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A Study on the Socio-Economic Status of Indigenous Peoples in Nepal

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A Study on the Socio-Economic Status of Indigenous Peoples in Nepal A Study on the Socio-Economic Status of Indigenous Peoples in Nepal Study Team: Dr. Chaitanya Subba Pro. Dr. Bishwamber Pyakuryal Mr. Tunga Shiromani Bastola Mr. Mohan Khajum Subba Mr. Nirmal Kumar Raut Mr. Baburam Karki A Study on the Socio-Economic Status of Indigenous Peoples in Nepal Copyright © 2014 The authors, Lawyers' Association for Human Rights of Nepalese Indigenous Peoples (LAHURNIP) and The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA), 2014-All Rights Researved. Published by Lawyers' Association for Human Rights of Nepalese Indigenous Peoples (LAHURNIP) Ghattekulo-Anamnagar, Kathmandu Nepal Tel : 977-01-4770710 P.O.Box, 11179, Sundhara, Kathmandu E-mail :[email protected] website: www.lahurnip.org This book has been published with financial support from The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) Classengade 11 E, DK 2100-Copenhagen, Denmark Tel (+45) 35 27 05 00 - Fax (+45) 35 27 05 07 E-mail : [email protected] Web : www.iwgia.org First Edition: 2014 1000 Copies No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrival system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission. CONTENTS Preface i Executive Summary iii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1. Context 1 2. Objectives of the Study 8 3. Expected output 8 4. Tasks assigned 8 CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY 10 2.1. Background 10 2.2. Nepal Living Standards Survey 2010/11 11 2.3. Level of Data Disaggregation 13 2.4. Analyses and Contents of the Report 22 CHAPTER 3 POVERTY 24 3.1. Frame of Reference 24 3.2. Poverty profile by caste/ethnicity 26 3.3. Consumption Profile of Janajaties 30 3.3.1. Consumption Level of Janajaties 30 3.3.2. Structure of Consumption 32 3.4. Income Profile of Janajaties 36 3.4.1. Size of Household and Per Capita Income 36 3.4.2. Distribution of income 38 3.4.3. Source of income 40 3.4.4. Women in final decision on how to use remittances 42 3.5. Burden of Loan 44 3.5.1. Household loans 44 3.5.2. Women on final decision on how to use loans 48 3.5.3. Women in final decision on selling household assets 50 3.6. Nutrition of children 51 3.6.1. Stunting status of children 52 3.6.2. Underweight status of children 54 3.6.3. Wasting status of children 55 3.7. Work participation 56 3.8: Poverty and occupation 58 CHAPTER 4 HOUSING AND AGRICULTURAL LANDHOLDING 61 4.1. Structures of House of Janajaties 61 4.2. Households with Access to Household Utilities and Amenities / Facilities 65 4.3. Landholding/Agricultural Condition 71 CHAPTER 5 EMPLOYMENT 82 5.1. Employment Characteristics 82 5.2. Characteristic of Wage Earners 86 5.3. Assessment of Non-Farm Economic Activities 92 5.4. Status of Child Labour 96 CHAPTER 6 ACCESS TO EDUCATION 99 6.1. Caste hierarchy and educational participation 99 6.2. Literacy 102 6.3.Educational status 104 6.4. Gross enrollment rate 109 6.5. Net enrollment rate 113 6.7. Types of school attended 122 6.8. Reasons for dropout 125 6.9. Mean Years of schooling 128 6.10. Languages used in the households and learning context 131 6.11. Mother's roles in children' educatuion 135 6.12. Scholarships 136 6.13. Education and poverty 139 CHAPTER 7 HEALTH SERVICES 141 7.1. Health of the people and health care delivery 141 7.2. Chronic illnesses 143 7.2. Acute illnesses 152 7.3. Health care consultations 158 7.4. Expenditure on health consultation 165 7.5. Disability 167 7.6. Maternal health 170 7.7. Women's role in final decision on obtaining health care 178 CHAPTER 8 ACCESS TO FACILITIES 181 8.1. Access to facilities 181 8.2. Access to primary school 182 8.3. Access to secondary school 183 8.4. Access to higher secondary school 185 8.5. Access to health post 187 8.6. Access to PHC/public hospitals 189 8.7. Access to clinic/private hospital 191 8.8. Access to cooperative 193 8.9. Access to agricultural centre 196 8.10. Access to nearest bank 198 8.11. Access to market centre 200 8.12. Access to bus stop 202 8.13. Access to paved road 204 8.14. Access to dirt road 207 8.15. Access to post office 209 8.16. Access to telephone booth 211 8.17. Access to Internet facility 213 8.18. Access to police station 215 8.19: Poverty and access to facilities 219 CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 224 9.1. Key Findings 224 REFERENCES 252 Annex I 257 Annex II: List of Persons met/worked with during the Mission 290 List of Tables Table A: changes in the caste/ethnic population between the census 2011 and census 2001 Table 1.1: Proportion of population by caste and ethnic group, nepal, 2010/11 Table 2: poverty groups by ethnic/caste groups, nepal, 2010/11 Table 3: nominal per capita consumption by caste and ethnic group, nepal, 2010/11 Table 4: poverty index and selected indicators by ethnic/caste group, nepal, 2010/11 Table 2.1: Distribution of sample households in the nlss iii by belt and region Table 2.2: Number of sample households covered in the nlss by broad categories of caste and ethnicity, nepal, 2010/11 Table 2.3: Number of households and population enumerated in the nlss-iii by Ethnicity and caste Table 2.4: Population by major categories of caste/ethnicity in the censuses of 2011 and 2001 Table 3.1: Poverty profile by caste/ethnicity Table 3.2: Nominal household consumption and its distribution by expenditure category Table 3.3: Nominal household income and per capita income Table 3.4: Distribution of population by nominal per capita income quintile and caste/ethnicity Table 3.6: Women in final decision on how to use remittances Table 3.7: Incidence of household borrowing loans Table 3.8: Women in final decision on how to use household loans Table 3.9: Women in final decision on selling household assets (including livestock) Table 3.10: Distribution of stunting status of children Table 3.11: Distribution of underweight status of children Table 3.12: Distribution of wasting status of children Table 3.13:Labour force participation by caste/ethnicity (during the last 7 days) Table 3.14: Poverty headcount rate by occupation of household heads Table 4.1: Percentage of households with access to various facilities Table 4.2. Percentage of households with access to cooking fuel Table 4.3: Distribution of firewood collecting households by place of firewood collection Table 4.4: Selected characteristics of agricultural land Table 4.5: Indigenous peoples’ agricultural households cultivating selected crops (%) Table 4.6: Indigenous peoples’ agricultural households owning selected agricultural equipments (%) Table 4.7: Percentage of agricultural households with livestock and poultry Table 5.1: Activity status and unemployment rates (during last 7 days) (in %) Table 5.2: Distribution of wage earners by main sector of activity, row-wise Table 5.3: Distribution of wage earners by mode of payment (in %) Table 5.4: Average daily wage in cash/kind received by wage earners (in rs) 5.5: Distribution of household non-farm activities of varoius groups by type of enterprises Table 5.6: Average revenue and expenditure of household non-farm activities* Table 5.7: Distribution of children by activity status (during last 7 days) (in %) Table 6.1: Literacy rates by caste/ethnicity and gender Table 6.2: Percentage distribution of educational status of population 6 years and older by caste/ethnicity and gender *Table 6.3: Gross enrollment rates by level of schooling and ethnicity and gender Table 6.4: Net enrollment rates by level of schooling and ethnicity and gender * Table 6.5: Net attendance rate by level of schooling and ethnicity and gender Table 6.6: Type of school attended by individuals currently in school/college Table 6.7: Reason for leaving school/collage for population 6-24 years who attended school in the past; Table 6.8: Percentage of population 15 years and older who ever attended school and their mean years of schooling Table 6.9: Language used in the household Table 6.10: Women in final decision on 'up to what grade should the children attend school' Table 6.11: Distribution of students by caste./Ethnicity who have received scholarship and mean amount per person received Table 6.12: Poverty rate by the level of educational attainment of household head Table 7.1: Percentage of population reporting chronic illnesses by caste/ethnicity and gender Table 7.2: Percentage distribution of types of chronic illness by caste/ethnicity Table 7.3: Cost on the treatment of chronic illness Table 7.4: Distribution of working days stopped due to chronic illnesses by caste/ethnicity Table 7.5: Percentage of population reporting acute illnesses by gender Table 7.6: Percentage distribution of acute illnesses by type Table 7.7: Percentage of health consultations for acute illnesses by status and practitioner type Table 7.8: Percentage of health consultations for acute illnesses by type of institution Table 7.9: Mean expenditure (in rs.) Of last consultation in government and private institution for acute illness Table 7.10: Percentage of population by type of disability Table 7.11: Distribution of birth deliveries by place and assistance of delivery Table 7.12: Distribution of women consulting health facilities for pre & post-natal care and distribution by facility type Table 7.13: Women in making final decision in obtaining health care for self (responses of women) Table 7.14: Women in making final decision in obtaining health care for their children Table 8.1: Distribution of households by time taken to reach the nearest primary school Table 8.2: Distribution of households by time taken to reach the nearest secondary school Table 8.3: Distribution of households
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