corrected proofs should be returned within two weeks. A PDF file of the manuscript will be e-mailed to the senior author after hard copies have been distributed. In addition, 15 reprints are supplied free of charge to the senior author if requested. Indago

VOLUME 32 2016 Neethling J.A. & Haddad C.R. A systematic revision of the South African pseudoscorpions of the family Geogarypidae (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones) ...... 1

Conradie, W., Reeves, B., Brown, N. & Venter, J.A. Herpetofauna of the Oviston, Commando Drift and Tsolwana nature reserves in the arid interior of the Eastern Cape Province,South Africa ...... 81

Du Bruyn, D. A Baker garden with a touch of Jekyll: Early history (1903–1905) of the garden at Westminster Estate near Tweespruit, Free State, with special reference to the role played by the Duke of Westminster, Sir Herbert Baker and Gertrude Jekyll ...... 99

Haasbroek, H. Henry Selby Msimang en die loonagitasie van 1919 in Bloemfontein ...... 119

VOLUME 33 2017 Erasmus, P.A. & De Graaf, B.J.H. ‘They say a Dog wears a Ticket’ – Legal Classification instead of Self-Identification 1

Moodley, S. Soldiers of the Koma ...... 13

Botes, M. & Wessels, A. “Blazen en snorken en “Woest ridjen”: Verkeersweë en vervoer in Bloemfontein teen die laat-negentiende eeu ...... 23

De Klerk, J.J. & Avenant, N.L. Further evidence in support of small mammals as ecological indicators in areas cleared of alien vegetation in South Africa ...... 49

VOLUME 34(1) 2018 Bates, M.F. & Broadley, D.G. A revision of the egg-eating snakes of the genus Dasypeltis Wagler (Squamata: Colubridae: Colubrinae) in north-eastern Africa and south-western Arabia, with descriptions of three new species ...... 1

VOLUME 34(2) 2018 Haasbroek H. Die trem-geskiedenis van Bloemfontein, 1915–1937 ...... 97

De Swardt, D.H., Lee, A., Butler, H.J. & Oschadleus, H.D. Biometrics and diet ot two cloesely related birds: Karoo Prinia (Prinia maculosa) and Drakensberg Prinia (Prinia hypoxantha) ...... 125

Bates, M.F. Catalogue of reptiles from Mozambique in the collection of the National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa ...... 135