The Battle of Averne 469 AD
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Joseph Grzywaczewski Sidonius Apollinaris' Pagan
Studia Theologica Varsaviensia UKSW 1/2014 JOSEPH GRZYWACZEWSKI SIDONIUS APOLLINARIS’ PAGAN VISION OF ANCIENt ROMA BELLATRIX IN CHRISTIAN ROME Sidonius Apollinaris was born in Lyons c. 430. His father was prefec- tus pretorii in Gaul. He received a good classical education, especially in grammar, literature and rhetoric, in Lyons and in Arles1. He published several poems and wanted to be considered as a poet2. He married Papia- nilla a daughter of Senator Eparchius Avitus. His father-in-law had good relationships with two kings of Visigoths, Theodoric I (418-451) and his successor Theodoric II (453-466). The Visigoths kept peace with Rome as allies (federati) of the Empire. On July 9th 455, Avitus was proclaimed Emperor of the West in Arles. In such circumstances, young Sidonius started his career in public activity. 1. ROMA BELLATRIX IN THE panegyric IN HONOUR OF AVITUS Sidonius received a proposal to pronounce a panegyric in honour of the new Emperor at the ceremony of his enthronisation in Rome on Ja- nuary 1st 456. He accepted such an honourable proposal and according 1 Sidonius Apollinaris in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Ox- ford 1997, p. 1498. 2 See Sidoine Apollinaire, Poèmes, ed. André Loyen, Paris 2003, vol. I. There is the Latin text and a French translation with commentary. For the bibliography con- cerning Sidonius, see W.J. H a r r i e s, Sidonius Apollinaris and Fall of Rome AD 407- -485, Oxford 1994. 180 JOSEPH GRZYWACZEWSKI [2] to the tradition of that time pronounced his panegyric (Carmen VII)3. -
Introduction: the Legend of King Arthur
Department of History University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire “HIC FACET ARTHURUS, REX QUONDAM, REXQUE FUTURUS” THE ANALYSIS OF ORIGINAL MEDIEVAL SOURCES IN THE SEARCH FOR THE HISTORICAL KING ARTHUR Final Paper History 489: Research Seminar Professor Thomas Miller Cooperating Professor: Professor Matthew Waters By Erin Pevan November 21, 2006 1 Copyright for this work is owned by the author. This digital version is published by McIntyre Library, University of Wisconsin – Eau Claire with the consent of the author. 2 Department of History University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Abstract of: “HIC FACET ARTHURUS, REX QUONDAM, REXQUE FUTURUS” THE ANALYSIS OF ORIGINAL MEDIEVAL SOURCES IN THE SEARCH FOR THE HISTORICAL KING ARTHUR Final Paper History 489: Research Seminar Professor Thomas Miller Cooperating Professor: Matthew Waters By Erin Pevan November 21, 2006 The stories of Arthurian literary tradition have provided our modern age with gripping tales of chivalry, adventure, and betrayal. King Arthur remains a hero of legend in the annals of the British Isles. However, one question remains: did King Arthur actually exist? Early medieval historical sources provide clues that have identified various figures that may have been the template for King Arthur. Such candidates such as the second century Roman general Lucius Artorius Castus, the fifth century Breton leader Riothamus, and the sixth century British leader Ambrosius Aurelianus hold high esteem as possible candidates for the historical King Arthur. Through the analysis of original sources and authors such as the Easter Annals, Nennius, Bede, Gildas, and the Annales Cambriae, parallels can be established which connect these historical figures to aspects of the Arthur of literary tradition. -
De Episcopis Hispaniarum: Agents of Continuity in the Long Fifth Century
