DOCUMENT RESUME ED 026 276 SE 006 271 By-Dean, C. Thomas; And Others Model Construction, Units for Secondary School Industrial Arts. California State Coll., Long Beach. Spons Agency-National Aeronautics and Space Administration, t4ashington, D.C. Pub Date 66 Note-1.88p. Available from-Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 ($1.00). EDRS Price MF -$0.75 HC-$9.50 Descriptors-Aerospace Technology, * Science, *Industrial Arts, Instructional Materials, Laboratory Manuals, Models, *Science Activities, *Secondary School Science Identifiers-National Aeronautics and Space Administration . This publication provides twelve model spacecraft construction plans foruse by secondary school teachers in industrial arts classes. These modelswere adopted and developed from plans supplied by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and are representative selectionsfromthe many spacecraft used inspace exploration programs. Some examples are *Saturn, Explorer, Mariner, Apollo, Gemini, and Tiros. Each model is described and illustrated in detail, and background dataare provided for each rocket model. (BC)

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' .7 S. - I / , , I "." , I. .21 , " I go nr .K.1110d O 1.101lied (. SNOIN1d0 aO MIA 403141. S11410d W081 N0111900301A13338 Sy 10 KI1303 33110 03311(108(138 iY131110 111E38d38 11 ONILYN19180 801,1111161980 E1ldnS331311 ION Oil11338 MIS SVH IN31.10300 SIN 40 80913d 181/113M NOIIVA0.1 '141101 JO 1N.314RWM1 .S71NOI1V3RO1 JO 331A0 7 " MODEL SPACECRAFT CONSTRUCTION

Units for Secondary School industrial Arts

A Report to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration submitted May 28, 1964 with on Mdendum Report submitted July 1, 1966

by the California State College at Long Beach

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington D.C., 20402 - Price $1.00 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

Introduction to Second Edition 1

To the Teacher 2 Model Spacecraft Construction Report Submitted May 28, 1964 3 Acknowledgments 4 Saturn 5 Explorer 19 050 33 Relay 54 Mariner 68 Apollo 97 Model Spacecraft Construction Addendum Submitted July 1, 1966 109 Acknowledgments 110 X-15 111 Gemini (Titan II) 120 Gemini 131 TIROS 146 Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO) 157 Lunar Module 171 i

Introduction to Second Edition

This new, enlarged second edition of MODEL SPACECRAFT CONSTRUC- TION has been prepared by the California State College at Long Beach, as a report to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to meet the in- creasing need of secondary school industrial arts teachers for this information. Six new sets of model drawings and instructions have been included as an addendum: X-15, Gemini Launch Vehicle (Titan II), Gemini, TIROS, Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO) and Lunar Module. The twelve spacecraft included in this new edition are a representative selection from the many used by NASA in space exploration programs.

1 TO THE TEACHER

This publication was prepared by a committee of industrial arts educators for the purpose of providing aerospace education activities in the secondary schools. It includes the six model plans completed in 1964 and an addendum of six additional model plans completed in June 1966. These were adapted and developed from plans supplied by the Notional Aero nautics and Space Administration. The project committee comprised a group of carefully selected secondary school industrial arts tenchers of the Long Beach-Los Angeles area, working under the direction of staff members of the Division of Applied Arts and Sciences of the California State College at Long Beach.Although this material was pre- pared bY industrial arts teachers for industrial arts class activities, the project committee recognizes the numerous possibilities for relating these activities to other subjects of the curriculum. Projects were developed as suggested procedural patterns with the intent that they be adapted to fit existing classroom and shop situations. The recom- mended materials and procedures are only guidelines. The student should be encouraged to experiment and apply scientifc principles to problem solving tech- niques in constructing any of the model spacecraft.

,

2 MODEL SPACECRAFT CONSTRUCTION

Report submitted by the Long Beach State College at Long Beach, California Mny 28, 1964

PROJECT STAFF

Dr. C. Thomas Dean, Director Mr. Floyd M. Grainge, Co-Director Mrs. Dorothy DeBord Miss Toshiko Goto Mr. Jack Kerner Mr. Richard 1. Krahenbuhl Dr. Irvin T. Lathrop Mr. Howard B. Levine Mr. Arthur Steiner Mr. Ray Young

3 Acknowkdgments

Model Spacecraft Construction, an incentive guide in aerospace education for secondary teachers, was; an outgrowth of the Aerospace Education Work- shop at Long Beach State College at Long Beach, California in August 1963. The material was developed through the efforts of nine teachers selectedipn the basis of their ability and background in the design and construction of aero- space models. The project was supported by the National Aeronautks and Space Administration. The material on Spacecraft Construction was made possible through the efforts of the following individuals: Mr. Floyd M. Grainge, Professor of Industrial Arts, Long Beach State College at Long Beach; Mrs. Dorothy DeBord, Secretary, Applied Arts and Sciences Division, Long Beach State College at Long Beach; Miss Toshiko Goto, Art Instructor, Jordan Senior High School, Long Beach, Calif- fornia; Mr. Jack Kerner, Graduate Student, Long Beach State College at Long Reach; Mr. Richard L. Krahenbuhl, Industrial Arts Teacher, Bancroft Junior High School, Long Beach, California; Dr. Irvin T. Lathrop, Associate Professor of In- dustrial Arts, Long Beach State College at Long Beach; Mr. Howard B. Levine, Industrial Arts Teacher, La Habra High School, Fullerton, California; Mr. Arthur Steiner, Vice Principal, Dewey Continuation High School, Long Beach, California; Mr. Ray Young, Graduate Student, Long Beach State College at Long Beach. I would also like to thank the teachers in the field and graduate students who assisted in the review of the material for basic concepts and procedures. Without the assistance of these fine critics, the project would not have been corn- Meted so readily for use in aerospace education.Our hope is that this project will provide a real stimulus for the implementation of advance work in the area of aerospace education in the secondary schools.

C. Thomas Dv.r.n, Project Director May 1964 Chairman, Division of Applied Arts and Sciences Long Beach State College Long Beach, California

4 SATURN With what envy man watched the birds wing through the air!

ft watched how they rose from the ground. He watched how they

flew down from the trees. He watched the mighty ones soar and

swoop. He studied in detail every one. If only he, too, could

fly!

When blasts Apollo on its mission, the astronauts

might well smile as they remember this ancient wish.Without this

wish, however, they might not be navigating throughspace; for

space travel had to start with the wish of a dreamer. Daedelus,

we are told, built wings of bird feathers and wax to escape from

Crete. DaVinci's dream was more concrete. He only needed an engine

to fly. The Wright brothers made the dreamcome true. Their memorable

flight at Kitty Hawk started a continuingprogram of research and

development in aerodynamics.

However, the first serious consideration of space flight prob-

ably grew out of the development of the rocketas a means of pro-

pulsion. The rocket is believed to have been introduced by the

Chinese as early as the 13th century. They used powder rockets to

direct "fire arrows" at the Mongols during the seige of Kaifeng.

During-the next five centuries, rocketswere chiefly used for fire-

works. About 1800, Congreve in England developeda solid fuel war rocket which led to its widespread militaryuse.

Practical studies of using rocket propulsion forspace flight

started near the end of the 19th century. Konstantin Ziolkowsky,a

Russian mathematics teacher; Herman Ganswindt,a German taw student, and Robert Esnault-Pelterie of France did considerable theoretical work on space flight and rocket propulsion.

The generally acknowledged father of space flight, Dr. Robert

H. Goddard of the United States, translated the dream and the theory into hardwarec, He conducted extensive research in rocketry between

1914 and World War II, On March 16, 1926, he successfully tested the world's first liquid fuel rocket.

Although Dr. Goddard continued his work until his death, he failed to arouse enthlsiasm in the United States. In Europe, however, rocket power gained new impetus. The German army started a research program which culminated in the famed Peenemunde project and the V-2 misrdile, a 46-fOot rocket of 200-mile range used to bombard London from the continent. This V-2 is the modern forerunner of our current boosters.

The rocket is the only pouer plant presently capable of travel- ing through interplanetary space. Although it is basically an internal combustion engine, it differs from all others in one respect. It carries its own oxydizer and therefore can operate ina vacuum. The rocket is also the only engine capable of producing propulsivepower while moving at very high velocities. It is important as a booster because at present the rocket engine develops the greatest thrust per pounli of engine weight and has the smallest frontalarea per unit of thrust of all power plants.

