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A Abdulrauf, S.I., 139 Acetazolamide, CA Inhibitor, 68 Actin-Associated Index A methodology, 122 Abdulrauf, S.I., 139 taurine concentration in glioma biopsies, Acetazolamide, CA inhibitor, 68 124–126 Actin-associated proteins, 84 ligands and effector caspases suppress, 25 Adenomatous polyposis coli gene (APC), 41 pathways of, 121 Ageing, and cancer, 5 proteins, inhibitors of, 30–31 Agonistic Fas receptors, 25 regulatory function of PTEN, 28 AGT, see O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase repression of Bcl-2 and survivin, 26, 32 (MGMT) role in gliomas, 30, 33 Alkylating agents, 89 TNF-induced, 25 Allograft implantation models, 188 ubiquitination role in, 31 Alpha-carbonic anhydrase family, 65 Aquaporin-1 (AQP1), 240 Altinoz, M.A., 60 Argon lasers, 174 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), 239 Aronica, E., 271 Anaplastic astrocytomas, 36–37, 135, 213 Assimakopoulou, M., 61 CBV measurements, 216 Asthagiri, A.R., 247 MGMT IHC of, 92 Astrocytic tumors, see Astrocytoma(s) p16/INKa4 protein, relation with p53, 27–28 Astrocytoma(s), 57–58, 70, 135, 213–214, 259 Angiogenesis, 135–136 anaplastic astrocytoma, 36 Angiogenesis-related proteins, 137–138 antagonist RU486 role in, 60 Antiapoptotic proteins, see Astrocytoma(s) antiapoptotic proteins role in Antisera, 108 Bcl-2 proteins family, 29–30 ANXA1 (annexin 1), 49 death ligands, 23–26 Aphasia, 224 IAPs, activation in gliomas, 30–32 Apolipoprotein Apia-I, 191 p53, and cell cycle progression E2F role, 26–27 Apoptosis, 136, 146, 153 PTEN relationship with p53, 28–29 activation, and signaling pathways, 23–24 receptors and messengers role, 23–26 Bcl-2 controls, 29–30 survivin and cell cycle progression, 32–33 biological significance, 23 TNF-induced NF-κB activation in, 25 caspases role in, 30 biopsy, analysis of, 122–126 defined, 23, 121–122 carbonic anhydrase IX FasL and TRAIL mediated, 25 diagnostic tool in grading astrocytomas, studies, in gliomas, study using MRS 69–70 apoptotic cell density, 123 evaluation in tumors, 68 ca 2.8 ppm Lip/MM peak from PUFAs, prognostic significance of, 68–69 125–126 role, 68–70 M.A. Hayat (ed.), Tumors of the Central Nervous System, Volume 5, 275 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2019-0, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 276 Index Astrocytoma(s) (cont.) therapy, synemin and other IF proteins prospects, CBV/rCBV measurements 86–87 predictive role, in survival and recurrence, see treatments, depending factors, 58 Cerebral blood volume (CBV) See also Gliomas cell motility, IF proteins role Autism, 149–150, 154 GFAP, 85–86 Axin, tumor suppressor, 40–41 nestin, 81, 85–86 synemin, 82–85 B vimentin, 81, 85–86 Bannykh, S.I., 199 cerebellar, spontaneous regression of, see Bcl-2 protein family, 23 Cerebellar astrocytomas (CA) controls apoptosis, action mechanism, 29–30 diffuse astrocytoma, 36 groups, 29 doppel protein functionality Bigner, S.H., 111 biochemical features, and cellular localization, Biomarker discovery, methods 18–20 cytogenetic method, 111–112 distinguishing subtypes of, 16 digital karyotyping technique, 114–115 functional pathways analysis, 19–20 EGFR amplification technique, 111–112 gene expression analysis, tumor marker, 13, EGFRvIII expression, 112 15–17 genomic characterization technique, 116–117 glial tumors, gene expression, 16, 18 immunologic methods, 108–109 interaction analysis, 19–20 integrated genomic analysis, 115–116 over-expression, 16–17 karyotypic analysis, 111 glioblastoma multiforme, 35 large-scale array analysis, 113 higher MVD in p53 mutated low-grade, 140 using double-minute (DM) chromosomes, 111 high recurrence rate of, factors, 81 using gangliosides, 109–110 hormonal therapy for, 58, 62 using gene expression arrays, 114 Human Angiogenesis Array, 137–138 using GLI transcript, 112–113 IF proteins role in cell motility, 85–86 using tenascin, 110 IHC for MVD, 136–137 Bisdas, S., 216–218 Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (LIFS) Bisulfite DNA treatment, 6–7 for, 162 Bjerkvig, R., 109 low grade, p53 involvement, 135 Bleier, A.R., 180 pilocytic astrocytoma, 36 Blood brain barrier (BBB), 188 P53 mutation, 138 Bonéy-Montoya, J., 60 association with MVD, 138–139 Borit, A., 143 characterization, 137 Bourdon, M.A., 110 higher number of vessels, 138 Bouvier, C., 199 PR isoforms Bovenzi, V., 60 expression regulation, and malignancy grades, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 13 59–60, 62 Bowers, D.C., 201 function in growth of, 57, 60–61 Bown, S.G., 173–174 progesterone (P) Brain Cancer, nanotechnology based therapy genomic mechanism of action, 58 methods to increase targeting specificity, 191–192 role in cell growth and proliferation of, 57, 60 nanomaterials delivery, 190–191 regression, 143 convection-enhanced delivery (CED), 192–193 SEGA, see Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas systemic delivery, 190–191 (SEGAs) nanoparticle formulations, 