Étude Des Sources Thermominérales De La Région De Sétif Dans Leur Contexte Structural (Est Algérien)
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République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Université Batna2 Institut des Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers Département de Géologie THESE Présentée en vue de l’obtention du diplôme de Doctorat Sciences Filière géologie - option hydrogéologie Étude des sources thermominérales de la région de Sétif dans leur contexte structural (Est Algérien) Présentée par : DJEMMAL Samir Date de soutenance : 29/ 01/2018. Devant le jury composé de : - Dr Drias Tarek Président Université de Batna 2 - Pr Menani Mohammed Redha Rapporteur Université de Batna 2 - Pr CHABOUR Nabil Examinateur Université de Constantine - Pr Boumazbeur Abderrahmane Examinateur Université de Tébessa REMERCIEMENTS Avant tout propos, je dois remercier le Bon Dieu le tout puissant qui m’a donné le courage, sagesse et la santé d’aller jusqu’au bout et de ramener ce présent travail à son point ultime. Je tiens à exprimer ma reconnaissance à toutes les personnes qui m’ont permis de mener à bien ce travail. Si j’oublie une personne dans cet exercice, et je le ferai sans doute, je m’en excuse d’avance. Comment pourrais-je exprimer ce sentiment indescriptible en quelques mots et en si peu de temps pour Mr le Professeur Menani Mohammed Redha, mon Directeur de Thèse, sans lui cette thèse ne verra jamais le jour. Je tiens à lui exprimer toute ma reconnaissance de m’avoir proposé ce thème qu’il a suivi de près et soigneusement corrigé. Ses conseils précieux et ses critiques ont été un apport vital pour cette thèse. Je le remercie également pour la confiance et le temps qu'il m'a donnée de m'avoir initié dans le domaine de la recherche, malgré ses responsabilités et ses préoccupations. Ni les mots, ni un langage gestuel ne sauraient traduire avec justesse mes sentiments ; ni le temps, même une éternité, suffirait pour la remercier assez… Mes remerciements s’adressent particulièrement à DRIAS Tarek d’avoir accepter de présider mon jury de soutenance, aux membres examinateurs : CHABOUR Nabil ; Professeur à l'université de Constantine et BOUMAZBEUR Abderrahmane ; Professeur à l’université de Tébessa, je leurs serai reconnaissant pour le temps qu’ils auront consacré à lire cette thèse et qui nous font honneur de siéger pour évaluer. Mes remerciements vont également à tous mes enseignants des départements des sciences de la Terre des universités de BATNA et de Constantine sans exception. Un grand Merci pour Madame DIB Henia pour leur précieuse aide dans les moments critiques. Mes vifs remerciements à tous les enseignants et les collègues dès le primaire jusqu’à l’université. Je ne saurai oublier dans mes remerciements mon épouse KAMILA qui a supporté mes préoccupations et mon stress ainsi que à mes enfants ICHRAK, ARUDJ et MOHAMED EL AMINE, je leurs dédie cette humble œuvre. Enfin, certaines personnes méritent un remerciement spécial : celles qui ont été à mes côtés dans les moments les plus difficiles. Je les remercie de croire en moi lorsque j'ai de la difficulté à croire en moi-même. A mes très chèrs parents, mes sœurs et mes frères avant tout et pour tout, que j’adore et je souhaite toujours les voir à mes côtés, je dédie cette thèse. Merci à tous Merci pour tout Table des Matières Introduction générale ···························································································································· 12 CHAPITRE I : Contexte géographique. Introduction ············································································································································ 15 I.1. Situation géographique ·················································································································· 15 I.2. Le climat ············································································································································ 17 I.3. Le relief ············································································································································· 17 I.4. Le réseau hydrographique ············································································································· 18 I.5. La végétation ···································································································································· 19 Conclusion ·················································································································································· 19 CHAPITRE II : Contexte géologique. Introduction ············································································································································ 21 II.1. Dispositions particulières en Algérie ························································································ 21 II.1.1. Les zones internes ······················································································································ 22 II.1.1.1. Socle Kabyle ····························································································································· 22 II.1.1.2. Dorsale Kabyle ························································································································· 22 II.1.1.2.1. Dorsale interne ······················································································································ 22 II.1.1.2.2. Dorsale médiane ···················································································································· 23 II.1.1.2.3. Dorsale externe ···················································································································· 23 II.1.2. Zone des flyschs ························································································································ 23 II.2.1.1.2.1. Le flysch Maurétanienne ································································································ 23 II.1.2.2. Le flysch Massylien ··············································································································· 24 II.1.2.3. Le flysch Numidien ················································································································ 24 II.1.3. Zone Externe ······························································································································ 24 II.1.3. Les séries Telliennes ················································································································ 25 II.1.4. Domaine de l’avant-pays allochtone ······················································································· 25 II.1.4.1. L’organisation Sétifienne ······································································································ 25 II.1.4.2. L’organisation constantinoise ······························································································ 26 II.1.4.2. L’organisation constantinoise ······························································································ 26 II.1.4.2.1. les séries néritiques Constantinoises ············································································· 26 II.1.4.2.2. Les séries de type Sellaoua ······························································································ 26 II.1.4.3. Une organisation Algéro-Tunisienne ·················································································· 27 II.1.5. Le domain de l’avant-pays Autochtones et Parautochtones ··········································· 27 II.1.5.1. Le massif de l’Aurès ··············································································································· 28 II.1.5.2. Les monts de Batna-Bellezma ······························································································ 28 II.2. Le contexte géologique local ······································································································ 28 II.2.1. Les formations quaternaires et néogènes peu ou pas tectonisées ································ 30 II.2.2. Le domaine des flyschs ············································································································ 30 II.2.2.1. Nappe Numidien ······················································································································ 30 II.2.2.2. Nappe du flysch Maurétanien ····························································································· 30 II.2.2.3. Nappe du flysch Massylien ·································································································· 30 II.2.3. Les nappes telliennes ··············································································································· 30 II.2.3.1. La nappe de type Barbacha ·································································································· 31 II.2.3.2. La nappe de type Draa el Arba ··························································································· 31 II.2.3.3. La nappe de type Béni-Abdalla ··························································································· 31 II.2.3.4. Une unité supérieure à matériel Eocène ··········································································· 32 II.2.3.5. La nappe bibanique ················································································································