Very high speed is necessany to travel intospace. A satellite can be placed in earth orbit at the speed of 18.000 miles per hour. By increasing the speed to 25,000 miles per hour, thegravitational pull of the earth can be overcome. To place a 90,000 pound space- craft into translunar trajectory, then, requires a tremendous amount of power. This is the mission of Saturn V, the three stage rocket which is to boost Apollo to the .

The first stage of Saturn V will be powered by five F-I engines.

Each is capable of delivering 1 1/2 million pounds of thrust and con- sumes 3 tons of liquid oxygen andkerosene every second. Largest of such engines being developed in the United States, it stands 18 feet high and weighs 10 tons. This first stage, the S-1C itself, will weigh 140 tons empty and over 2,300 tons fueled. It will be 33 feet in diameter and stand 136 feet tall.

The second SII stage to be propelled by liquid hydrogen and

liquid oxygen will deliver 1,000,000 pounds of t, rt with its five

J-2 engines. Being equal in diameter, 81 1/2 feet in height, and

weighing 37 1/2 tons, it will ride atop the flrst stage.

The S-IVB will bt powered by a single J-2 engine with the

thmst of 200,000 pounds. It will serve as the third stage (f the

Saturn V, the vehicle which will send the Apollo spacecraft on its

mission to the moon.

Chemical combustion is presently used in rocket propulsion because

no other means of accelerating mass tohigh exhaust speeds has been per-

fected( Othr promising systems now under study include: nuclear

fission, nuclear fusion, ion power, arc heating, solar power, and photon power.

To every action there is an equal and opposite reactioa.ftwton's third law t-Anslated to hardware, then, is surely man's passport to space. 1

4 1 I PARTS LIST- 5ATURN ROCKET 4/ APOLLO CAPSULE

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14 RECOMMENDED MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

SATURN V

PART NUMBER 'IRT7Trern="'"' COLOR NUMBER REQUIRED MATERIAL OMSK MliMIN11114111/1117i I/C/NWMENINUISIMENNI11011111101MMILINSIMIONIR

_1 Five Wood - pine White

2 Four Wood - pine White

3 Four Wood - pine White

4 One Wood - balsa Black

5 One Metal - brazing rod Polish

6 One Wood - pine White

7 One Wood - balsa Black

8 One Metal - rod White

9 Four Wood - pine White

10 One Wood - pine White

11 One Wood - balsa Black

12 One Wood - pine White

13 One Wood - balsa Black

14 One Wood - balsa Black

15 One Wood - balsa Black

IC One Wood - pine White

17 One Metal - rod White RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONETRUCT/ON SATURN V NO. MATERIALS TECHNIQUE TREATMENT 711101111111N111111MUiTICNINEMICCIZIke.eNttS90.,...23JIMO RECOMMEJDATIONS 21 WoodWood or plastic CutdimensionsTurn and on shapelathe to specified surfacesFinish sand all 3 Wood or plastic dimensionsTurndimensions on lathe and tosaw specifie:1 to Finishsurfaces sand all Glue part no,2 4 ) shape surfaces resinusingto part epoxy no. 3 13117 )) cardboardBalsa wood or specifiedCut and fabricate dimensions to priorPaint to black cement- 1514 ) Brass rod dimensionsandShape detail to specified bodyPolishing to the main Wood theDrillspecifiedTurn detail ason indicatedlathedimensions. drawing to on surfacesFinish sand all epoxypartGlue3104,7 parts no.resin and 6 no.using5 to le RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION SATURN V NO. MATERIALS TECHNIQUE TREATMENT RECOMMENDAT/ONS mnSEMBLY 8 Steel or brass asTurndrawingdimensions. indicated on lathe on to the specified detail Drill and tap Polish 109 Wood dimensions.Turndimensions on lathe to specified Drill as in- FinishsurfacesFinish sand sand all all 12 Wood Turndrawingdicated on latheon the to detail specified Finish sand all Glue parts no. 89 drawingdicateddimensions. on the detail Drill as in- surfaces ingintoGlue159,10,11,13,14 to epoxy positiontreadedpart resinno. red us-and12. 16 Wood dicateddrawingdimensions.Turn on on lathe the detailto specified as in- surfacesFinish sand all resinplacebushingGlue threadedusing into epoxy 0.,./..}.. RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION SATURN V ASSEALY 17NO. Steel or brass MATERIALS andFabricate details partsindicated to dimensions in de- TECHNIOUE TREATMENT MINIM no.CementRECOMMENDATIONS 16 using to part tail no. 17 2,3,698,9,J.0,12916Paint parts no. 1, epoxy resin COfro and 17 white EXPLORER Twinkle, twinkle, little star;

How I wonder what you are!

Up above the world so high.

Like a diamond in the sky.*

Why do you twinkle?What are you doing there? Who put you there?Man's natural curiosity has led him on a never-ending search for answers to the mysteries of his universe.

Until recently our only source of information about outer- space lay entirely on light and other radiation that penetrated earth's atmosphere from the vastness of the universe. This atmosphere that makes the stars seem to twinkle obscures and distorts our vision.

Through the use of sounding rockets, we have been able to gather informa- tion in outer space. These rockets are relatively small, relatively inexpensive vehicles for lofting simple payloads from a few score to a few thousand miles above the earth's surface. In the few minutes of flight before the rocket plunges back to earth, the payload instruments measure the selected properties of space. This technique highly devel- oped in the decade following World War II was the only technique for on-site measurements of space until satellite flight was achieved in

1957;

Although the sounding rocket remains a basic tool for acquiring local instantaneous measurements of space properties, the satellite is bur major tool for acquiring long-term measurements. It is possible to

*"The Little Star" Jane Taylor

-20- gradually acquire a basic understanding of the space in all directions at distances up to several hundred thousand miles by varying the orbital inclination and the ellipticity of the satellite paths.

The Explorer program consists of geophysical satellites of various configurations to study the space environment and upper atmosphere surrounding the . Various payload instruments study such phenomena as radiation, micrometeoroids, temperatures, magnetic field and solar plasma.

Early in 1958 Van Allen discovered an additional layer of particles in the upper atmosphere by the analysis of geiger counter data from Explorer I. Until this time it was believed that the density of the upper air merged into the density of the interplanetary gas at an altitude of about 1,000 km. and that this marked the boundary of the atmosphere. This layer, eventually foLoid to reach out to about 100,000 km., is called the magnetosphere because it exists only by virtue of the presence of the earth's magnetic field. This discovery was the most significant discovery of the IGY (International Geophysical Year).

Since the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belt, there has been a large number of investigations of these particles by sound- ing rockets and satellites. Explorer XII, the energetic particles satellite, added significantly to the radiation belt studies. Launched on August 15, 1961, into a highly eccentric orbit (apcgee 48,000 miles perigee 182 miles), it transmitted data until December 6, 1961. It passed through the belt twice per orbit for a total of 204 transits.

The instruments on the satellite revealed a large flux of medium-

-21- wt7:410,74,01,4

energy protons trapped in the outer zone ofthe radiation belt. No

protons had been ditacted in the previous measurementsand it was

believed that the belt was populated only by electrons. The instru- 1 ments alao indicated that the level of electron fluxin the outer Van Allen belt was about three orders lower than what had beenpreviously

considered to be present.

Such investigations have added much to the understandingof

the phenomena of outer space but the inost remarkable feature ofthe

program has been its interdisciplinary nature. Science disciplines

such as physics, astronomy, and geophysics that had gone their separate

ways now attack space problemsin close partnership.

With cooperative effort and our new found ability we have been

able to reach out to the stars. In many insta:ices the meaureelne,i's

increased our knowledge of space but we also lear.Led more about the

earth itself. In some cases we learned very new and very fundamental

facts about the distant stars.

