DOCSLIB.ORG

Gaussian Beam Microwave Antennas in Quasi-Optical Systems for Wireless Power Transmission

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gaussian Beam Microwave Antennas in Quasi-Optical Systems for Wireless Power Transmission Faculty of Sciences and Technology Department of Physics Gaussian Beam Microwave Antennas in Quasi-optical Systems for Wireless Power Transmission Ricardo Andr´eMendes Pereira Dissertation submitted for the degree of Master of Physics Engineering September, 2017 Gaussian Beam Microwave Antennas in Quasi-optical Systems for Wireless Power Transmission Dissertation submitted for the Master's degree in Physics Engineering in the specialisation of Instrumen- tation, in the Physics Department of the Faculty of Sci- ences and Technology of the University of Coimbra. Supervisors: Prof. Nuno Borges Carvalho, University of Aveiro, Institute of Telecommunica- tions; Prof. Jos´ePinto da Cunha, University of Coimbra, Physics Department. Ricardo Andr´eMendes Pereira Coimbra, September 2017 Work done in collaboration with: Acknowledgements Depois de estes longos e calorosos anos na Universidade de Coimbra, ´echegada a al- tura da despedida, poss´ıvel apenas gra¸cas`aquelesque me rodeiam. Houve momentos altos e baixos, mas o que importa ´eque tudo passou e ficam as mem´oriasde tempos espetaculares. No entanto, o fim desta etapa marca muito mais do que o fim da vida de estudante universit´ario.Quero, portanto, aproveitar para fazer chegar uma palavra de carinho aos meus mais queridos. Em primeiro lugar, a todos os meus professores, um grande abra¸coe beijinho! (Nany, o que seria da minha matem´atica sem ti!). Em especial para esta disserta¸c~ao,n~aopodia deixar de real¸caros meus orientadores. Prof. Nuno Borges Carvalho, pela disponi- bilidade em acolher e confiar em mim para este projeto. Prof. Jos´ePinto da Cunha n~aosabe como apreciei as tardes (e por vezes noites) passadas a discutir f´ısica. Ainda neste assunto, agrade¸coao pessoal do IT Aveiro pela ajuda que todos prestaram, em particular ao Daniel Belo pela ajuda na orienta¸c~aono IT desde os almo¸cosao CST. Aos t´ecnicosque tanto me facilitarem o acesso `asferramentas necess´ariaspara avan¸car cada etapa e em especial ao Hugo Mostardinha um agradecimento pela preciosa ajuda, mesmo em alturas de afli¸c~ao,e pela contacto com a empresa Famaval. A estes ´ultimos, todo o sucesso do mundo, garanto que os espelhos ser~aousados ´unicae exclusivamente para aquilo a que foram desenhados. A todos os meus amigos, n~aome vou alongar, um enorme abra¸co.Acabou a fase ermita, prometo! Dr. Joaquim Mira, um abra¸coespecial por me incutir o valor do trabalho desde a tenra idade. E, como n~aopodia deixar de ser, o melhor para o fim. Meus pais, obrigado por todo o amor, apoio e dedica¸c~aoque sempre demonstraram, por vezes bem sei que a muito a custo (n~ao´ef´acil),e Vasco e Francisco, por me trazerem `aterra e simplesmente estarem sempre l´a. Finalmente, Patr´ıcia. Es´ bem capaz de ter sofrido mais do que toda a gente com este trabalho, talvez at´emais do que eu, mas apesar disso sempre me apoiaste. Por isso agrade¸co-tedo fundo do meu cora¸c~ao. Que aproveitemos para estar juntos. Obrigado por tudo. Beij~aoenorme fofinha! i iii Resumo Atrav´esde ferramentas quasi-´oticas,a an´alisede um sistema composto por dois refletores parab´olicosfoi feita com o objetivo de transferir energia sem fios, usando micro-ondas (`afrequ^enciade 5.8 GHz). Primeiramente desenvolveram-se scripts com duas principais finalidades: visualizar a frente de onda dos feixes gaussianos para diferentes modos de propaga¸c~ao,tanto em coordenadas retangulares como em cil´ındricase a propaga¸c~aode feixe gaussiano atrav´es de um sistema (composto por refletores ou lentes). Depois de se efetuar este estudo, recorreu-se a uma an´alisete´orica com o intuito de permitir a prototipagem do sistema usando o m´ınimopar^ametrosposs´ıvel. Foi poss´ıvel simplificar a an´aliseatrav´esda utiliza¸c~aodo princ´ıpioda reciprocidade, ao igualar os dois espelhos e as antenas (emissora e recetora). Conseguiu-se chegar a um conjunto de equa¸c~oesque cumprem o objetivo. De seguida concretizou-se o sistema com base nos resultados anteriores por forma a efetuar experi^enciaslaboratoriais, com vista na valida¸c~aoda teoria. A antena escolhida para emissor e recetor de radia¸c~aoforam s~aodo tipo corneta circular de superf´ıcie plana, uma vez que estas oferecem uma maior aproxima¸c~aoda radia¸c~aoemitida a um feixe gaussiano, juntamente