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Metonymy & Trauma ii METONYMY & TRAUMA RE-PRESENTING DEATH IN THE LITERATURE OF W. G. S E B A L D Andrew Michael Watts A research dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD English University of New South Wales 2006 PLEASE TYPE THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name: WATTS First name: ANDREW Other names: MICHAEL Abbreviation for degree as given in the University Calendar: PhD School: ENGLISH Faculty: ARTS Title: Metonymy & Trauma: Re-presenting Death in the Literature of W. G. Sebald Abstract 350 words maximim: (PLEASE TYPE) Novel: Fragments of a Former Moon The novel Fragments of a Former Moon (FFM) invokes the paradoxical earlier death of the still-living protagonist. The unmarried German woman is told that her skeletal remains have been discovered in Israel, thirty-eight years since her body was interred in 1967. This absurd premise raises issues of representing death in contemporary culture; death's destabilising effect on the individual's textual representation; post-Enlightenmentdissolution of the modern rational self; and problems of mimetic post- Holocaust representation. Using W G Sebald's fiction as a point of departure, FFM's photographic illustrations connote modes of textual representation that disrupt the autobiographical self, invoking mortality and its a-temporal (representational) displacement. As with Sebald's recurring references to the Holocaust, FFM depicts a psychologically unstable protagonist seeking to recover repressed memories of an absent past. Research dissertation: Metonymy &Trauma: Re-presenting Death in the Literature of W. G. Sebald The dissertation centres on the effect of metonymy in the rhetoric of textually-constructedidentity and its contemporary representation in the face of death. I concentrate on the effect of Holocaust trauma on representation and memory, relating trauma theory to the metonymy of W G Sebald's fiction, and situating representations of the traumatised self within the institution of modern bureaucracy. Using Ronald Schleifer's theory of metonymy I explore the rhetorical process by which Sebald seeks to depict the unrepresentable within Holocaust history, arguing that Sebald's correlation of text with image evokes problems of Holocaust discourse because it re-presents the past while recognising inadequacies within conventional narrative. Photography's function as an indexical trace of the past grounds my account of Sebald's use of imagery in questioning conventional forms of representation. I argue that Sebald construes the institutionalised constitution of the modern self through civic architecture, emphasising the metonymical associations of contemporary Western life and death. I maintain ultimately that the ethically displaced modern self typifies a culture capable of committing - and simultaneously repressing the representation - of technologised mass genocide: Sebald's texts critique modern society by apprehending modes of intersubjective memory and narrative responsibility through acknowledgement of the arbitrary, indexical capacity of metonymical representation. 5 Declaration relating to disposition of project thesisldissertation I I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. 1 retain all property rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstracts International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). - I Signature: Witness: Date: I The University recognises that there may be exceptional circumstances requiring restrictions on copying or conditions on use. Requests for restriction for a period of up to 2 years must be made in writing to the Registrar. Requests for a longer period of restriction may be considered in exceptional circumstances if accompanied by a letter of support from the Supervisor or Head of School. Such requests must be submitted with the thesisldissertation. FOR OFFICE USE ONLY Date of Completion of requirements for the Award: Registrar and Deputy Principal THIS SHEET IS TO BE CLUED TO THE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THE THESIS Copyright Statement I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my thesis or I have obtained permission to use copyright material; where permission has not been granted I have applied/will apply for a partial restriction of the digital copy of my thesis or dissertation. Authenticity Statement I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis. No emendation of content has occurred and if there are any minor variations in formatting, they are the result of the conversion to digital format. (Signed) ……………………………. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Representing Death: an Introduction 6 Death & the Text 20 CITING DEATH 22 READING DEATH 31 NEGATIVE MATERIALITY AS NON-REPRESENTATION 40 METONYMY, MODERNITY & DEATH: RONALD SCHLEIFER 47 ABSENCE & PRESENCE: SYNTHESISING TRAUMA & RHETORIC 54 Death, the Image & the Text 58 THE IMAGE OF THE CORPSE 59 TEXT AND IMAGE 63 “WITH BLINDED EYES”: BARTHES & BODILY DISPLACEMENT 67 THE TRAUMA OF PHOTOGRAPHY 74 TRAUMATIC REALISM OR HOLOCAUST EFFECT? AUTHENTICITY AND AESTHETICS IN TEXTUAL REPRESENTATION 77 REPRESSION, PHOTOGRAPHY, & MEMORY 83 THE INVENTORY: SONTAG & KRACAUER 87 Writing Trauma 99 CARUTH: UNCLAIMED EXPERIENCE & LACAN’S REAL 101 INTERSUBJECTIVITY: SEBALD, VAN ALPHEN & THE ETHICAL WITNESS 109 CARUTH AND LA CAPRA: EXCESS, ABSENCE AND THE NARRATIVE WITNESS 114 AUSTERLITZ: ABSENCE AND DEPARTURE 117 TEMPORAL RUPTURE 121 The Architecture of Traumatic Memory 131 ARCHITECTURAL DISPLACEMENT 132 ARCHITECTURAL MEMORY IN PILSEN 138 iv THE CIMITERO DI STAGLIENO 141 VERTIGO: THE BODY & ARCHITECTURE 143 The Bureaucratic Institution & Death 148 THE BUILT INSTITUTION 149 BUREAUCRACY, MORALITY & THE ARCHITECTURE OF SELF 151 BUREAUCRACY AND THE DISEMBODIED SELF 155 GOAL DISPLACEMENT: CAPITAL & THE ABSENT SUBJECT 159 BUREAUCRACY, SUBJECTIVITY & POWER (GRAMSCI & FOUCAULT) 172 Metonymy: a New Representation 180 HERRING & METONYMY 181 ACCIDENTAL KNOWLEDGE 188 MOTHS & METONYMY 190 FERBER & WITTGENSTEIN 192 THE CONSTELLATION 200 INESSENTIAL DETAIL: GREEN HERRING 203 Conclusion 208 Bibliography 211 v Acknowledgments I would like to thank my current supervisor Anne Brewster and my co- supervisor Paul Dawson for their meticulous editing, invaluable direction and support, both academically and vocationally. I also wish to thank my earlier supervisor, Bruce Johnson, and my Darmstadt Technische Universität supervisors, Bruno Arich-Gerz and Gerd Egloff, in helping me to complete this project; Allen and Valerie for their unflagging support and suggestions; Rodney (for asking), and Graeme and Bradley for keeping me solvent and word-processing. I want to thank Kaye, and, lastly, I wish to express my gratitude to Sarah for her organisational flair, her encouragement, love and forbearance. 6 Introduction REPRESENTING DEATH: AN INTRODUCTION 7 The thematic point of departure for both the research dissertation and the fictional component of this thesis (Fragments of a Former Moon: hereafter FFM), is the literature of W G Sebald. The dissertation seeks to develop Sebald’s concerns with the effect of state institutions on the individual, with the relationship between morality and aesthetics (in the attempt to represent the unrepresentable) and, more generally, with the representation of, and responses to, death. Each of these issues is embodied within the project of this dissertation in seeking to ethically, aesthetically, and historically authenticate the constitution of modern subjectivity in a fictional, written subject. I read the incorporeality of the written self as a consequence of the relationship of death and bureaucracy, articulating the incorporeal self through the mechanics of narrative displacement, the motif of architecture, and the relations of text to photographic imagery. By considering the theme of death and the effect of bureaucracy on subjectivity, I seek to emphasise their conjunctive resonance in Holocaust representation. The Holocaust poses a specific problem of representation for post-war theorists and writers; it is the paradigmatic example of the crisis of representation in Western Culture. I suggest that the use of metonymy in W G Sebald’s narratives constitutes a persuasive attempt to resolve this problem. What makes Sebald’s work particularly relevant to this dissertation’s attempt to explain the relations between the representations of death and the function of modern bureaucracy is its inter-generic form: its mix of autobiography, travel-writing, literary biography, art history, and Holocaust fiction.1 For this reason, Holocaust and trauma theorist Cathy Caruth will be useful in reading Sebald’s work, as she employs an 1 See Mark R McCulloh, Understanding W G Sebald, 2003: 24. McCulloh refers to Sebald’s blend of “essay, explication, and fiction” and asks “What does one make of a writer who alternately digresses on biographies, criticises architecture, laments tragic loss, hallucinates, reports speech, investigates animal species, solves crimes, exposes deceptions, and extols the beauty of landscapes?”
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