Twinkle, twinkle, little star, we9ll socn find mt .:.nat you are. ' . "... 44 .1., ":;. ' - t _ - - .:' C '', ..,:,.. * ,, , , , - ' ,14,:e 1 , '' .:, i '' . ' ,. .. t. . liq '1 ,`e . - ''."74.,i , rt.' 1,,c, 4' - ' '' I, ''...... -- P :i1414 - wekt .1' 0 It *4 4 ' u , V...41'174 . 41 '41." Air 1"Cs ;;!.. ,* -90'41t k,,e.":41,t''4 .;."'* . . , . 1 - 5 :t':CIVA, - ' . \_, 4 .. ,.... ,S, ., ,-1.;..,* , 004. ' '' ',1:04 #0,..".". ".S ' ,*. 10:', 4 )''''j- ,,. I ,' ,'. , .1Z'4.:,N, . , ' .4 - ', I ,\.' A ' ',1,,,st' ' 4 ' ,,", '`r.,..1"14 1+1 ''.: A II.'":.: 'J.'''. 4- %., it, , y 1 '.a. :iP \ '4' ''':VtI ,t .44 : '''''11;i4 ,..-r'' ;.,Pf' t t uk>,' a . 4,, .;. . S. -%; _ 'NI. lilt 1 I. V. ,....0,),4,,0,6 ;, 4,;* .,, , . ''');14 I ,;,...01. , ,,, . U.' ' ''

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, -Jpir - ". 4 , 4, ",'' ' "1' , . , . V41, et ../1 4 1 . --EXPLORER .=r--% ASSEMBLY SILVER r---51_ACK 32. 3 H REF FSILVER GREY -23-3- SQ. POSITIONED AS SHOWN / / IIIIfll(1111111multi 5 83- x RECT 3 D. IVSITIONED AS SHOWN 5/ D. JLOCT PLCS.3 H/6H Rrc > :le " ,2 D. 2 ,32 4 REQD L 0 / 30 II 1---- ® 4 REVD. 1 3 3 Z ..i, ,____L SE Z. / D 5-7 01 3 8 e 3 D. 8 61EEP / REQ /6 / 32 7 /6 7 4 / REQ:0 f---- EQSPCD. PAINTED LINEs1TYPICAL 3 6 I O 3 3z DEEP II, O 0 4 4 REQD. 11. r BOTH ENDS 2-4 TYR 8 3Z. 7 0/(0 4 REQD RECOMMENDED MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

EXPLORER XII

COLOR NUMRER REOUIRED MATERIAL ami.:111111=161111111111111NIMMIIIMIlfirazgarronset rimmilmmimmmmmosimm

1 One Wood - pine Silver with black stir- face details

2 One Dowell - rod, Silver metal or paastic rod, metal or plastic tubing

3 One Wood - (maple), Silver plastic or brass

4 One Wood - (maple) Yellow or plastic

5 Four Metal brazing rod Silver

6 Four Wood - (maple) Silver or plastic

7 One Metal brazing rod Gold and washer

8 One Wood - (balsa) or Red sheet metal

9 Four Dowel - rod or Silver brazing rod

10 Four Wood - balsa or Silver with pine black sur- face details

11 Four Sheet metal Silver with black sur- face details RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION EXPLORER XII 1NO. Wood - pine MATERIALS Constructon lathe cA-agonto specified bodyturn di- TECHNIQUE surfacesFinish sand all TREATMENT 111111, RECOMMENDATIONS 2 Dowelmetal - orrod, plastic endsCutasmensions. perto lengthdetailed and drawing square all holes 3 plasticorWood,rod, brass Metal plastictubing or DrillTurn to all specified holes as dimensions. per polishFinish surfacesand or 4 Wood or plastic perdimensions.Constructdetailed detailed todrawing drawingspecified Drill as polishFinish surface sand or 65 orWood,Metal brass plasticrod pencilShapeCut to onsharpenerspecified drill press length or Finish sand 7 brassBrazing washer rod and FitMachine washer on onto'Athe rod or PolishPolish surface RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION EXPLORER XII "Ir Mr= 8NO. metalBalsa wood or sheet IgT/MIttMATERIALS tailedDrill holes drawing TECHNIOUEArrfdrrr5rr"'"P"'"'"1"--grnnMas per de- TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS 10 9 BalsabrazinzDowel wood. rod or or soft LayoutCut to andspecified fabricate length to Finish sand c4) pine piecebeandsDecified constructed sand and tapers.divided dimensions as (Mayinto one 11 Sheet metal body.separateConstructfour eaual from both pieces) the ends main Drill as theno.holesSolderspecified body.11. to bothbe onpainted. ands detail to All 3/64D, orusingAssemble9 solderto epoxypart part no.11resin no. RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION EXPLORER XII PART NO. strGAMT15----MATERIALS F B TECHNIQUE TREATMENT RF AttachRECOMMENDATIONS11 to partpart no.no.1 theaspartingdrawing indicated assembly theno.11 positionby alternat-on of 8partssilverPaint allno.except parts7 and paintusingtailsApply1 as toorsurfacespecifiedapwopriate partIndia no.de- cellsinkSimulate on part solar no. Assemble7 to part part no. no. 1 onfaceslinesequally10 detailby asondrawing spaced indicatedtheno. sur-10 RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCT/ON EXPLORER XII S F CE EMBLY NO MATERIALS TECHNIQUE toPaintred part andpart no. attach no.81 TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS with epoxy resin part2,39495Attach no. parts and1 6no. to yellowPaint part no.4 Assemble part no. StandModel Wood - walnut modelportDesign the stand assembled to sup- oilNatural finish rubbed 10 to part no, 9 O S O

(ORBITING SOLAR OBSERVATORY) When the daylight sky turns to night, astronomers scurry from all over the world to see the phenomenon. The bright disk of the sun disappears and the full glory of the coronabecomes visible.

The stars and planets shine through the varicolored hue. The wispy pearl-colored corona stretches out away from the sun for several diameters. At the base of the corona, crimson prominences can be seen twisting from the dark outline ofthe moon. This splendor of the tctal can only be seen within a small black area some

100 miles in diameter. It is the ambition of every astronomer to place himself in this small black spot.

Although eclipse expeditions have given us a fundamental knowledge of the sun, observational time has been short, for total are rare, occurring not more than two or three times a year. The spot travels at a speed of 2,000 miles per hour along the eclipse track. Although it can be accurately calculated before- hand, careful preparation of the observational program is necessary because the moon's shadow only spends a few seconds over the chosen site. Even if an astronomer can travel to every eclipse track, he only has a few minutes of working time available each year. If the equipment fails or if it is cloudy, he must then wait for before it is possible to observe again. And then the next eclipse track may cross over inaccessible parts of the world.

Other important sources of knowledge are the solar observatories, such as the one in the Hollywood Hills* California. There the smog, which makes life miserable for the populace, serves as a perfect filter through which valuable photographscan be taken.

Now, with rc,:kets and satellites, the research workcan be ex-

tended out into space. Telescopes can be carried out intospace above earth's atmosphere for a better look, justas the astronomers in the past carried theirs to the mountain tops.

The sun, the major source of energy in the solarsystemo controls the environment in space as wellas the weather on the earth. It is fitting, then, that the first observatory-classsatellite should be destgned primarily for the study of solar physics.

Why does the sun have an 11-year sunspot cycle? What causes solar flares? How are the energetic particles accelerated to their high energies? Understanding of thesun itself is one of the objectives of solar physics.

Another objective is to monitor continuously the radiationfrom the sun. Scientists need these data to understand themeasurements they make on the atmosphere and ionosphere of theearth, n Laterplanetary space, and on the other planets.

The Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO) has takendata pertinent to these objectives. By making continuous measurements of the ultra- violet light and soft X-rays emitted by thesun, it has given data on the solar proceseee.

OSO-I on its 344/370 mile orbit points continuouslyat the center of the sun with an accuracy of 1/2 arc minute. The upper portion, called the sail, which pointsat the sun, carries the solar cells which provide the energy for the satellite. The bcttom section of this 458 pound craft known as thewheel rotates to provide stability. In it are housed the batteries,telemetry and experi- ments which need not be pointed atthe sun.

One of the major experimentsin the pointed section was a spectometer to study the solar spectrumof the sun in the wave length spectrum region from 50 to 400X. This is the portion of the solar that controls the properties ofthe upper layer of theearth's

ionosphere. All of these lights areabsorbed at extremely high altitudes. Many clues about the propertiesof the chromosphere

and the corona of the sun wereobtained from this experiment.