com uma relativa facilidade de constru¸c~ao.Ap´oso desenho e simula¸c~aoda antena, juntamente com o guia de ondas e o conetor SMA que a alimenta, utilizando um software CAD, CST Studio Suite, prosseguiu-se `asua constru¸c~ao.Tal foi feito numa impressora 3D, em 4 partes, seguido da colagem de fita de cobre como material condutor da antena. Foi necess´arioencomendar conetores SMA espec´ıficos,procedendo- se de seguida `amedi¸c~aodos par^ametrosprincipais da antena. Tendo concluindo que os resultados foram positivos, procedeu-se `aconstru¸c~aoda segunda antena. Por outro lado, foi poss´ıvel obter dois espelhos parab´olicos,juntamente com os suportes necess´arios, atrav´esda empresa Famaval. Finalmente, utilizando um gerador de sinal e um analisador de espetro, efetuou-se uma experi^enciapreliminar de transfer^enciade energia de uma antena para a outra. Os resul- tados n~aoforam satisfat´otiospelo que existe de efetuar um varrimento dos par^ametros mais completo. A dificuldade de alinhamento dos diferentes componentes do sistema ´e apontado como o principal fator pela principal perda de efici^encia. Este estudo apresenta m´etodos de an´aliseque possibilitam rapidamente prototipar sis- temas de transfer^enciade energia por microondas, compostos por dois componentes que permitem a aplica¸c~aodo princ´ıpioda reciprocidade. v Abstract Using the quasi-optical formalism a double parabolic reflector system was analysed in order to achieve Wireless Power Transfer, using Microwaves (at the frequency of 5.8 GHz). Firstly, scripts were developed with two main goals: the visualisation of the gaussian beam wave fronts for different modes of propagation, in both rectangular and cylindrical coordinates, and the propagation of gaussian beams throughout a system (composed of either mirrors or lenses). After this analysis a theoretical approach is made to arrive at a way to quickly prototype the system, using the minimum parameters possible. The use of the reciprocity principle to simplify this analysis can be done by simply making both reflectors and antennas (emitting and receiving) equal. A set of equations were derived, which serve this purpose. A system set-up based on the results obtained was made with the objective of setting up a lab experiment, so as to validate the theory. The chosen antenna for the emitter and receiver was a smooth surface conical antenna for having the radiation pattern best approximated to that of a gaussian beam while remaining relatively easy to build. After designing and simulating the antenna, as well as the waveguide and the SMA connector which feed it, in a CAD software, CST Studio Suite, the antenna was built. It was done on a 3D printer, in 4 parts, followed by the gluing of copper tape as the antenna's conducting material. It was necessary to order the specific SMA connectors for this antenna. After their arrival, the main parameters of the antenna were measured with positive results. Because of it, the second antenna was built and measured in the same way. On the other hand, it was possible to obtained the parabolic reflectors, along with the necessary supports, from the company Famaval. Finally, using a signal generator and a spectrum analyser, a preliminary experiment of power transfer from one antenna to other was performed. The results were not satisfactory, for which a more thorough parameter sweep is necessary. The difficulty in aligning the different system's components is pointed as the main factor for the major efficiency loss. In this study one can find analysis tools that allow for fast prototyping of systems for power transfer through microwaves, made up of two components that respect the reciprocity principle. Contents Acknowledgements i Resumo iii Abstract v List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Listings xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Motivation . .1 1.2 History and State-of-the-art . .2 1.3 Structure . .3 2 Electromagnetism 5 2.1 Particles and Electric Charges . .5 2.2 Maxwell's Equations . .6 2.2.1 Gauss's Electric Law . .6 2.2.2 Amp`ere'sLaw and Maxwell's Correction . .7 2.2.3 Faraday's Law . .8 2.2.4 Gauss's Magnetic Law . .9 2.2.5 Continuity Equation and Lorentz Force Law . .9 2.2.6 Summary . .9 2.3 Electromagnetic Radiation . 11 2.3.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum and Why Microwaves . 11 3 Quasi-Optics 13 3.1 Gaussian Beam Formalism . 13 3.1.1 Paraxial Approximation . 14 3.1.2 Beam Parameters . 15 3.1.3 Near and Far Field Regions . 