Université de Montréal De episcopis Hispaniarum: agents of continuity in the long fifth century accompagné de la prosopogaphie des évêques ibériques de 400–500 apr. J.-C., tirée de Purificación Ubric Rabaneda, “La Iglesia y los estados barbaros en la Hispania del siglo V (409–507), traduite par Fabian D. Zuk Département d’Histoire Faculté des Arts et Sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade Maître ès Arts (M.A.) en histoire août 2015 © Fabian D. Zuk, 2015. ii Université de Montréal Faculté des etudes supérieures Ce mémoire intitule: De episcopis Hispaniarum: agents of continuity in the long fifth century présenté par Fabian D. Zuk A été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Philippe Genequand, president–rapporteur Christian R. Raschle, directeur de recherche Gordon Blennemann, membre du jury iii In loving memory в пам'ять про бабусю of Ruby Zuk iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Résumé / Summary p. v A Note on Terminology p. vi Acknowledgements p. vii List of Figures p. ix Frequent ABBreviations p. x CHAPTER I : Introduction p. 1 CHAPTER II : Historical Context p. 23 CHAPTER III : The Origins of the Bishops p. 36 CHAPTER IV : Bishops as Spiritual Leaders p. 51 CHAPTER V : Bishops in the Secular Realm p. 64 CHAPTER VI : Regional Variation p. 89 CHAPTER VII : Bishops in the Face of Invasion : Conflict and Contenders p. 119 CHAPTER VIII : Retention of Romanitas p. 147 Annexe I: Prosopography of the IBerian Bishops 400–500 A.D. p. 161 Annexe II: Hydatius : An Exceptional Bishop at the End of the Earth p. -
Arthur Pack2
Arthur – King Of The Britons Easter Sunday 31 March 2002 Contents Arthur – King Of The Britons Introduction . 2 Key elements of the legend . 3 The truth behind the myth: King Arthur . 4 The identity of the real Arthur . 4 Tintagel – Arthur’s birthplace? . 4 The sword in the stone . 5 The magic of Excalibur . 5 Camelot . 5 The Round Table . 6 Arthur’s final resting place . 6 Presenter Richard Harris . 7 Production credits . 8 Arthur – King Of The Britons Introduction Arthur – King Of The Britons Easter Sunday 31 March 2002 on BBC ONE King Arthur is one of the most famous figures Arthur – King Of The Britons is a BBC in British mythology – but did he really exist? Manchester production. The producer and Arthur – King Of The Britons goes on a quest director is Jean Claude Bragard and the to discover the true story behind the legend. executive producer is Ruth Pitt. Richard Harris – who famously portrayed Arthur in the film Camelot – unravels Arthur’s story and finds evidence for a real flesh-and- blood hero, hidden away in one of the most obscure periods of British history. The programme reveals that there is compelling evidence for a real warrior king, a leader who united the Dark Age tribes of Britain against a common enemy, and overcame amazing odds to stem the tide of invasion for decades. The earliest reliable record of the legend of King Arthur is a book written by Geoffrey of Monmouth in the 12th century, but the myth of Arthur continues to enthrall people around the world. -
Lhe STORY ()F-THE, NATIONS -~Be §Tor~ of Tbejsations
• lHE STORY ()F-THE, NATIONS -~be §tor~ of tbeJSations. _ THE- FRANKS THE STORY OF THE NATION S• • J. ROME. .By ARTKUR GILMAN, 30. THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE. M.A. lIy_ c. W. C. OMAN • •. THE JEWs. By Prof. J. K. 31. SICILY: Phc:elliclan, Greek HOSMER. and Roman. lIy tho late 3. GERMANY. By Rev. S. BAIliNG' Prof. E. A. f'I'REBMAN. GOULD, M.A. 32. THE TUSCAN REPUBLICS. 4. CARTHAGE. By Prof. A •. FRED BY_~F.LLA DUFP'Y. J. CHURCK. 33. POLAND. By w. R. MO •• ,LL, s· ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE. By M.A. Prof. J. P. MAKAFFV. 34- PARTHIA. By Prof. GEORGE 6. THE MOORS IN SPAIN. By RAWLINSON. STANLEY LANR.POO1' 35· AUSTRALIAN COMMON· 7. ANCIENT EGYPT. y Prof. WEALTH. By GREVILLB GEORt;P. RAWLINSON. TREGARTHEH. 8. HUNGARY. By Prof. ..MINlOS 36. SPAIN. By H. E. WAT,... VAMBRRY. 37. JAPAN. By DAYID AluKRAY, 9. THE SARACENS. By ARTKUR Ph.D. GILMAN, M.A. 38. SOUTH AFRIOA. By GF.ORGK 10. IRELAND. By the Hon. EMILY M. THKAL. • LAWLESS. 39. VENICE. By ALltTKEA W'EL. 11. CHALDBA. By Zt!NAiDE A. 40. THE CRUSADES. lIy T. A. RAGOZIN. ARCHER and C. L. K'NGs, 1" THE GOTHS. By HENRY BRAD· FORD. LEY. 41. VEDIa INDIA. By Z. A. R,,· 13. ABSYRIA. By ZgNAiDE A. RA. GOZIN. GOZIN. 42. WEST INDIES AND THE '14. TURKEY. By STANLEY LANE SPANISH MAIN. Ily JAME' POOLS. ){ODWAY. IS. HOLLAND. By Prof.' J. E. 43- BOHEMIA. By C. EDMUND THOROLD RoGERS. MAURICE. 16. MEDIEVAL FRANCE. By 44. THB BALKANS. By W. -