Another major experiment was to measure theintensity of X-rays 0 in the 1 to 8 A region. It was possible to observe X-raysfrom very

weak flares and in some cases those fromflares not observed on the

ground.

Continuous monitoring of the X-ray flux onthe sun is very

important because of the speed of itsflares. Most of the X-rays

occur in the earliestphase of the flare and much of the phenomena

of interest were missed by the earliermethod of rocket probes be-

cause of the timeinvolved.

OSO-I was designed to measure theradiation of the entire sun

over a broad wave-lengthregion which is inaccessible to measurements

by solar observatories on earth. Other more complex orbiting

observatories are planned for the future.

With the success of OSO-I we entered a newphase of complex

spacecrafts capable of preciseorientation over long periods of time. Thus, we can surpass the old astronomer's dream by placing the telescopes higher than the highost mountain. °,' - e. ' ...=01. APP-'diii is 4PrI111111111111i.'al I I I 4, i 1 11 VV. . '1St'elI 111 II I Ila 10.0I

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IBOWEL

15 4

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7 RECOMMENDED MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

ORBITING SOLAR OBSERVATORY

RECOMMENDED PART NUMBER COLOR NUMBER RE UIRED MATERIAL aMININGINF V171111,

1 Two Plywood - 1/8" Silver

2 Two Plywood - 1/4" Natural

3 Oue Wood - maple Silver

4 One Wood - maple Silver

5 TWo Wood - balsa Silver

6 One Wood - pine Black

6A One Wood - balsa Silver

7 One Wood - maple Black

8 One Wood - pine Black

9 Two Wood - balsa Silver

10 Two Wood - maple Silver

13. Two Wood - maple Silver

12 Two Wood - maple Silver

13 One Wood - pine Black

Two Wood - balsa Silver

15 Three Band iron Silver

16 Three Band iron Silver

17 Three Band iron Silver

18 Three Band iron Silver

19 Six Band iron Silver

-48- RECOMMENDED MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

ORBITING SOLAR OBSERVATORY

PART MB RECOMMENDED NUMBER REQUIRED MATERIAL COLOR

20 Three Wood - maple Silvar

21 Two Dowel - rod Natl.

22 Twelve Metal wood screws Silver

23 Three Metal brazine rod Natural

24 Fifteen Metal brazing rod Natural

25 One Wood - maple Silver

A-I Nine Wood - pine Silver RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE ORBITING SOLAR OBSIMVATORYFOR CONSTRUCTION 1NO. Wood - 1/8" plywood MATERIALS specifiedLayout and dimensions cut a nonagon to TECHNIQUE TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS 42 Wood - maple1/4" plywood dimensionsTurnspecifiedLayout on and lathe dimensionsandcut todrilla nonagonspecified as to A&G ) Wood - pine Fabricatespecified parts to Finish sand all Subassemble as DCB,E,H) )) pinsUse escutcheon for sur- andspecified details dimensions surfaces detailedingsindicated draw- on 25IF ) Woodface - effectmaple onTurn detail on lathe no. 1as and specified drill surfacesFinish sand all 3 Dowel - rod dimensionsCutto accommodateand shape to part specified no0 3 through1,203,4,25Subassemple andparts A RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION ORBITING SOLAR OBSERVATORY PART NO.15,16, Band iron MATERIALSSUGGESTED Cut and shape to specified FABRICATIOTECHNI Ur TREATMENTSURFACE RECOMMENDATIONSSubassemble parts 1917,18, dimensions no.asB,Eone15,10,17,1S 22noted andeach andH towith attachpartsand part 19 2023 WoodBrass - maplerod partCutdimensionsTurn no.to on specified 23lathe and todrill lengthspecified for PolishsurfacesFinish sand all toAsE.amble part no.17 part using no.20 16,17,18,19,20,partsPaint 1,3,4,1.5,assembled pe-t no.23 6 Wood - pine dimensionsCut and shape to specified through23,25 and I Asilver

Ive, RECOMMENDED PhOCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCION ORBITING SOLAR OBSERVATORY wdnrr1dttffL95"------"---rtrfnTfolt'"7NO Dowel - rod 4iATERIALS dimensionsCut and shape to specified TECHNIQUE AY, "°---73Wrger-"-"mingLITE37"--*Finishsurfaces sand all TREATMENT no06AssembleRECOMMENDATIONS aei indicatedto part SA Wood - balsa CutspecifiedCut and and 'fabricate fabricate dimensionsdimensians to to 6GlueG1ua as toindllsted part no. as Indicated 98 Wood - pinebalsa Cutspecified and fabricate pecifieddimensions to dimensions 1241210 Wood - bard Fabricatedimensions to specified Finish sand all Glue parts 9,1041 & 13 WoodandDowel-rod balsa- pine Cutspecifieddimensions and fabricate dimensions to surfaces indicated12 to r,art 1:o. 8 as RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION ORBITING SOLAR OBSERVATORY' PART NO MATERIALSS GGEST TECHNIQUE TREATMENT A RECOMMENDATIONS SSEMBLY 4=1 14 Wooe- balsa specifiedCut and fabricate dimensions to no.on12Glue 13detailand partsas 14 indicated no.8to 10,11, part FinishpartPaintsurfaces nos. sandassembled 5,6A,all partPaint149,10,11,12 silver nos. assembled 5,708 and StandModel Wood - walnut detailtionRecommended is sheet indicated construc- on andoilNatural 13 finish black rubbed

Around the world in 80 days --- aroundthe world in 80 hours

-- aroundthe world in 80 minutes ---- aroundthe world in 80

seconds. In this rapidly shrinking time-world,instantaneous

global communication is becoming anecessity.

Studies indicate that the conventionallimited-capacity over-

seas communications facilitieswill not be adequate for the expected

increase in traffic. Tn 1960 there were almost four million overseas

telephone calls.Reliable estimates indicate a five-foldincrease in

the next decade. Such an increase will overtax the current as well

as the planned underseas cableand high frequency radio facilities.

There is little doubt that transoceanic satellitecommunications will

be needed to supplement these facilities.

Economic studies which have already been undertakenindicate that the comsats (communications satellite). canprovide services cam- parable to those of the undersea cable at a lower cost perchannel of

capacity. Also it may well be the only means of providinghigh

quality communication to remote, less-developed areas.

The comsat era began in 1958 when the famous Christmas message

from the president was transmitted to the wrld bythe Project Score

satellite. It was fullowed in 1960 by Echo I, the firstpassive com-

munications satellite; and Courier, the "delayed repeater" satellite.

Telstar was boosted into orbit in July 1962, Relayin December 1962,

and. Syncom in February 1963.

These satellites represent the beginning stages of the in-

vestigation and exploitation of the three basic techniquesapplicable

-.55- 1r to operational communication systems.. Active satellites in low and medium altitude orbits, active satellites in 24-hour synchronous orbits, and passive reflector satellites in low orbits are the techniques under study.

Echo I, a 100-foot metallized balloon, performed many successful transcontinental and transoceanic experiments but a radio mirror such as this passive reflector satellite merely reflectssignals. Because they do not amplify signals, the reflecting area of the satellites must be large and the ground stations must be large and complex.

The active satellites, which carry receivers and transmitters for amplifying and retransmitting the received signals, hold great promise for the future. The dramatic demonstrations of trans-Atlantic television which have taken place via Telstar and Relay have proved that satellites of this type are capable of providing excellent inter- continental communications. Because it is a powered amplifying repeater, the active communications satellite can be quite small.

It is also possible to use-less sensitive ground transmitting equipment.

The Relay is an interesting example of an experimental satellite of the intermediate-altitude type. The spacecraft weighs 172 pounds, is 32 inches high and has a maximum breadth of 29 inches.From one end extends the 18-inch ringlike antenna structure which handles both the transmission and the reception of communication signals. Its eight sides contain more than 8,000 solar cells. The whiplike antennas at the broad end of the craft are part of the systems for turning Relay experiments on and off. It also acquires and sends to Earth data on

-56- component behavior and on radiation in space.

