5.1 Meaning & Definition of Social Differences, Inequalities and Stratification 5.1.1 Meaning and Definition of Social Diffe
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The Onset of Fertility Decline in Urban Nepal: a Study of Kathmandu City
r3.e.q5 1::, THE ONSET OF FERTILITY DECLINE IN URBAN NEPAL: A STUDY OF KATHMANDU CITY by RAM HARI ARYAL M.A. (Eco.), TU M.A. (Demo.),AI\U Thesis submitted in fulflrlment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Population and Human Resources Programme' Department of GeograPhY The University of Adelaide Australia January,1995 ERRATA Page 117,line lI-L2 shouldread "... studying at the Bachelor level..." Page220,223,Rely should read Rele Page269,line 1 should read... fertility is declining in Kathmandu. Page 281, line 8-9 should read ... One of the processes assisting in the fertility decline in N"put is an increasing trend for the proportion of workers in non agricultural occupations to mcrease. Page29l, The following should be added after line 15 ... "In India the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act provides for termination of pregnancy on (1) health grounds, (2) humanitarian grounds, and (3) eugenic grounds. It is also the practice in India that a pregnancy resulting from failure of contraceptives can also be terminated if it will cause 'a grave injury to the mental health of the \ryoman' (Misra, 1995:332). In Nepal abortion should be legalised on some grounds if both husband and wife consent." The following references are added to the Bibliography. Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) (1993) Eg)¡pt Demographic and Health Survey Report 1992 "Current use of family planning" p.67, Cairo: National Population Council. Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) (1992) Indonesia Demograohic and Health Survey Report 1991 "Current use of family planning" p.54, Jakarta: Central Bureau of Statistics, National Family Planning Coordinating Board, Ministry of Health. -
Cultural Crisis of Caste Renouncer: a Study of Dasnami Sanyasi Identity in Nepal
Molung Educational Frontier 91 Cultural Crisis of Caste Renouncer: A Study of Dasnami Sanyasi Identity in Nepal Madhu Giri* Abstract Jat NasodhanuJogikois a famous mocking proverb to denote the caste status of Sanyasi because the renouncer has given up traditional caste rituals set by socio-cultural institutions. In other cultural terms, being Sanyasi means having dissociation himself/herself with whatever caste career or caste-based social rank one might imagine. To explore the philosophical foundation of Sanyasi, they sacrificed caste rituals and fire (symbol of power, desire, and creation). By the virtues of sacrifice, Sanyasi set images of universalism, higher than caste order, and otherworldly being. Therefore, one should not ask the renouncer caste identity. Traditionally, Sanyasi lived in Akhada or Matha,and leadership, including ownership of the Matha transformed from Guru to Chela. On the contrary, DasnamiMahanta started marital and private life, which is paradoxical to the philosophy of Sanyasi.Very few of them are living in Matha,but the ownership of the property of Mathatransformed from father to son. The land and property of many Mathas transformed from religious Guthi to private property. In terms of cultural practices, DasnamiSanyasi adopted high caste culture and rituals in their everyday life. Old Muluki Ain 1854 ranked them under Tagadhari, although they did notassert twice-born caste in Nepal. Central Bureau of Statistics, including other government institutions of Nepal, listed Dasnamiunder the line ofChhetri and Thakuri. The main objective of the paper is to explore the transformation of Dasnami institutional characteristics and status from caste renunciation identity to caste rejoinder and from images of monasticism, celibacy, universalism, otherworldly orientation to marital, individualistic lay life. -
Country Poverty Analysis (Detailed) Nepal
Country Poverty Analysis (Detailed) Nepal Country Partnership Strategy: Nepal, 2013–20172013-2017 COUNTRY POVERTY ANALYSIS: NEPAL A. Background 1. This country poverty analysis draws mainly on the National Living Standards Surveys (NLSS), which was first conducted in 1996, and carried out again in 2004 and 2011. 1 The NLSS estimates the national poverty line following the cost of basic needs approach, which is the expenditure value in local currency required to fulfill both food and non food basic needs. The NLSS III findings can be disaggregated into fourteen analytical domains (mountains, urban- Kathmandu, urban-hill, urban-terai, eastern rural hills, rural central hills, rural western hills, rural mid- and far-western hills, rural eastern terai, rural central terai, rural western terai, and rural mid- and far-western terai. This analysis also draws from the Nepal Demographic Health Survey (2011) and the Census (2011) for information on health and access to basic services. B. Income Poverty and its Distribution 2. Using the national poverty line, poverty incidence has been falling at an accelerated pace from 41.8% to 30.9% between 1996 and 2004 and further to 25.2% of the overall population in 2011. This remarkable decline occurred in the backdrop of a significant increase in the national poverty line from NRs7,696 per capita per year in 2004 to NRs19,261 per capita per year in 2011 to account for a higher quality consumption pattern . 3. Using international poverty line of $1.25 per day, the incidence of poverty has declined steadily from 68.0% in 1996 to 53.1% in 2004 and 24.8% in 2011. -