18 3.2 Higher Order Modes . 19 3.2.1 Higher Order Modes in Cylindrical Coordinates . 19 3.2.2 Higher Order Modes in Rectangular Coordinates . 20 3.3 Beam Transformation . 21 3.3.1 Rays, Matrices and the Complex Beam Parameter . 22 vii viii CONTENTS 4 Graphical Representation Scripts 25 4.1 Initialisation . 25 4.2 Wave Front . 26 4.3 Beam Propagation and Transformation . 28 4.3.1 Cell Array . 28 4.3.2 Arrays for Storing Quantity Values . 29 4.3.3 Main Loop . 30 5 Double Reflector Quasi-optical System Analysis and Results 33 5.1 Maximum Distance Between Mirrors . 36 5.2 Focal Length . 37 5.3 Beam in the Far-Field (Region 1, where L d2 =z )............ 38 ≈ in c 5.4 Beam in the Near-Field (Region 2, where L z ).............. 39 ≈ c 5.5 Paraxial Limit .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Simulating Headlamp Illumination Using Photometric Light Clusters
    2009-01-0110 Simulating Headlamp Illumination Using Photometric Light Clusters William T.C. Neale, David R. Hessel Kineticorp, LLC Copyright © 2009 SAE International ABSTRACT which and the degree to which something is visible. Current methods exist fore evaluating the limits of Assessing the ability of a driver to see objects, visibility which rely on replicating as closely as possible pedestrians, or other vehicles at night is a necessary the conditions present at the time of the accident and precursor to determining if that driver could have performing an in situ evaluation, through observation avoided a nighttime crash. The visibility of an object at and light measurement (Adrian, 1998, pp. 181-88; Klein, night is largely due to the luminance contrast between 1992; Owens, 1989). the object and its background. This difference depends on many factors, one of which is the amount of However, replicating the lighting conditions under which illumination produced by a vehicle’s headlamps. This an accident occurred can be difficult and expensive and paper focuses on a method for digitally modeling a may be impossible if the accident site no longer exists or vehicle headlamp, such that the illumination produced by has changed significantly. If one were able to digitally the headlamps can be evaluated. The paper introduces simulate the accident environment these constraints the underlying concepts and a methodology for could, in many cases, be eliminated. However, creating simulating, in a computer environment, a high-beam a simulated environment would have its own obstacles, headlamp using a computer generated light cluster. In including the need to accurately model the various light addition, the results of using this methodology are sources in that environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Streamlight Flashlights
    STREAMLIGHT FLASHLIGHTS Streamlight™ STINGER® Streamlight™ STINGER DS® LED Lightweight, powerful, safety-rated, This all-purpose flashlight is designed for the broadest range of rechargeable flashlight with durable lighting needs at the best value. aluminum construction that makes it DUAL SWITCH TECHNOLOGY – Access three lighting modes and strobe virtually indestructible. via the tail cap or the head-mounted • Xenon gas-filled bi-pin bulb; spare switch. Switches operate independently. bulb in tailcap Three modes and strobe: • Adjustable focus beam ˃ High for a bright super-bright beam - 350 lumens; 24,000 candela • Up to 11,000 candela (peak beam intensity); 90 lumens peak beam intensity; 310 meter beam distance; runs 2 hours • 3-cell, 3.6 Volt Ni-Cd sub-C battery, rechargeable up to 1000 times ˃ Medium for bright light and longer run times – 175 lumens; • 3-cell, 3.6 Volt Ni-MH sub-C battery, rechargeable up to 1000 times. 12,000 candela peak beam intensity; 219 meter beam distance; • Up to 1.25 hours continuous use runs 3.75 hours • 7.38” ˃ Low for light without glare and extended run times – 85 lumens; • 10 oz. 6,000 candela peak beam intensity; 155 meter beam distance; • Assembled in USA runs 7.25 hours 75014 Black .................................................................$139.50 each ˃ Strobe for disorienting or signaling your location; runs 5.5 hours 75914 Replacement Bulb .................................................$8.95 each 76090 Deluxe Nylon Holster ...........................................$17.50 each • Deep-dish parabolic reflector produces a concentrated beam with optimum peripheral illumination Streamlight™ Jr.® LED • C4® LED technology, impervious to shock with a 50,000 hour lifetime Don’t let the name “Junior” fool you.