After successful injection into a 819/4612 mile orbit by a

Delta vehicle on December 13, 1962, an abnormal power drain initially prevented tests. Failwe of the voltage regulator was found to be the cause and the use of the redundant transponder permitted experi- ments beginning January 3, 1963. On January 9, a television program from the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. was successfully telecast to stations in France and Great Britain. Since then many other engineering tests and demonstrations have been performed using this satellite.

The usefulness of the communications satellite and its im- portance in world-wide communications are beyond question. The involvement of the world in the peaceful use of these satellites is another important aspect of the program. The extent to which other countries are willing to fund ground facilities for experi- mental purposes illustrates the broad international interest in the communications satellites. Stations in the United States,

Brazil, Frence, England, Italy and Germany are cooperating in the

Relay experiments. The station in Japan will be operational in 1964.

Interest in providing ground stations has been indicated by several other countries including the Scandinavian countries, Canada and India.

Satellites thousands of miles above Earth's surface can provide not only efficient communication for the entire world but can link all the countries in the peaceful use of space. In the.words of the late

President Kennedy: "There is no more important field at the present

-57- time than communications and we must grasp theadvantages presented to us by the communications satellites to usethis medium wisely and effectively to insure greater understanding among the people of the world."*

*Public statement by John F. Kennedy in 1962.

-58- - e .rt - e 0, r

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1111111111111111111111 911 0111111111111111 /1 /6 L. /NE5- 5COR'Z-.0 /A/ /-RZVD4)( RECOMMENDED MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

RELAY

T MI 1 'I's COLOR NUMBER RE UIRED MATERIAL

1 nna Unnal pInn Wh;te

2 One Wood - maple White

3g4 Light each IND Black lines an Dart naq 1 to indicate solar cell surfaces

5 One Wood - balsa Blue base

6 Four Wood - balsa Gold

7 Four Wood - balsa Blue

8 One Plastic Blue

9 One Wood - maple Silver

10 One Wood - balsa Blue base and white projections

11 Oae Wood - balsa Blue base and white projec- tion RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION RELAY NO 1 Wood - pine MATERIALS_ Construct octagon body to TECHNIQUE Finish sand all TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS'uslimMirtrir""a" onasLayoutspecifiAd allper surfacesdetailed and dimensions.mark asdrawing solar indicated cellsDrill withwhiteMarkssurfaces. India to beink made Paint 2 brassplasticWood (maple), or dimensionsTurnon detail on lathe nos, to 3 specifiedand 4 whitesurfacesFinish sand and allpaint using2Assemble to epoxypart part no.resin no.1 5 rounddowelorBalsa plastic partsrodwood, for with fiber the Constructdimensions to specified surfacesFinish sand all 76 Balsaor plastic wood, fiber Constructdimensions to specified surfaces'inish sand all 8 orBalsa plastic wood, fiber dimensionsConstruct to specified surfacesFinish sand all RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION RELAY NO 9 Wood (maple) or MATERIALS Turn on lathe to specified TECHNIQUE Finish sand all TREATMENT SUMMIT "--"ltgnBLY AssembleRECOMMENDATIONS part no. 10 Balsaplastic wood and Constructdimensions to specified Fintshsurfaces sand all usingAssemble9 516,7,8,10to epoxypart parts no.resin and 1no, 11 11 dowelBalsa rod wood, fiber Constructdimensions to specified FiLish sand all r.'aces toing part epoxy no. resin1 us- or plastic dimensions blue5,7,8,10Paintsurfaces parts and no. 11 goldPaint part no, 96 andonPaintsilver partsU. projectionswhite no. 5,10, .' MARINER

-68- In the beginning there was . No one can continue this sentence with absolute certainty because it is like trying to describe one's own birth. He would have to start with present conditions and work backwards in time through areas in which knowledge is still in- complete. Although scientists today know many motie facts than those

in the past, they nust explain much more than the ocean and dry land or sun by day and moon by night. How did the earth begin?How did life begin? Is this the only planet on which life exists?

When we unravel the mysteries of other planets we may gain more understanding of our own. Can some of the answers be provided by man's

"morning and evening star"?Venus, hiding in her perpetual cloud, has been ths object of much speculation because of her almost identical

size to the earth and her similar gravitational field. Is there life on our sister planet, Venus?

A "giant" step was taken on December 14, 1962, when Mariner II

flew past Venus at a distance of 21,648 miles, giving man his first

relatively close-up observation of earth's closest planetary neighbor.

Until the present time, anly extremely long-range methods of gathering

data have been available with which to study this planet. Analysis of

radar echoes and sunlight reflection over a distance of 26 million miles

are the techniques which have been used.

The Mariner spacecrafts were built for the purpose of obtaining

scientific information on Venus from close range. The first Mariner

van.shed in flames on July 22, 1962, after 290 seconds of flight. It

was deliberately destroyed because it was off course. No more than a

.069- misplaced hyphen in the equations fed into a computer was the cause

of the failure!

A later on August 27, Mariner II was boosted by a two-

stage Atlas-Agena B rocket on its journey into space. The gleaming

spacecraft was five feet in diameter and nine feet eleven inches high.

In cruise position with solar paddles and antenna extended, it measured

sixteen feet six inches across and eleven inches high. Of its 449

pounds, the scientific equipment for gathering information weighed

40 pounds. The remainder of its weight consisted of structure, power

supply, propulsion, communication, electronics and other support

equipment.

Aiming the launch and timing the take-off had to be figured with

precision. The scientists had to take into consideration the orbital

speed of Earth and Venus around the sun, the Earth's rotation, and the

movement of the sun as well as the gravitational pull of these bodies.

Mariner II was lobbed into space in the opposite direction from its

rendezvous point with Venus. The reason for this was that Earth and

Venus are locked in solar orbit with Venus closer to the sun. When an

orbiting body slows down, it is drawn inward by the sun's gravitational

pull. Mariner II had to be fired in the opposite direction to lose

some of the earth's orbital speed which it already had before it was

even launched. This feat of marksmanship has been likened to hitting

"a fast-flying clay pigeon from a spinning merry-go-round using a rifle

fastened to the merry-go-round."

With its solar panel wings spread, the spacecraft created electric power for its instrumentation(by means of 9,800 solar cells) during its journey. Its high gain antenna pointed toward earth for communica- tion. A complex system of sun and earth sensors, gyroscopes, and nitrogen gas jets kept Mariner in proper attitude. Other major equip- ment ;wort:IAA =n nmr0-anfAnna1 nthArradio equipment; temperature controls and a 50-pound-thrust mid-course correction rocket systemused to correct its course 1,490,000 miles out in space.

Mariner II's mission was officially completed when it passed

Venus and joined the other planetoids in solar orbit. This Venus fly-hy significantly advanced the world's knowledge about Venus and about interplanetary space. In addition to the 18 data readings covering the night and day side of Venus and the which separates them, the spacecraft sent an abundance ofinformation while enroute. It continued to transmit data about interplanetary space until January 3, 1963. When radio contact was lost, the Mariner was nearly 6 million miles beyond Venus andabout 54 million miles from earth. The successful space bird rewarded its creators with 90 million bits (from binary digit meaning a unit of information) which translated and interpreted with other experiments give a fascinating picture of

ffour morning and evening star".

After months of study, a report was made to the world. Rich in

carbon dioxide and poor in water vapor and oxygen, the atmosphere is

hostile to life as we know it on earth. A continuous cloud cover 15

to 20 miles thick starts 45 miles above the surface. It creates a

"greenhouse effect" by letting solar energy reach the surface but pre-

-71- venting much of the heat from escaping. The Mariner also reported that the temperature of the apparently dry and granularsurface may

be 800° F. Over it winds circulate dense gases compressedin an

atmosphere 10 to 30 times heavier than ours°The speculation that

the gases readily conduct heat around the planet mayexplain why the

spacecraft found no temperature difference between the sunlit and the

dark sides. The cloud temperature was found by the Mariner to be

200° F. at the base, -30° F. at the middle level and -60° F. at the

upper level. It is speculated that the clouds are composed of con-

densed hydrocarbons like those found in smog.

No evidence of Venusian magnetic field nor any bands ofradiation

was reported by Mariner's instruments at thefly-by distance. The

absence of such bands agrees with other observations thatindicate

a very slow rotation of the planet. Radar studies provide evidence

that Venus rotates once each 225 earth days; thus Venus's day will

equal its year. Studies also suggest that Venus rotates backwards

with respect to earth. On Venus, then, the sun rises in the west and

sets in the east.