Proceedings of International Conference on Climate Change Innovation and Resilience for Sustainable Livelihood 12-14 January 2015 Kathmandu, Nepal
Proceedings of International Conference on Climate Change Innovation and Resilience for Sustainable Livelihood 12-14 January 2015 Kathmandu, Nepal Organizers: The Small Earth Nepal (SEN) City University of New York (CUNY), USA Colorado State University (CSU), USA Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM), Government of Nepal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Nepal Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Nepal Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Nepal Editors: Dr. Soni Pradhananga, University of Rhode Island, USA Jeeban Panthi, The Small Earth Nepal, Nepal Dilli Bhattarai, The Small Earth Nepal Executive Summary Climate change is one of the most crucial environmental, social, and economic issues the world is facing today. Some impacts such as increasing heat stress, more intense floods, prolonged droughts, and rising sea levels have now become inevitable. Climatic extremes are becoming more frequent; wet periods are becoming wetter and dry periods are becoming dryer. People are able to describe the impacts faced by climate change but not the meaning of „climate change‟. The impacts are most severe for the poor countries. It is high time to plan and implement adaptive measures to minimize the adverse impacts due to climate change, and it is important to explore innovative ideas and practices in building resilience for sustainable development and livelihood, particularly in rural areas of developing countries which are highly vulnerable to climate change. Climate innovation and technologies involve basic science and engineering as well as information dissemination, capacity building, and community organizing. In this context an International Conference on Climate Change Innovation and resilience for Sustainable Livelihood was held in Kathmandu, Nepal from 12-14 January 2015. -
The Nepali Caste System and Culturally Competent Mental
THE NEPALI CASTE SYSTEM AND CULTURALLY COMPETENT MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT: EXPLORING STRATIFICATION, STRESS, AND INTEGRATION. A Dissertation Presented to The Graduate Faculty at The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Scott Swiatek May 2021 THE NEPALI CASTE SYSTEM AND CULTURALLY COMPETENT MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT: EXPLORING STRATIFICATION, STRESS, AND INTEGRATION. Scott Swiatek Dissertation Approved: Accepted: ___________________________ _____________________________ Advisor Department Chair Dr. Juan Xi Dr. Rebecca Erickson ___________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Dean of the College Dr. Clare Stacey Dr. Mitchell S. Mckinney ___________________________ _____________________________ Committee Member Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Manacy Pai Dr. Marnie Saunders ___________________________ _____________________________ Committee Member Date Dr. Kathy Feltey ___________________________ Committee Member Dr. Marnie Watson ii ABSTRACT During the late 1990s, the Northern Bhutanese enacted policies marginalizing Bhutanese of Nepali Descent. Thousands of Bhutanese refugees were forcibly displaced to Nepal and established refugee camps where they lived for decades. While in the camps, refugees encountered traumatic life events, including torture, imprisonment, and sexual violence. Starting in 2008 and continuing for years. Bhutanese/Nepali refugees were resettled in the Akron area and encounter a new set of acculturation stressors related to finding employment, learning English, and reestablishing a new set of social networks. Older adults may cling to the Nepali caste system to cope with the unique stressors during the integration process. For over 100 years, people of Nepali descent subscribed to Muluki Ain, which codified discrimination against lower castes and mandated every individual be assigned a caste. Further, members of the ethnic and religious minority were often placed in the lower castes. -
Gender Equality and Social Inclusion Diagnostic of Selected Sectors in Nepal
GENDER EQUALITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION DIAGNOSTIC OF SELECTED SECTORS IN NEPAL OCTOBER 2020 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GENDER EQUALITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION DIAGNOSTIC OF SELECTED SECTORS IN NEPAL OCTOBER 2020 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2020 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2020. ISBN 978-92-9262-424-8 (print); 978-92-9262-425-5 (electronic); 978-92-9262-426-2 (ebook) Publication Stock No. TCS200291-2 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS200291-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. -