Reconsidering the Origins of the Arthurian Legend Rae Marie Marotta '00 Illinois Wesleyan University
Illinois Wesleyan University Digital Commons @ IWU Honors Projects English 2000 The oP wer of Perception and Origin Myth: Reconsidering the Origins of the Arthurian Legend Rae Marie Marotta '00 Illinois Wesleyan University Recommended Citation Marotta '00, Rae Marie, "The Power of Perception and Origin Myth: Reconsidering the Origins of the Arthurian Legend" (2000). Honors Projects. Paper 7. http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/eng_honproj/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Ames Library, the Andrew W. Mellon Center for Curricular and Faculty Development, the Office of the Provost and the Office of the President. It has been accepted for inclusion in Digital Commons @ IWU by the faculty at Illinois Wesleyan University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ©Copyright is owned by the author of this document. rmarotta: 7 1 Contemporary Theories and Arthur's Historical Prototypes "On the basic issue ofArthur's identity, there need never have been any mystery at all." -Geoffrey Ashe Riothamusl Geoffrey Ashe has made the most recent attempt to find a historical prototype of Arthur. According to Ashe, Arthur's history is more than just a medley of yams, more than just a saga in the" dream time" myth. It puts him within a definite period. It names definite places, and takes him to definite countries .... This is not to say that the official history is true. As it stands, it isn't. But its fullness and firmness, and its power of shaping a consensus, justify a search for the realities behind it. (Discovery 3) For Ashe, there is no need to consider the possibility that Arthur's roots are legendary. -
Introduction 1
NOTES Introduction 1 . Siân Echard, Arthurian Narrative in the Latin Tradition , Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 36 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998 ), p. 14; Helen Cooper, The English Romance in Time: Transforming Motifs from Geoffrey of Monmouth to the Death of Shakespeare (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004 ), pp. 26–27; Anne F. Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs, “The Dark Dragon of the Normans: A Creation of Geoffrey of Monmouth, Stephen of Rouen, and Merlin Silvester,” Quondam et Futurus: A Journal of Arthurian Interpretations 2.2 ( 1992 ): 2 [1–19]. 2 . Julia Briggs discusses the Vortiger and Uther Pendragon plays per- formed by Philip Henslowe’s company as well as William Rowley’s The Birth of Merlin and Thomas Middleton’s Hengist , “New Times and Old Stories: Middleton’s Hengist ,” Literary Appropriations of the Anglo-Saxons from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Century , ed. Donald Scragg and Carole Weinberg, Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England 29 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000 ), pp. 108–9 [107–21]. 3 . For evidence supporting a late 1138 date for Geoffrey’s HRB , see Wright, introduction to HRB Bern , p. xvi [ix-lix] and John Gillingham, “The Context and Purposes of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of the Kings of Britain ,” Anglo-Norman Studies 13 (1991 ): 100 n5 [99–118]. 4 . Clarke, introduction to VM , p. vii [vii-50]; Echard, Arthurian Narrative , p. 218. 5 . Lee Patterson, Negotiating the Past: The Historical Understanding of Medieval Literature (Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1987 ), pp. 160, 201, 170, and 187; Virgil, Aeneid in Eclogues, Georgics, Aeneid I-VI , trans. -
Dark Age Isles Summary