The conditions on the Venusian surface suggest that the planet

supports no life as we know it on earth, butbiologists reserve judg-

ment on the existence of lower forms of life inits upper atmosphere.

The fundamental scientific question lies unanswered. Is there life on

Venus?

-72- V.0z 41.7 MARINER PART/AL EL E VAT/0N 74 A VI \

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86 RECOMMENDED MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

MARINER

PART NUMBER RECOMMENDED COLOR NUMBER REnUIRED MATPRIAL

1 One Wood pine Silver

2 One Wood - maple Gold

3 One Wood - pine Silver

4 One Aluminum Gold

5 Six Aluminum Gold

6 Two Plastic Silver-Purple

7 One Wood - pine Gold

8 One Wood - pine Gold

9 One Wood - balsa Gold 10 Two Wood - pine Silver 11 One Wood - pine Silver

12 One Wood - pine SiJver 13 One Wood - pine Silver

14 One Wood - pine Silver

15 One Wood- maple Black

16 One Wood - pine Silver

17 One Wood - maple Silver

18 One Dowel - rod Silver

19 One Dowel - rod Silver

-87- RECOMMENDED MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

MARINER

7zEF5Timn'MD COLOR NUMBER REOUIRED MATERIAL

20 One Wood - pine Silver

21 Two Wire Silver

22 One Wood - pine Light Brown

23 One Wood - pine Light Brown

24 One Dowel - rod Light Brown

25 Eight Balsa wood Light Brown

26 One Wood - pine Light Brown

27 One Aluminum Silver

28 One Wood - pine Silver

29 One Wood - pine Silver

30 One Wire Gold

31 Two Sheet metal Gold RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION PART SUGGESTED MARINER S R AC AS gBL 1NO. Wood m. plastic MATERIALS "slot"specifiedLayout toand accommodatedimensions cut a hexagon andpart to TECHNIQUE surfacesFinish sand all TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS 3 Wood - pine no.dimensionsCut 15 andas indicatedshape to specifiedon detail Finishsurfaces sand all 54 aluminumMetal - sheet CutdimensionsCut and and shape shape to to specified specified PolishPolish Subassemble parts 10 Woodaluminum - pine dimensionsCutdimensions and shape to specified surfacesFinish sand all asno.Glue ingspecified 5,1 toepoxy and part 4resinon us-no.1 11 Wood - pine Cutdimensions and shape to specified surfacesFinish sand all detailasGluedetail specified to no. partno. 5A 5Aonno.1 RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION MARINER -1111"'"--771t7tbNO.12 Wood - pine MATERIALS Cut and shape to specified TECHNIQUE TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ASSEMBLY ...sis 13 Wood - pine Cutdimensions and shape to specified fArrrarar------rrrnr- Finishsurfaces sand all Gluedetailas specified to no.part SA no.1onno.l s dimensions surfaces asdetail specified no. 5Aon oco1 14 Wood - pine Cut and shape to specified Finish sand all Glue to part no.1 7 Wood - pine dimensionsCutdimensions and shape to specified surfacesFinishsurfaces sand all detailas specified no. SA on 22 8 Wood - pine dimensionsTurnCut andon latheshape to specified FinishsurfacesFinish sand sand all i1 23 Wood - pine dimensionsCut and shape to specified Finish sand RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION MARINER 24NO, Dowel . rod MATERIALS dimensionsCut and shape to specified -"TEMMITM TECHNIQUE Finish sand TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS Ann Il="1 2625 WoodBalsa - pinewood dimensionsCut and shape to specified Finishsurfaces sand all 22,23924,25Glue parts no. and no.7AAssembleon26 detailas indicated parts drawing no.7Ano.dicateddoweland 3,7 subassembleusing rodand on as81/8"detail in- 9 Wood - balsa dimensionsCut and shape to specified surfacesFinish sand all asnos.detailGlue indicated 1A,3A, to no. part andlAon no.3 4A RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION MARINER PART SUGGESTE +1111.11MAIMII 15NO. Wood - maple MATERIALS FABRICATIor70170=6"---"---7171777mmwmTECHNIQUE TREATMENT .11111111111111111111MOMMIll IMMINIMINIMINIMONOMMINNINI RECOMMENDATIONS dimensionsTurn on lathe to specified Finish sand onportingGlue8dowel detailas to indicated rodspart1/8" no, sup-noo 2A ut, g 16 Wood - pine Cutdimensions. and shape to specified Finish sand all Iv i 10A drill holes as specified Layout and surfaces parttailspecifiedtoGlve partno. 1/8" 10A10A.no. ondowels to 16Gluede- as 17 Wood - maple Turn on lathe to specified no.dicatedpart 2A no,, on 8 detailas in- 18 Dowel - rod Cutdimensions to specified length surfacesFinish sand all usingGlue toepoxy part resin no. 17 RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION MARINER --rxrr----agunrrrrr19NO, Dowel - rod MATERIALS Cut to specified length MMITM/17TECHNIQUE TREATMENT GlueRECOMMENDATIONS to part no. 20 Wood - pine dimensionsCut and shape to specified surfacesFinish sand all 18Glueresin17 using to part epoxy no. 21 Wire tailShape no. as 21specified on de- resinGlueon17 detail asasto indicatedindicatedpart no. no. 9A 27 aluminumMetal - sheet dimensionsCut and shape to specified usingon detail epoxy no09A resin 2928 Wood - pine Cutdimensions and shape to specified surfacesFinishFinish sand sand all all RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION MARINER "------TrrAser"------"--AssErrilAr PA NO.SA MATERIALS TECHNIQUE el TREATMENT asno.RECOMMENDATIONSSubassemble specified. 27,28 and partsGlue29 31 Sheet metal Cut and shape to specified Finish all toing part epoxy no. resin9A us- 6 woodPlastic (maple) or dimensionsCut and shape to specified surfacesFinish all Glueno,Assemble 31 part using to no. partbrads. 31 to 2 Wood - maple Turn on lathe as specified Finish sand epoxypart no.resin 4 using 6A detailantennaCompleteon detail no. as fabricationno. 6Aindicated 2 onof RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION MARINER -1mInnnsr--- MATERIALS no.hingeUsing 2A no0as indicatedTECHNIQUE on16 detailwire construct TREATMENT epoxyno.AttachRECOMMENDATIONS 6A resin, using to part no,hingeendsoSecure 4toantenna into part remaining part no.5will and19,20,21,27,2813,14,16,17,18,1,3,6,10,11,12,Paint 29 silverparts no, Paint4,5,7,8,9,3031 gold partparts no. no.2 and 15 23,24,25blacklightPaint part:sbrown and 26no.22, RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION FABRICATION MARINER SURFACE ASSEMBLY 7Akir"'""="i'mNO. MATERIALS TECHNIQUE no.surfacesPaint 6 purple solar on partcell TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS APOLLO ft no more than the ." In spite of the unbelieves, there may be a man in the moon.

No one knows where or when the idea of space travel started.

This dream of exploring the moon probably dates back to the time when man first realized that it was not part of his own planet. One of the first science fiction stories, a novel of a moon journey, was written by Lucian of Samos in the middle of the second century A.D.

A period of 1500 years passed before another space travel story appeared. Francis Godwin wrote about a trip to the moon by bird propulsion in 1638. In more modern times, the early 19th century,

Jules Verne wrote how space exploration would be accomplished. H. G.

Wells in his War of the Worlds fascinated and frightened many. 4111111111111111 MINS 411.1111111111

In an enterprise such as the exploration of space, a clear-

cut goal is necessary for impetus, order and efficiency. The relative nearness of the moon makes it the logical place in space where the men

and equipment for future and more distant space travel can be tested.

Little as we know about the moon, it still exceeds our knowledge of

any other celestial bodies.

Because of the importance for night illumination, the ancients

gave a great deal of attention to the moon's motions. The exactitude

of the observations made was in advance of those in the other physical

sciences. As early as the second century B.C., Hipparchus discovered

the eccentricity of the moon's orbit, He determined the inclination

of the orbit to the ecliptic and adVanced the theory that the motion

of the moon is uniform in circular orbit with the moon placed eccentrically. No new theory was introduced until the middle of the seventeenth century when Newton advanced his gravitational theory.