Caste Exclusion and Health Discrimination in South Asia: a Systematic Review
Caste Exclusion and Health Discrimination in South Asia: A Systematic Review Raksha Thapa, PGR, Bournemouth University Introduction Discussion Discrimination impacts upon a range of Research in different countries and participants agreed that a connection between socio-economic wider determinates of health such as differences influences the level of health disparities 10 noted that low socio-economic status and education, work, income and housing 1. holding less land is associated with poor health outcomes. Due to Dalits low status in Nepal and India Caste is a fundamental determinant of their lower access to education and good quality jobs results in lower household income 10. Dalit social exclusion and development, women are doubly disadvantaged due to their low caste status as well as the lower status of women International human rights organisations in Hindu society. Dalits have lower occupational mobility, less land, poorer education and worse job. suggested that worldwide over 260 The SDGs, no poverty, good health and wellbeing, quality education, gender equality and specially goal million suffers from this exclusion 2. The 10, reduced inequality for all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion, 3,000-year-old caste system is one of the economic or other status will not be able to achieve without dealing caste discrimination 2. oldest social hierarchies and it is the foundation of Hindu society 3 has four divisions ‘Brahmins’ priests; ‘Kshetriyas’ warriors; ‘Vaishyas’ merchants; and ‘Sudras’ the servants. -
Four Ana and One Modem House: a Spatial Ethnography of Kathmandu's Urbanizing Periphery
I Four Ana and One Modem House: A Spatial Ethnography of Kathmandu's Urbanizing Periphery Andrew Stephen Nelson Denton, Texas M.A. University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies, December 2004 B.A. Grinnell College, December 2000 A Disse11ation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology University of Virginia May 2013 II Table of Contents Introduction Chapter 1: An Intellectual Journey to the Urban Periphery 1 Part I: The Alienation of Farm Land 23 Chapter 2: From Newar Urbanism to Nepali Suburbanism: 27 A Social History of Kathmandu’s Sprawl Chapter 3: Jyāpu Farmers, Dalāl Land Pimps, and Housing Companies: 58 Land in a Time of Urbanization Part II: The Householder’s Burden 88 Chapter 4: Fixity within Mobility: 91 Relocating to the Urban Periphery and Beyond Chapter 5: American Apartments, Bihar Boxes, and a Neo-Newari 122 Renaissance: the Dual Logic of New Kathmandu Houses Part III: The Anxiety of Living amongst Strangers 167 Chapter 6: Becoming a ‘Social’ Neighbor: 171 Ethnicity and the Construction of the Moral Community Chapter 7: Searching for the State in the Urban Periphery: 202 The Local Politics of Public and Private Infrastructure Epilogue 229 Appendices 237 Bibliography 242 III Abstract This dissertation concerns the relationship between the rapid transformation of Kathmandu Valley’s urban periphery and the social relations of post-insurgency Nepal. Starting in the 1970s, and rapidly increasing since the 2000s, land outside of the Valley’s Newar cities has transformed from agricultural fields into a mixed development of planned and unplanned localities consisting of migrants from the hinterland and urbanites from the city center. -
Gender, Caste and Ethnic Exclusion in Nepal Gender, Caste and Ethnic Exclusion in Nepal
UNEQUAL CITIZENS UNEQUAL37966 Public Disclosure Authorized CITIZENS Gender, Caste and Ethnic Exclusion in Nepal Gender, Caste and Ethnic Exclusion in Nepal Caste and Ethnic Exclusion Gender, THE Department For International WORLD DFID Development SUMMARY BANK The World Bank DFID Nepal Nepal Office P.O. Box 106 P.O. Box 798 Kathmandu, Nepal Yak and Yeti Hotel Tel.: 5542980 Complex Fax: 5542979 Durbar Marg Public Disclosure Authorized Kathmandu, Nepal Tel.: 4226792, 4226793 E-mail Fax: 4225112 [email protected] Websites www.worldbank.org.np, Website www.bishwabank.org.np www.dfid.gov.uk Public Disclosure Authorized DFID Development International Department For ISBN 99946-890-0-2 9 799994 689001 > BANK WORLD THE Public Disclosure Authorized A Kathmandu businessman gets his shoes shined by a Sarki. The Sarkis belong to the leatherworker subcaste of Nepal’s Dalit or “low caste” community. Although caste distinctions and the age-old practices of “untouchability” are less rigid in urban areas, the deeply entrenched caste hierarchy still limits the life chances of the 13 percent of Nepal’s population who belong to the Dalit caste group. UNEQUAL CITIZENS Gender, Caste and Ethnic Exclusion in Nepal SUMMARY THE Department For International WORLD DFID Development BANK THE Department For International WORLD DFID Development BANK The World Bank DFID Nepal Nepal Office P.O. Box 106 P.O. Box 798 Kathmandu, Nepal Yak and Yeti Hotel Complex Tel.: 5542980 Durbar Marg Fax: 5542979 Kathmandu, Nepal Tel.: 4226792, 4226793 E-mail Fax: 4225112 [email protected] Websites www.worldbank.org.np, Website www.bishwabank.org.np www.dfid.gov.uk A copublication of The World Bank and the Department For International Development, U.K. -
