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On Ironic Puns in Portuguese Authentic Oral Data: How Do Multiple Meaning Make Irony Work? In: A Publicado como: Batoré, Hanna J. (2017). On ironic puns in Portuguese authentic oral data: How do multiple meaning make irony work? In: A. Athanasiadou & H. Colston (eds.) (2017). Irony in Language Use and Communication. John Benjamins. Chapter 5, 109-126. Paper edition ISBN 9789027209856. Electronic edition ISBN 9789027264824. DOI: 10.1075/ftl.1 https://benjamins.com/#catalog/books/ftl.1/main Pre-print version On ironic puns in Portuguese authentic oral data: How does multiple meaning make irony work? Hanna J. Batoréo Departamento de Humanidades, Universidade Aberta; CLUNL; Lisboa, Portugal Abstract In the present paper we are going to focus on two Portuguese case studies (one in European Portuguese – EP and one in Brazilian Portuguese – BP) of the ironic oral discourse that result in verbal puns. In our analysis we postulate that studying multiple meanings (polysemy and homonymy) in puns can explain how irony functions on cognitive, linguistic and cultural levels given that (i) irony is a fundamental way of thinking about human experience (Gibbs & Colston, 2007, Gibbs, 2012); (ii) it is perspectivised and culturally grounded (Tobin & Israel, 2012, Dancygier & Sweetser, 2012, 2015); and (iii) linguistically explicit in verbal irony (Bryant, 2012, cf. Batoréo, 2016). The study is qualitative in character: the aim of the analysis is to exemplify cognitive and linguistic mechanisms culturally grounded that make irony work. In two case studies of authentic Portuguese discourse with ironic puns chosen out of larger corpora (cf. References) to be discussed in the present paper we shall argue that (i) polysemy and homonymy are cognitive and linguistic phenomena that trigger ironic puns; (ii) metonymy organised in metonymical chains or networks can be a complex cognitive mechanism that underlies polysemy; (iii) verbal puns are perspectivised and strongly culturally and historically grounded. Keywords: Irony, Cognitive Linguistics, Cultural Linguistics, verbal puns, authentic oral discourse, polysemy, metonymy, homonymy. Portuguese (EP and BP), Spanish. 1. Introduction: What do we understand by irony from a Cognitive Linguistics point of view? Traditionally, the pun (also called paronomasia) is a form of word play that suggests more than one meaning for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect; it can be regarded as an in- joke, as its usage and meaning is specific to a particular language and its culture, and frequently language dependent. In the present study the pun is focused1 from the perspective of Cognitive Linguistics (as characterised globally by Croft & Cruse, 2004), which means that the discussion is centred on (i) conceptualisation and (ii) linguistic pun construction, showing how building multiple meaning makes puns work in (iii) specific social and cultural contexts. From the linguistic point of view the pun works by multiple meanings of words (or of similar-sounding words); prototypically, when the meanings are etymologically related we deal with polysemy, and when they are not, we deal with homonymy (or, partially, with homography or homophony only) but the criteria of distinguishing the two phenomena in non-prototypical cases are sometimes difficult to apply (cf. discussion in Croft & Cruise, 2004). As far as irony in concerned, using the etymological pretence of ignorance (as both in Greek and Latin the word means simulated ignorance), implying and conveying an intended creative meaning, it is traditionally believed that prototypical irony is the opposite of the literal meaning verbally expressed. In fact though, as postulated by Gibbs & Colston (2001), 1 The vast literature on puns within humour studies can be globally highlighted especially in more recent studies in the area (cf. Gan, 2015; Morreall, 2016). for instance, it is a multi-faceted phenomenon, preferred to literal counterparts in the situation of hidden criticism, in order to soften the edge of an insult, to contain emotions, and to avoid conflict and damaging social relationships: Speakers of irony share ironic views of people and events that are jointly extended, and celebrated upon as a conversation unfolds. This data is consistent with the claim that people use different forms of irony in various discourse situation because they conceptualize situations in ironic terms (Gibbs, 1994, Lucairello, 1994). Under this perspective, the reasons for speaking ironically are not solely located in trying to convey specific nuances of meaning, but because people view situations in this way, and their interaction reflects this figurative mode of thought. In the extent that speakers and listeners share a similar construal of events, their understanding of what speakers ironically imply by what they say will