    [Show full text]
  • Advanced Progress of Optical Wireless Technologies for Power Industry: an Overview
    applied sciences Review Advanced Progress of Optical Wireless Technologies for Power Industry: An Overview Jupeng Ding 1,* , Wenwen Liu 1 , Chih-Lin I 2, Hui Zhang 3 and Hongye Mei 1 1 Key Laboratory of Signal Detection and Processing in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, School of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, China; [email protected] (W.L.); [email protected] (H.M.) 2 China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing 100053, China; [email protected] 3 Xinjiang Vocational & Technical College of Communications, Urumqi 831401, Xinjiang, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 12 August 2020; Accepted: 9 September 2020; Published: 16 September 2020 Abstract: Optical wireless communications have attracted widespread attention in the traditional power industry because of the advantages of large spectrum resources, strong confidentiality, and freedom from traditional electromagnetic interference. This paper mainly summarizes the major classification and frontier development of power industry optical wireless technologies, including the indoor and outdoor channel characteristics of power industry optical wireless communication system, modulation scheme, the performance of hybrid power line, and indoor wireless optical communications system. Furthermore, this article compares domestic and foreign experiments, analyzes parameters for instance transmission rate, and reviews different application scenarios such as power wireless optical positioning and monitoring. In addition, in view of the shortcomings of traditional power technology, optical wireless power transfer technology is proposed and combined with unmanned aerial vehicles to achieve remote communication. At last, the main challenges and possible solutions faced by power industry wireless optical technologies are proposed. Keywords: optical wireless technologies; power industry; power line communications; indoor wireless optical communications; optical wireless power transfer 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Light Transmission in Fog: the Influence of Wavelength on The
    applied sciences Article Light Transmission in Fog: The Influence of Wavelength on the Extinction Coefficient Pierre Duthon *,† , Michèle Colomb † and Frédéric Bernardin † Cerema, Equipe-projet STI, 8-10, rue, Bernard Palissy, CEDEX 2, F-63017 Clermont-Ferrand, France * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-4-7342-1069 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 29 March 2019; Accepted: 27 June 2019; Published: 16 July 2019 Featured Application: This work gives some advice on choosing the best wavelengths for active sensors working in the near-infrared spectral band (such as LiDARs or time-of-flight cameras) taking into account fog conditions. Abstract: Autonomous driving is based on innovative technologies that have to ensure that vehicles are driven safely. LiDARs are one of the reference sensors for obstacle detection. However, this technology is affected by adverse weather conditions, especially fog. Different wavelengths are investigated to meet this challenge (905 nm vs. 1550 nm). The influence of wavelength on light transmission in fog is then examined and results reported. A theoretical approach by calculating the extinction coefficient for different wavelengths is presented in comparison to measurements with a spectroradiometer in the range of 350 nm–2450 nm. The experiment took place in the French Cerema PAVIN BPplatform for intelligent vehicles, which makes it possible to reproduce controlled fogs of different density for two types of droplet size distribution. Direct spectroradiometer extinction measurements vary in the same way as the models. Finally, the wavelengths for LiDARs should not be chosen on the basis of fog conditions: there is a small difference (<10%) between the extinction coefficients at 905 nm and 1550 nm for the same emitted power in fog.