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5/15/2014 Development Orthodoxy: Persistent policy failure in the Himalayas Netra Chhetri Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes Arizona State University 5/15/2014 Fast Facts 27.47 millions population (25.2% living below poverty) Ranked 157th out of 187 countries (HDR, 2013) High juvenile malnutrition (47% under 5 are stunted and 36% underweight) 1/3rd of working age male population migrate for work Agriculture is one of the largest contributors to national GDP (36%) Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 1 5/15/2014 1 5/15/2014 …investment in agricultural development is crucial Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 2 5/15/2014 ….struggle for agricultural development continues in mythical Shangri-La Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 3 5/15/2014 2 5/15/2014 Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 4 5/15/2014 Courtesy: M. Shrestha One of the unique features of Nepal’s agriculture is its close coupling among crop, forest, rangeland & other common resources Courtesy: M. Shrestha Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 5 5/15/2014 3 5/15/2014 Courtesy: M. Shrestha Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 6 5/15/2014 Forms of agricultural development Bottom-up Top-down Generating income Managing risk Building capacity Confronting Livelihoods Large scale NetraClumsy Chhetri, Arizona State University 7 5/15/2014Elegant 4 5/15/2014 Forms of engagement Social mobilization Participatory Top-down Bilateral Small scale Large scale Netra Chhetri, Arizona State University 8 5/15/2014 Economic development activities Small and diverse Specific -
Exclusionary Policies and Practices in Chinese Minority Education: the Case of Tibetan Education
Exclusionary Policies and Practices in Chinese Minority Education: The Case of Tibetan Education Bonnie Johnson Pennsylvania State University Nalini Chhetri Pennsylvania State University Introduction Multicultural countries around the world have implemented mass education for school- aged children. Educational systems exist to reproduce the dominant society in which they are an integral part or to impose a new social order. "Transmitting culture and socializing youth are basic goals of the public school" (Gabjrcia, 1978, p.8). Another goal of public education is to promote national unity and economic development. However, the development of mass education in multicultural societies has often been at the expense of minority culture and ethnic identity. Schools are often the medium through which the state establishes the culture of the dominant language while at the same time depriving linguistic minority children of their right to use their mother tongue. Minority education policy is fraught with political, educational, economic and social complexities. This paper examines how the government of the People's Republic of China (hereafter referred to as China) modifies its educational policies to achieve separate and distinct regional objectives, which are linked to regional and ethnic differences. These policies often result in exclusionary practices. Using the case of the Chinese region of Tibet, this paper illustrates the dichotomy of Chinese educational policy: how to achieve universal education for all students and at the same time contain regional ethnic resistance against the communist government and maintain national unity. Education in China China is a country of 56 "official nationalities." Out of a population of 1.2 billion people, over 70 million are non-Han Chinese (Insight Guide, 1998). -
Bhutan Poverty Assessment 2014
National Statistics Bureau The World Bank Royal Government of Bhutan BHUTAN POVERTY ASSESSMENT 2014 Copyright © National Statistics Bureau, 2014 www.nsb.gov.bt ISBN 979-99936-28-26-2 Design by Loday Natshog Communications ([email protected]) Acknowledgements iv Foreword v Foreword vi Abbreviations and Acronyms vii Executive Summary viii CHAPTER 1: Introduction 01 CHAPTER 2: Evolution of Poverty, Shared Prosperity and Inequality in Bhutan 05 2.1. Consumption Poverty, Multidimensional Poverty and Happiness 05 2.1.1. Decline in Multidimensional poverty between 2007 and 2012 07 2.1.2. Shared Prosperity 09 2.1.3. Mobility in and out of Poverty between 2007 and 2012 09 2.1.4. Growth in Bhutan has been Pro-Poor 10 Contents 2.2. Stable Inequality 12 2.2.1. Uneven Poverty Reduction across Dzongkhags 13 CHAPTER 3: Changing Profiles of the Poor and Bottom 40 Percent of the Population 17 3.1. Welfare Indicators (Assets and Amenities) 17 3.2. Health and Nutrition 18 3.3. Gender and Poverty 22 3.3.1. Is Poverty in Bhutan Gender-Blind? 22 3.4. Land Ownership and Poverty 23 CHAPTER 4: Enlarging Opportunities for Children 27 4.1. Inequality of Opportunity in Bhutan 27 4.2. Social Outcomes for Children in Relation to Birth Circumstances 29 4.3. Measuring Inequality of Opportunity 35 4.4. Drivers of Change 42 CHAPTER 5: Key Drivers of Poverty Reduction in Bhutan 45 5.1. Trading Out of Poverty 47 5.2. Roads Out of Poverty 50 5.3. The Hydro Effect 53 5.4. Who were Better Able to Escape Poverty between 2007 and 2012? 53 5.5.