189–190 statistical analyses, 138 strategies to overcome BBB, 192 taurine role, in apoptosis, see Apoptosis See also Cancer Index 277 Brain thermal lesions, evolution on MRI, 181–182 diagnostic tool, in grading astrocytomas, 70 Brain tumors, 57, 60, 135, 195 expression cell cultures, 107 in Barrett’s-associated adenocarcinomas, 66 computer-based QOL monitoring, ePROM, and disease prognosis, 67 226–227 ectopic, 66 fluorescence signature and, 170 and hypoxia responsive element (HRE), 67 Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (LIFS) increased, 66–67 for, 162 malignant gliomas, 67 malignant, nanotechnology-based therapy for, in normal tissue, 66 187–189 predominant CA isozyme in tumors, 66 PROM, see electronic Patient-Reported Outcome prognostic significance (studies), as valuable Monitoring (ePROM) marker, 67–70 specific Pros, 225 role in astrocytomas, 68–70 symptoms, 223–224 role in carcinogenesis, function mechanism, 67–68 TR-LIFS, tool for intra-operative diagnosis, see Carboplatin, in treatment of PMAs, 207 Time-resolved laser induced fluorescence Carpentier, A., 175–176, 180, 183 spectroscopy (TR-LIFS) Carroll, R.S., 60 variety of, and treatment possibilities, 223 β-Catenin, 35, 37–39, 42–43 Breast cancer, CA IX as tumor biomarker, 67 See also Wnt signaling pathway Brell, M., 92 Cathepsin D, lysosomal proteinase, 74 Britz, G.W., 235 CBV, see Cerebral blood volume (CBV) Brunetaud, J.M., 177 CD95 ligand (CD95L), 23 CD34 protein, 256 C Cellular differentiation, 136 Cabrera-Munoz, E., 61 Central nervous system (CNS), 187–188 Cachexia, 196 and doppel protein expression, 13, 15, 19 CA9 gene, 65, 67 germ cell tumors, 95 Calcifications, 196, 199 arise from pleuropotential embryonic cells, 95 Camacho-Arroyo, I., 58–59 in Asian population, higher incidence, 97 Camptothecin, 146 benign and malignant, 95 Cancer clinical presentation, tumors in, 96–97 ageing and, 5 germinoma and non-germinoma, histological and DNA methylation failure, 5–6 examination, 95–96 ERK/MAPK pathway deregulation, 102 locations, mainly midline, 95–97 importance, of imaging of HIF-1-active tumors, hemangioblastomas, see Hemangioblastomas 129 low-grade neoplasms PAs, pediatric tumors of, see NF-κB in genesis and progression of, 25 Pilocytic astrocytomas (PAs) p16/INKa4 protein role, 27–28 malignant tumors, nanotechnology-based therapy role of synemin in, 83 for, 187–189 -targeted PROs, 225 tumors and EGBs presence diagnosis, 78 types, 223 Ceppa, E.P., 198, 207 Cantharidinare, 147 Cerebellar astrocytomas (CA), 143 Cao, V.T., 93 regression, 144, 147 Capper, D., 92–93 criteria for, 144 Carbonic anhydrase (CAs), 65 CT scans, spontaneous regression, 144 Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CA IX), 65–66 hormonal changes and chances of, 145 diagnostic evaluation imaging surveillance in, 145 monoclonal M75 anti-human CA IX antibody incidence and time course of, 144–145 use, 68 mechanism and multiple factors, 145–146 278 Index Cerebellar astrocytomas (CA) (cont.) Cottingham, S.L., 206–207 residual tumours, smaller volume and higher CpG islands, 4–5, 90 chances of, 146 Curzerenone, 147 therapy for, surgical resection, 144 CyberKnife SRS, 249 Cerebellar lesions, 195 Cyst, 239–240 Cerebral blood volume (CBV) Cystic tumors, see Pilocytic astrocytomas (PAs) estimation, by MRI Cytogenetic method, 111–112 arterial spin labeling techniques, 215 Cytoskeletal protein, 81 DSC-MRI, 214–215 gradient echo pulse sequence use, 215 D preload approach, problem, 214 Death domain (DD), 24 T1-based methods, 214 Death effector domain (DED), 24 measurements, predictive value, 217–219 Death inducing signaling complex (DISC), 24 biases in prediction, 217 Death ligands, 23 correlation between histopathological grade Death receptors, 23–24 and, 218 De Porter, J., 175, 180 cut-off values, 218 Desmuslin, 82 data collection from longitudinal studies, 219 Devaux, B.C., 176 EORTC criteria, 218 Dhermain, F., 218 rCBV value, after combined radiation and Di, C., 115 temozolamide therapy, 219 Dickkopf family proteins, 35, 39 methodological considerations, and survival rates, Diencephalic syndrome, 204 215–216 Dietary supplements, anti-cancer effects, 146–147 CBV mapping, 215 Diffuse astrocytoma(s), 10, 36 histogram analysis, of rCBV values, 216 main tumor entities, 89–90 hot-spot ROI method, 216 MGMT IHC expression, 89–90 limitations, 216 compared to MGMT promoter methylation, 91 in predicting astrocytoma histopathologic grade, in glioma and non-neoplastic cells, 89, 91–92 214 marker of patient outcome, 92–93 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 149, 203 technical considerations, 90–91 Chang, S.D., 248 MGMT protein and resistance alkylating agents, Chemotherapy, for PMA, 203–204, 206–208 89–90 Chen, Y.Y., 43 Digital karyotyping technique, 114–115 Chikai, K., 207 Digital oscilloscope, 164 Chinese herbs, 146–147 3,3-Diindolylmethane (DIM), 146 ChIP-on-chip method, 9 Diode laser, 176
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