    [Show full text]
  • Solid-State Lighting Based on Light Emitting Diode Technology Dandan Zhu and Colin J
    87 5 Solid-State Lighting Based on Light Emitting Diode Technology Dandan Zhu and Colin J. Humphreys 5.1 Historical Development of LEDs – 88 5.2 The Importance of Nitride Materials – 89 5.3 LED Basics – 90 5.4 Fabrication of an LED Luminaire – 92 5.4.1 Efficiency and Efficacy – 93 5.5 Research Challenges – 94 5.5.1 Crystal Growth – 95 5.5.2 Internal Electric Field – 97 5.5.3 p-Type Doping – 99 5.5.4 Green Gap and Efficiency Droop – 100 5.5.5 Chip Design – 102 5.5.6 Generation of White Light with LEDs – 103 5.5.7 LED Packaging – 105 5.6 LEDs for Lighting – 106 5.6.1 Quality of LED Lighting – 106 5.6.2 Efficacy – 107 5.6.3 Lifetime – 108 5.6.4 Cost – 109 5.7 LED Lighting Applications: The Present and Future – 110 5.7.1 General Illumination and Energy Saving – 112 5.7.2 Circadian Rhythm Lighting – 113 5.8 Chapter Summary – 114 References – 114 D. Zhu C.J. Humphreys (*) Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB30FS, UK e-mail: [email protected] © The Author(s) 2016 M.D. Al-Amri et al. (eds.), Optics in Our Time, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-31903-2_5 88 D. Zhu and C.J. Humphreys 5.1 Historical Development of LEDs More than 100 years ago in 1907, an Englishman named Henry Joseph Round discovered that inorganic materials could light up when an electric current flowed through.
    [Show full text]
  • Inspection & Approval Protocol for Vehicle Lamps, Lights, and Reflectors
    Inspection & approval protocol for vehicle lamps, lights, and reflectors prepared for BCMoT by Daniel Stern Lighting, June 2009 Contents Introduction 7 Validating lamps, lights & reflectors 8 Validating lights & reflectors 8 Installed devices must function 8 Do all installed lights function? Check red lights 8 Are all red bulbs of an approved type? Check for proper bulbs 9 Are proper bulbs installed? Does each bulb contain one or two filaments in one glass globe? Check for white to rear, red to front 9 Does any forward-facing light or reflector produce or reflect light other than white, yellow, or amber? Does any rear light or reflector, other than reversing and licence plate lights, produce or reflect white light? Check condition of lights and reflectors 9 Have any temporary materials been applied to any light or reflector, such as coloured tape? Is any light or reflector cracked, broken, crazed, clouded, faded, fogged, or otherwise visibly damaged? Is the bulb reflector in any light corroded, darkened, peeled, or otherwise degraded? Does any light or reflector contain water or condensation? Is any light or reflector mounted insecurely, improperly, and/or with glue or other adhesive? Are any weather seals missing or damaged? Has any light or reflector had a cover, paint, or other coating applied that darkens the original lens colour or reduces the amount of light emitted or reflected? Check for approved lights & reflectors 10 Do you find a DOT or SAE mark? Do you find an E-code mark? Is the light or reflector original equipment on a vehicle from the Japanese market? Is the light or reflector original equipment from a U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • 52927614.Pdf
    STAGE LIGHTING AND ITS INFLUENCE ON ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING A TH E S IS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN AND THE INSTITUTE OF FINE ARTS OF BILKENT UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF AAASTER OF FINE ARTS By Hüsnü Aydın Ozatilgan June, 1 9 9 4 PN 209{ .tu оъг \щ Б.023425 I certify that I have read this thesis and that in my opinion it is full adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Fine Arts. Assoc. Prof. Dr.)Ceng/z Yener (Advisor) I certify that I have read this thesis and that in my opinion it is full adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Fine Arts. I certify that I have read this thesis and that in my opinion it is full adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Fine Arts. Assoc. Prof. D r^ ld irim Ygvuz Approved by the Institute of Fine Arts Prof. Dr. Bülent Özgüç Director of the Institute of Fine Arts ABSTRACT STAGE UGHTrNG AND ITS INFLUENCE ON ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING Aydın Özatılgan M .F.A . in Interior Architecture and Environmental Design Supen/isor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cengiz Yener May 1 9 9 4 In this work, fundamentals of stage lighting are analyzed along with their historical and technological background. It is stated that there is an influence of stage lighting on architectural lighting. Consequently it is stated that stage lighting is the basis of architectural lighting and there is an important interaction between them.