In this century E.W. Brown introluced a completely new theory. His set of tabJes first used in 1923 will likely be used throughout the twentieth century.

The surface of the moon has also been a subject of continuous telescopic study since the time of Galileo. With large telescopes it is now possible to see an area less than a mile square. Tele- scopic observers have drawn detailed descriptions of the lunar sur- face and have Laid its features down on maps. These together with photographs give a good indication of the moon's surface. It is believed now that the whole visible surface is rough and mountainous.

The most striking features are the craters scattered over the surface with great profusion and frequently overlapping. Meteorites striking the moon are believed to have formed these craters. Erosion of the lunar surface may be the result of electrostatic charge by high energy solar radiation.

Among the other information gathered that will affect our exploration is the belief that the moon is devoid of air and water,

No meteorological variations such as our weather is probable. The change by the direct action of the sun's nays indicates an enormous range in the temperature of the surface. It also means that an artificial earth environment must be a necessary equipment of the moon explorers.

In spite of our powerful telescopes, earth's life-giving

-99- atmosphere clouds our vision. The Ranger and the Surveyor programs

will gather infornation above its shimmering moving layer beforea

manned moon exploration will be attempted. However, the dream of

space exploration has now taken on a more concrete aspect. By the

decision of the eientea rAprpRont=tivon nf tha panpla ;n th. un-Itc,f1

States, Proier.t Apollo is under way. The objective of this project

is to develop the ability to explore themoon before the end of this

decade.

Besides the gathering and analyzing of information, thecompe- tences necessary for the lunar exploration must be developed. At present there are three manned space flight prcgrams---- Mercury,

Gemini, and Apollo. They constitute a step-by-stepprogram to develop a broad capability for the manned exploration of space.

Project Mercury established adequately mants ability to perform effectively in the environment of orbital flight and developed the foundation of a manned space flight technology.

Operational proficiency and the development ofnew techniques including rendezvous will be gained in Project Gemini.

Finally in Project Apollo, three astronauts will hesent to explore the moon. The moon explorers will start their expedition by boarding an 80 feet tall spaceship perchedatop Saturn V, a multi- stage rocket. This spaceship will consist of three modules. The

Command Module will house the three astronautson the trip to and from the moon and serve as the control center. The Service Module will contain the life support system and the propulsion unitfor mid-

-100- course correction and injection into and out of lunarorbit. The

Lunar Excursion Module will transport the explorers to the surface of the moon and back to rendezvous with the Command Module in its orbit around the moon. In addition, a launch escape rocket system will be attached to the top of the Command Module in the event of trouble during the initial phase of the flight.

After the checkout, Apollo will be blasted to a speed of

25,000 miles per hour on a trajectory that will carry it to the vicinity of the moon in about 2 1/2 days. On arrival near the moon,

it will be maneuvered into . Two of the three astronauts

will then climb into the Lunar Excursion Module, separate from the

rest of the spaceship and descend to the surface. After exploring

the planned area for about 24 hours, the two explorers will rejoin the third crewman for the return back to earth. Leaving the empty

Lunar Excursion Module circling the moon, the Service Module will

provide the thrust for the spaceship's return trip. This module

will be in turn jettisoned before re-entry into the atmosphere. The

Comnand Module will re-enter alone and descend by parachute.

Today, moon and earth are closer in time than Europe and

America were when Columbus set sail toward the unknown, Who knows

what wonders will be found by the crewmen of Apollo when they

blast off toward the unknown. APOLLO

2Lif 404

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106 RECOMMENDED MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

APOLLO

PART NUMBER RECOMMENDED NUMBER RE UIRED MATERIAL COLOR

1 One Wood or aluminum White

2 One Metal - sheet White aluminum or cold rolled steel

3 One Wood or aluminum White

-107- 229-357 0-66-8 REMPTENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION APOLLO PART NO Wood or cast MATERIALSSUGGEST Turn on lathe to specified -1711mlar TECHNIQUE Finish sand or TREAT7,!ENTSURFACE RECOMMENDATIONS, KM1117.19rm- 2 aluminumMetal - sheetor theet specifiedL44youtdimensions and dimensions fabricate to polish surface 3 aluminumWoodsteel or cast dimensionsTurn on laths to specified PaintpolishFinish white surfacesand or no.Assemble 1, 2 andparts 3 MODEL SPACECRAFT CONSTRUCTION

Addendum to the Report of May 28, 1964,

;1 submitted July 1, 1966

by the

California State College at Long Beach

I ! Project Staff

Dr. C. Thomas Dean, Director Dr. Irvin T. Lathrop Mr. Richard L. Krahenbuhl Mr. Arthur Steiner Mr. James L. Denison Mrs. Arthur DeBord

-109--

! Acknowled ements

The addendum to ModelSpacecraft Construction isan additian to the original Model SpacecraftConstruction, a reportsubmitted to the National Aeronauticsand Space Administration bythe Califor- nia State College at LongBeach. The demand for the originalpubli- cation was so great that itwas felt that additional material should be developed prior to thesecond printing of the bulletin. The material was developed throughthe efforts of four teachersselected on the basis of their ability tocritically analyze engineering drawings of space models andmodify these foruse in an educational program. The projectwas supported by the National Aeronauticsand Space Administration.

The addendum materialfor the Model Spacecraft Construction publication was made possiblethrough the efforts of the following individuals: Dr. Irvin T. Lathrop,Associate Professor of Industrial Arts, California State Collegeat Long Beach; Mr. Richard L.Krahenbuhl, Industrial Arts Teacher,Bancroft Junior High School,Long Beach, California; Mr. Arthur Steiner,Counselor, Long Beach Businessand Technical College, Long Beach,California; Mr. James L. Denison, Industrial Arts Teacher,Millikan Senior High School,Long Beach, California; Mrs. Arthur DeBord,Secretary, Applied Arts and Sciences Division, California StateCollege at Long Beach.

In expressingmy appreciation I would like to thatik thestaff members of the National Aeronauticsand Space Administration who provided informationon the spacecraft included in this addendum. Without the assistance and support of these people? this project would not have been completed. Our hope is that this projectwill provide additional stimulus for furtherimplementation of advanced work in the area of aerospace education inthe secondary schools.

C. V-iert444ti,eado..41 C. Thomas Dean, Project Director July 1, 1966 Chairman, Division of Applied Arts and Scier:;,s California State College at Long Beach

-110-

Over the radio comes the countdown- "Five, four, three, two,

one . . . . DROP!" The rocket engine fires and the research planehas

Ileen "'Punched 4nt,u °nother test at thevery edge of space. The X-15,

the most advanced craft of its type, has been dropped fromthe mother

ship and will operate to provide much needed informationin the field

of aerodynamics.

The X-15 project had its birth in thesummer of 1952 and has been in continuous operation since that time. Probing ever higher and

faster in the cou-se of a progressive series of research flights,it has reached a peak altitude of 354, :00 feet anda speed of 4104 miles per hour. Never before has manned aircraft achieved such phenomenal performance. There have been in excess of 120 flights made by the three test models from which reams of research data have been gathered.

The X-15 is relatively small as modern aircraftgo, its thin

fuselage stretching 50 feet frwn nose to tail. The wings are thin and stubby and span only 22.36 feet with only 200 square feet of surface area. Due to its co'struction and design it flies likea plane in the atmosphere and like a space vehicle in space.

Upon reentry into the earth's atmosphere from outerspace, the aerodynamic heating causes the exposed areas such as the fuselage, wing, and tail to glow a cherry red. Because of this a special heat-treated

Inconel X nickel-steel alloy is used for the skin covering. All three of the test planes are painted black to radiate as much heatas possible on reentry to the atmosphere.

-112-

.1 The X-15 program has been the source of muchnew knowledge. A

large measure of thesuccess of the program has been due tothe indi-

viduals of extraordinary visionwho had the resolution to pushahead

and solve the unknownsthat faced them throughout theentire project. They were men who knew that the foundation3 upon whiph flla Y-15w^iald be built were sound, yetknew that they couldn't wait forthe answers before forging ahead.