Dark Age Isles Summary By Matt Schwoebel Dark Age Isles: Rome, Arthur, and the New West (337-686 A.D.) is a heuristic, generational, geographic history of the Dark Age period in the Isles – Britain (England, Scotland, & Wales), Ireland, and Brittany (Armorica) including adjacent areas of Gaul/Francia. Contents: I. Introduction to Dark Age Isles Myth and Reality Page 2 II. Seven Cultural-Historical Phases Page 4 III. Generation Timeline Page 7 1 © Matt Schwoebel I. Introduction to Dark Age Isles Myth and Reality The period and place covered by this book represent one of the least enlightened by surviving written records from the Dark Ages. Between 337 A.D. and 686 A.D, the reasonably integrated Roman province of Britannia became an early form of England (or Angleland) divided into multiple kingdoms. The imperial language of Latin (in its vulgar form) was no longer spoken. Unusually in former western imperial lands a native language, Brythonic Celtic (Welsh), AND a conqueror language, Anglo-Saxon (English), arose to replace Latin. This linguistic situation is unique with Basque (Euskara) being the only other pre-Roman native survivor. Elsewhere a Latin dialect prevailed or a Germanic or Slavic conqueror language replaced it. There are eight myths listed below that will be addressed by this book. It will describe seven main cultural-historical phases between the death of Emperor Constantine the Great in 337 A.D. and the death of the last Pagan Saes king in 686 A.D. (along with the great Pict victory the year before). The main portion of the book will describe the changing situation in Britannia (England & Wales), Hibernia (Ireland), Caledonia (Pictland/Scotland), and an extended Armorica (Brittany) generation by generation. -
Geoffrey of Monmouth Hypothes.Is Reading
L..0J 6AA J 152 Riddles rrz.l (. A,J'i1./,Ld~ :?f €,.)Us t( l.,. k and dash of waves; few men I saw my home in that wilderness, V.7l. I (1...~ n. P,.-) /~~). but each dawn, each dusk, 1 the tawny waves surged and swirled /.}\JV) /)M«.D5c{ {{) . around me. Little did I think that I, mouth less, should ever sing to men sitting at the mead-bench, 10 vary ing my pitch. It is rather puzzling, a miracle to men ignorant of such arts, how a knife's point and a right hand (mind and implement moving as one) could cut and carve me-so that I 15 can send you a message without fear, and no one else can overhear or noise abroad the words we share. Solutions: 1. Penis or onion; 2. Bible; 3. Book worm; 4. Pen and fingers; 5. Reed. After the Norman Conquest P ERSPECTI VES Arthurian Myth in the History o f Britain A lmost since it first appeared, the story of King Arthur has occupied a contested zone between myth and history. Far from diminishing the Arthurian tradition, though, this ambiguity has lent it a tremendous and protean impact on the political and cultural imagination of Europe, from the Middle Ages to the present. Probably no ocher body of medieval legend remains today as widely known and as often revisited as the Arthurian story. O ne measure of Arthur's undiminished importance is the eager debate, eight centuries old and going strong, about his historical status. Whether or not a specific "Arthur" ever exist ed, legends and attributes gathered around his name from a very early dace, mostly in texts of W elsh background. -
Arthur and the Giant of Mont-Saint-Michel: the Creation
Arthur and the Giant of Mont-Saint-Michel: the Creation of a Folktale Four writers mention the activities of the Britons in Gaul in the fifth century: the Gothic historian, Jordanes; Sidonius Apollinaris, Prefect of Rome and later Bishop of Clermont-Ferrand; Gregory, bishop of Tours; and Geoffrey of Monmouth. Jordanes, writing his De Origine Actibusque Getarum ('On the Origin and Deeds of the Goths') in 551, tells of the deeds of Euric,, king of the Visigoths (between466 and 485).1 The Visigoths already hold most of Spain but, spurred on by changes of government in Rome,, Euric thinks to conquer parts of Gaul as well. The Western Roman emperor, Anthemius, thus seeks assistance from the Britons, and their king, Riotimus, mounts an expedition: Anthemius imperator Brittonum solacia postulavit. quorum rex Riotimus