    [Show full text]
  • Panamera/4/S/4S Panamera Turbo
    Electrics/Electronics Light Systems Main Headlights Panamera/4/S/4S Panamera Turbo Panamera/4/S/S4 Low beam/driving light Depending on the light switch position, the low beams are switched on automatically in the following situations: dusk, darkness, driving through tunnels, rain, highway driving Highway function in bright conditions The driving light is switched on automatically at speeds of more than approx. 90 mph (140 km/h) in bright conditions and when the daytime running lights are deactivated. When driving at a speed of less than approx. 40 mph (65 km/h), the driving light is switched off after a delay of approx. 4 minutes if the external lighting conditions permit. Rain function The driving light is switched on automatically after five seconds of continuous wiper operation. If the wipers have not been used for approx. 4 minutes, the driving light is switched off. Fog lights When the fog lights are switched on, the driving light distribution changes at speeds of less than approx. 38 mph (60 km/h). The light beam is widened and glare is reduced. General Servicing & Repair - Panamera Page 9.59 Electrics/Electronics Front Lights Panamera/4/S/4S Panamera Turbo Panamera/4/S/S4 All Panamera models also come with front lights with direction indicator lights and LED position light (bar shaped LED light guides) as standard. On the Panamera/4 and Panamera S/4S, the front lights also house the horizontal, LED-technology day- time driving lights. On the Panamera Turbo, the daytime driving lights – with four LED spotlights each – are located as mentioned earlier in the main headlights.
    [Show full text]
  • Single Headlamp with Low- and High-Beam Light
    hv photonics Article Single Headlamp with Low- and High-Beam Light Shang-Ping Ying 1, Bing-Mau Chen 1,*, Han-Kuei Fu 2 and Chen-Yu Yeh 1 1 Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, Minghsin University of Science & Technology, Hsinchu 30401, Taiwan; [email protected] (S.-P.Y.); [email protected] (C.-Y.Y.) 2 Electronic and Optoelectronic System Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Generally, automobiles are typically equipped with separate headlamp lanterns for gen- erating low- and high-beam light. Compared with separate headlamp lanterns, a single headlamp producing both low- and high-beam light can be more compact and have less mechanical complexity. The single headlamp structure has become a main emphasis of research that manufacturers will continue to focus great efforts on in the future. A novel design of a single headlamp generating both low- and high-beam light is proposed in this study. The proposed headlamp consists of a compound ellipsoidal reflector, a baffle plate, a condenser lens, and LED array devices generating low- and high-beam light. The compound ellipsoidal reflector comprises a primary ellipsoidal reflector for generating low-beam light and a secondary ellipsoidal reflector for generating high-beam light. Monte Carlo ray tracing simulations were performed to confirm the optical characteristics of the proposed design. A prototype of the proposed headlamp was also fabricated and assembled to verify the design’s effectiveness. The simulated and measured illuminance distributions of the low-beam and high-beam light had the desired light patterns.
    [Show full text]
  • Residential Lighting Appendix: Glossary the American Lighting
    Residential Lighting Appendix: Glossary The terms and definitions in this glossary will be useful to you in studying and reviewing this manual. The unit references in parentheses enable you to refer to the manual for an in- depth discussion of the topic. You may want to keep the glossary handy for on-the-job reference. A Lamps The most common incandescent household lamp; a standard general service lamp. (Unit 4) Absorption The opposite of reflection. Absorbed light becomes heat. (Unit 8) Accent Lighting Localized and directional lighting used to highlight, focus attention and dramatize. Accent lighting fixtures include track, recessed, and specialty products. (Units 1, 10, 11, 16, 21) Acid Etched See Etched Glass. (Unit 12) Acid Finish Chemically processed weathered or distressed finish. (Unit 12) Acrylic A translucent or transparent plastic, suitable for indoor or outdoor use. May be clear, opal, or colored. Does not yellow, but is not shatter-resistant. (Units 12 and 13) Adaptation The process by which the visual system adjusts to changes in illumination, affecting the sensitivity of the eye to light. Aged Finish An oxidized finish, most often found on brass, to create a weathered appearance. Also called rust. (Unit 11) Aiming Angle How you point or direct an adjustable accent light. The aiming angle is calculated from vertical, or nadir. An aiming angle of 30 degrees is effective for paintings and sculpture. (Unit 21) Alloy A mixture of two or more different metals. (Unit 12) Alternating Current (AC) Current that reverses, or alternates, direction. Households use AC that alternates at 60 cycles per second.