be greatly facilitated (Gibbs & Colston, p. 2001: 191). This multiplicity supports the fact that the concepts of politeness, face, maintaining social relationship as well as humour are to be seen in close connection with verbal irony (cf. Dynel, 2011). In the recent psycholinguistic bibliography on the subject (cf. studies by Giora, 1995, Colston, 1997, Gibbs, 2000, 2001, 2012, and especially Gibbs & Colston, 2001, 2007, 2012) it has been assumed that irony is a fundamental way of thinking and speaking about the human experience (Bryant, 2012). Recently (for instance, Gibbs, 2012), it has been argued that irony is a deliberate pragmatic action. Gibbs postulates that ironic acts may not be as deliberate as it is often claimed they are and a dynamic view of intentional action is advanced to explain more thoroughly the psychological complexities of how ironic acts are created and understood. Speakers choose to use these ironic statements for a variety of social reasons, and it is expected that this choice be strongly anchored in a given culture dependent on its social and pragmatic specificities, as well as cognitive ones (Gibbs & Colston, 2001: pp. 191-193). From the point of view of Cognitive Linguistics, Croft & Cruse (2004) propose that irony be treated metonymically as it is only in a particular context that an ironic statement can evoke – metonymically (!) – a particular nonadopted viewpoint. The idea of viewpoint and perspectivisation in irony is proposed in Tobin & Israel (2012: p. 28): Acts of ironic understanding in general, including verbal, dramatic, and situational ironies, involve a type of dynamic reconstrual in which attention “zooms out” from the focused content of a mental space to a higher viewpoint from which the original Viewpoint Space is reassessed. In this interpretative process, a meaning is accessed from one viewpoint (the ironized) and then, simultaneously or a little later, re-acessed from a higher viewpoint (the ironic). (Tobin & Israel, 2012: p. 28) The idea of a viewpoint is also developed in Dancygier & Sweetser (2012, 2015), who postulate that interpretation of irony relies on the concept of mental space and viewpoint: Both in order to perceive the contrast between the alternatives, one needs a viewpoint space higher in the network, where the contrasts between the alternatives and the reason for using irony can be resolved. (…) [I]n other words, irony does not reside in the fact that a person is saying something blatantly not true, but the perception of the nature of the contrast between the actual utterance and the intended meaning. (Dancygier & Sweetser, 2015: p. 186) In the present paper we are going to discuss two case studies of the ironic pragmatic actions observed in Portuguese oral narrative discourse used in verbal interactions, with one of the examples in European Portuguese (EP) and the other in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). It is a well-known fact (cf. Morais & Batoréo, 2013) that in our daily verbal interaction we are prolific story producers and consumers, in a process which results in everyday narrative production that serves as a social stage for developing frameworks for understanding and reflecting upon events within our personal biography. The very process of storytelling enhances shared world knowledge, triggers a sense of closeness and contributes to creating a common ground of beliefs and values, which also triggers evaluating and criticizing others. Focusing on puns with a narrative discourse as background, in the present study we propose therefore (i) to study cognitive and linguistic resources such as multiple meaning (polysemy and homonymy) that we employ in a given language – in our case, Portuguese (both EP and BP) – to create ironic puns and make irony work, and (ii) to analyse the role of cultural norms in authentic spoken discourse that anchor and legitimate these uses. From the methodological point of view, our analysis is based on two case studies, chosen out of authentic Portuguese corpora of language-in-use: Furtado (2016) for European Portuguese, and Marinho (2016) (cf. Marinho & Ferrari, 2016), as well as different sites on “piada de português” (jokes on the Portuguese) available on the internet (see: References), for Brazilian Portuguese. The sampling was carefully executed, in order to choose two illustrative examples (one of polysemy and one of homonymy) that can be considered representative of the phenomena in focus. The study is divided into four sections. Section 1 is introductory in character, trying to answer the fundamental question: What do we understand by irony from a Cognitive Linguistic point of view? In section 2, we present the first case study: Polysemy of ‘Mercedes’ in The Mercedes joke. Here we analyse an EP polysemous ironic pun (with internal quoting of Spanish), showing
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