cum duodecim milia veniens in Beturigas civitate Oceano e navibus egresso susceptus est'Emperor Anthemius sought help from the Britons, of whom the king Riotimus, coming with 12,000 (men) into the state of the Bituriges by way of the Ocean, was received as he came out of his ships' (pp. I 1 8-1 191.2 Euric comes to Riotimus, in Berry, with a great force. and defeats him: ad [eosJ rex Vesegotharum Eurichus innumerum ductans advenit exercitum diuque pugnans Riutimum Brittonum rege, antequam Romani in euis societate coniungerentur, effugavit'Eurich, king of the Visigoths, came against (them) leading an immense affny, and fighting fbr a long time against Ri(o)timus, king of the Britons, put him to flight, before the Romans could join up with him' (p. -
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
THE HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE BY EDWARDGIBBON ,, EDITED BY i J. B. BURY, M.A. WITH AN INTRODUCTION nY THE RT. HON. W. E. H. LECKY VOL. VI NEW YORK FRED DE FAU & COMPANY PUBLISHERS COPYRIGHT, Iga7. FRED DE FAU & COMPANY. CONTENTS OF THE SIXTH VOLUME PAGE LISTOF ILLUSTBATIONS . xi CHAPTER XXXIV The Character, Conquests, and Court of Attila, King of the Huns - Denth of Theodosius the Younger -Elevation of Marcien to the Empire of the &st A.D. , 376-433 TheHuns . .......I Their Establishment in modernHungary . 2 433-453 Reign of Attila . -3 H is FigureCharacterHisand . 4 He discovers the Sword of Mars . 6 Acquires theEmpire of Scythia and Germany . .7 430-440 TheHuns invadePersia . .9 41,&c. They attackEasternthe Empire . XI Ravage Europe as far as Constantinople . la The Scythian or TartarWars . , 14 State of the Captives . .x6 446 Treaty of Peace betweenAttila Ad theEastern Empire . 19 Spirit of the Azimuntines . 21 EmbassiesfromAttila to Constantinople . 22 448 The Embassy of Maximin to Attila . ’ 25 The royal Village and Palace . .28 The Behaviour of Attilato the Roman Ambassadors . 30 The royal Feast . .32 Conspiracy of theRomans against the Life of Attila . 34 He re rimands and forgives theEmperor . 35 450 ThdosiusYounger the dies . ’ 36 Is succeededby Marcian . ’ 37 CHAPTER XXXV Invasion of Gad by Attila - He is repulsed by Aetius and the Visigoths - Attila invades and evacrralcs Itdy - The Dealhs of Attila, Aetius, and Vakntinian the Third 450 Attila threatensboth Empires, and prepares to invade Gaul . 39 433-454 Character and Administration of Aetius . -
Emperor Majorian and the Fall of Rome
The Last Romans: Emperor Majorian and the Fall of Rome A study of the Late Empire and its energetic Emperor University College Tilburg Liberal Arts and Sciences Humanities Major Bachelor Thesis Thesis Supervisor: Prof. Dr. R.C.H. Lesaffer Thesis Author: Janus de Vries Abstract This paper concerns the reign of Emperor Julius Flavius Valerius Majorianus (r. 457-461), placed within the context of the Empire that had started unravelling in the years before his ascension. By analysing the state of Rome during its final period, and the way it faced its barbarian enemies, we can more clearly define and appreciate the sort of task that the last Emperors had to face. In so doing, a case will be presented in which the destruction of Rome was not yet set in stone by the time of Majorian’s reign. From our modern perspective, we are primed to think of the fall of Rome as a long, progressive and inevitable process. This is part of the intellectual heritage of Edward Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Though the paradigm does not hold as much power as it has in the past, as current scholarship includes a dogged debate on whether the fall of Rome was mainly due to internal causes or due to external causes, this paradigm remains highly influential. The linear thinking of progressive decline, or progressive causes of decline, is still well represented in both traditions. The downside of this perspective is that it does not work well with such figures as Majorian who defy the paradigm by embodying success, rather than failure.