    [Show full text]
  • Light Emitting Diodes (Leds) - Developer Zone - National Instruments 6/9/09 1:18 PM
    Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) - Developer Zone - National Instruments 6/9/09 1:18 PM Improve your ni.com experience. Login or Create a user profile. Document Type: Prentice Hall Author: Djafar K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner Book: Fiber-Optic Communications Technology Copyright: 2001 ISBN: 0-13-962069-9 NI Supported: No Publish Date: Sep 6, 2006 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Table of Contents 1. Overview 2. Light Radiation by a Semiconductor 3. General Considerations 4. Reading Data Sheets—Characteristics of LEDs 5. Buy The Book Overview LEDs have been around for more than 30 years. They have found application in nearly every consumer-electronic device: TV sets, VCRs, telephones, car electronics, and many others. They are used in fiber-optic communications, mostly because of their small size and long life. However, their low intensity, poor beam focus, low-modulation bandwidth, and incoherent radiation—in comparison with laser diodes, that is—restrict their usage to a specific sector of communications technology: relatively short-distance and low-bandwidth networks. Local area networks are the largest application area for transmitters based on LEDs. Since fiber-optic LANs is a booming technology today, LEDs are in wide use. Thus, we need to take a thorough look at light-emitting diodes. Light Radiation by a Semiconductor Energy-band diagram You are probably familiar with semiconductor materials through your study of electronic devices such as diodes and transistors. Such background should help you to understand the workings of LEDs because an LED is, after all, a semiconductor diode. However, we'll discuss an LED's principle of operation on the assumption that you are unfamiliar with it or have forgotten much of what you learned some time ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Theatre 445: Lighting
    7KHDWUH/LJKWLQJ :LQWHU 6DPSOH([DP)LUVW4XL] 6DPSOH([DP6HFRQG4XL] /HFWXUH7RSLFV_'HVLJQ3URMHFWV :RUNVKHHWV_/LJKWLQJ/LQNV Instructor: /DUU\:LOG, Assistant Professor of Theatre Office: JFAC 124A Phone: 626-2513 Office Hours: 2pm to 3pm, Monday through Friday E-mail address: [email protected] Course objective: To provide the student with a fundamental knowledge of the history, principles, procedures and techniques of theatrical stage lighting. Text: 7KHDWULFDO'HVLJQDQG3URGXFWLRQ $Q,QWURGXFWLRQWR6FHQH'HVLJQDQG&RQVWUXFWLRQ/LJKWLQJ6RXQG &RVWXPHDQG0DNHXS (4th edition) by J. Michael Gillette. (Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company. 2000). Supplemental material: $%LEOLRJUDSK\RI6HOHFWHG/LJKWLQJ/LWHUDWXUH -HDQ5RVHQWKDO$3KRWR(VVD\RQ/LJKW 7KH/LJKW/DE Class Meetings: Tuesday and Thursday, 11:00am to 12:15pm in JC 129. Lecture Topics: x %ULHI+LVWRU\RI6WDJH/LJKWLQJ x /LJKWLQJDQGWKH&RPSXWHU x 7KH)XQFWLRQVDQG4XDOLWLHVRI/LJKW x &RORULQ/LJKW x 0RGHOLQJZLWK/LJKW x /LJKW3ORW/LVWVDQG6FKHGXOHV x /LJKWLQJ,QVWUXPHQWV(OOLSVRLGDO5HIOHFWRU6SRWOLJKW x )UHVQHO/HQV6SRWOLJKW x 3$5FDQ x )ROORZ6SRW x (OOLSVRLGDO5HIOHFWRU)ORRGOLJKW %RUGHU/LJKW x )LUVW/LWWOH4XL] x &RQWURO6\VWHPV x (OHFWULFDO7KHRU\DQG3UDFWLFH x $Q$SSURDFKWR/LJKWLQJ'HVLJQ x Lighting the Musical x /LJKWLQJWKH$UHQDDQG7KUXVW6WDJH x /LJKWLQJWKH'DQFH x Concert Lighting Paper Projects... x &UHDWLQJD/LJKWLQJ&RPSRVLWLRQZLWK9LUWXDO/LJKW/DE x 'HYHORSLQJD5HSHUWRU\/LJKW3ORW x 7KH)LQDO3URMHFW WorkSheets x *HO:RUNVKHHW x %HDP:ULJKW:RUN6KHHW x ,QVWUXPHQW&KRLFH:RUNVKHHW Each student is expected to... 1. $WWHQG a performance (or dress rehearsal) of both 7KH%XQJOHU (February 19 - 22) and 7KH/DUDPLH3URMHFW (April 23 - 26), 2. Demonstrate his/her ability to IRFXV a Fresnel lens spotlight, 3. )RFXV and VKXWWHU an Ellipsoidal Reflector Spotlight, 4. Create a SDWFK and H[HFXWH a series of Qs on the MainStage (6WUDQG0DQWUL[0;) console, 5.
    [Show full text]