Rarely hasa research program encompassedso many fields of basic and applied science,and less often still hasany been able to continue contributing for sucha long period in a fast advancing tech- nological age. Yet, just as the Wright Brothersleft many questions unansvered, today, long after theX-15 first flew 4000 milesDer hour, men are still trying to find a complete explanationfor airflow. The

X-15 did openmany of the secrets of the earth's atmosphere andwill serve as a guiding light for those researchers inthe years ahead. - - - . t'" t - . " - - - -

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RECOMMENDED MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION X-15 NUMBER PART REQUIREDNUMBER RECOMMENDED MATERIAL COLOR 21 21 Wood or- Balsaplastic Black 43 2 Wood or plastic Black 65 21 WoodWood,fiber, orplastic, metalor metal Black RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION X-15 NUMBER PART Wood - Balsa MATERIALSUGGESTED Form to specified dimen- FABRICATIONTECHNIQUE Finish sand all TREATMENTSURFACE RECOMMENDATIONS ASSEMBLY 2 Wood or Plastic Constructsions. to specified FinishPaintsurfaces. black. sand all 3 dimensions. FinishPaintsurfaces. black. sand all 4 Wood or Plastic Constructdimensions. to specified FinishPaintsurfaces. black. sand all 5 Wood,Fiber, Plastic, or Metal dimensions.Constructdimensions. to specified FinishPaintsurfaces. black. sand all 6 Wood or Metal dimensions.Construct to specified Paintsurfac&s.Finish black. sand al: 2,Assembleto 3, part 4, 1.parts5, and no. 6 GEMINI LAUNCH VEHICLE (GLV) (A Modified TITAN II)

-120-- The Gemini Launch Vehicle is a modification of the United States

Air Force Titan II rocket vehicle, first used sucessfully with a Gemini spacecraft on April 8, 1964.

The propellant used for launching purposes is hypergolic and therefore does not need an ignition system. It can also be stored indefinitely in Titan's fuel tanks. The launch vehicle can be readied for use on short notice and need not be drained of fuel if a launch is temporarily postponed.

The Titan makes an ideal launch vehicle with the manned Gemini spacecraft as it will permit practice of rendezvous maneuvers in orbit which is so essential to the future success of the space program.

The modified Titan II is a powerful booster which genarates a

430,000 pound thrust during the first stage and a 100,000 pound thrust during the second stage. It is ninety feet tall and ten feet ih diameter at the base.

The success of the Gemini project is largely dependent upon this booster and will move our country many steps forward in our challenge for the leadership position in the race in space. A tiazdos.....=-- .4 , 0. J - ,FA Ow. I k ' 'X" IM _ ;1 . 0 ;e *Atya, mar ' 11.117111 1-3111111.1111 a a_ 71.! ZaZ 14 _ .- ' ': 7-''' ' -IL'"v .. L'., , . 1):4 r 1 - - -: ,I . 117 8-.77JIM re 0. , ,-- - . --"..... r , 4k a Prz6 - 4 444 1 4 3, T ITAN 5 GEMINI WI ROCKET CAPSULE

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AidDR STAND - HAS THREE PARTS I I. BASE SCALE: 2. DOWEL 4 3. RETAINER (cUP) RECOMMENDED MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION GEMINI VII - TITAN II NUMBER PART 1 RERUIREDNUMBER 2 Wood - PineRECOMMENDEDMATERIAL SilverCOLOR 432 Assy 421 WoodMetal - BrazingPineDowel Rod WhiteSilver 65 1J. WooaWood - -Dowel Pine White 87 81 Wood - Dowel White 10 9 1 Wood - Pine Silver 1211 1 o Wood - PineDowel White 1413 1 Wood - PineDowel WhiteBlack RECOMMENDED :PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION PART SUGGESTED FABRICATIONGEMINI VII - TITAN II SURFACE ASSEMBLY NUMBER 1 Wood - Pine MATERIALS DrillCutspecified to hole. length. dimensions. TECHNIQUE Turn to Finish sand. TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS 2 Assy Wood - Dowel dowelCutspecifiedand 1/8basetaper and dowel fromdrilldimensions.one to7/16end holes.lengi,h to Finish sand. Glueresin.dowelin holes1/8 with doweling of epoxy7/16 3 Brass Rod Cut to length. Clean. resin.3andGlue with 2 partsto epoxy part no. no. 1 Paint 1+ Wood - Pine Cut to length. Finish sand. assembly silver. 5 Wood - Pine sions.latheCut to tolength. specified dimen- Drill 5/8 diameter Turn on Cut Finish sand. no.diametersions.slotsX 1-1/8 to deep holesspecified hole. for partdimen- per dimensions. Drill (2) 1/16 76 Wood - Dowe3Dowel ' Cut toto length.lengt. 3 Finish sand. ~11.11.11.100. 0.411/10.1. 0.01111W MT_ RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION GEMINI VII - TTTAN II NUMBER PART MATERIALSSUGGESTED FABRICATIONTECHNIgUE TREATMENTSURFACE RECOMMENDATIONS ASSEMBLY 8 Wood - Dowel Cut to length. Finish sand. Paintepoxypart6,Glue 7, resin.assemblypartsno. and 5 8no.with to 4, 9 Wood - Pine sions.latheCut to to. length. specified dimen- Turn on Finish sand. white. 10 Wood - Pine edgetoifiedTurn length.per ondimensions. detail.lathe to spec- Radius one Cut Finish sand. PaintwdthtoGlue part silver.epoxypart no. no.resin. 10 9 1211 WoodWood - PineDowel sions.latheCut to tolength. specified dimen- Turn on Finish sand. 13 Wood - Dowel Cut to length. Finish sand. 12.andGlue 13 parts to part no. no.11 Paint White. RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION PART SUGGESTED FABRICATIONGEMINI VII - TITAN II SURFACE ASSEMBLY NUMBER 14 Wood - Pine MATERIAL dimensions.latheCut to tolength. specified TECHNIQUE Turn on Finish sand.TREATMENT GlaePaintRECOMMENDATIONSto part partblack. no.no. 1412 no.Apply2,Glue 5.and partssurface 3 to no. part 1, paintusingno.detailsink. 5 orappropriateand tcIndia 14parts Model Stand WireWood (solder)- Dowel SeeforDrillspecified detail wire hole clip. sheetdimensions. in dowel for woodFinish surfaces. sand Formblack.')ase.G1ue wiredowel clip. to Paint GEM IN I

i\ "It's a wonderful spacecraft but it'snot much of a boat. It's got pitch, heave, and roll,"These were the words of astronaut Young upon completion of the spacetrip in March 1965.

The Gemini flight program was startedon April 8, 1964 and will continue through a scheduled number of operations. This series of experiments is the most sophisticated space venture that has ever been undertaken by man.

The Gemini spacecraft is similar to the Mercury spacecraft but is considerably larger. This project was designed as an intermediate step between the Mercury and Apollo projects as there wasa definite need for more research data. It could also be made operatable with a minimum amount of time and expense.

The Gemini mission had several prime objectives which it needed to accomplish if future space ventures were to be successful. These are:

To subject two men and supporting equipment to long duration

flights, a research and experience requirement for projected later

trips to the moon or deeper space.

To effect rendezvous and docking w_th another orbiting vehicle;

and to manetver the combined spacecraft in space, utilizing the pro-

pulsion system of the target vehicle for such maneuvers.

To experiment with astronauts leaving the Gemini spacecraft while

in orbit and determining their ability to perform extravehicular

activities such as mechanical or other type tasks.

To perfect methods of reentry and landing the spacecraft at a

preselected landing area. To gain additional information concerning the effects of weight-

lessness, and physiological reactions of crew members during long

duration missions, and other medical data required in preparation for

the lunar mission of the .

To provide the astronauts with iequired zero-gravity and rendez-

vous and docking experiences.

The Gemini Program will carry manone step closer to the moon and

Mars and opens the starry heavens to future exploration and adventure.

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I 301 RECOMMENDED MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION PART NUMBER GEMINI RECOMMENDED NUMBER 1 _ RecoveryRendezvous Section and DESCRIPTION REQUIRED One WoodMATERIAL - Pine Black COLOR 1BlA Antenna OneOne 1/16" Brazing Rod PolishLacquerPolish & & 1--1 I Lacquer -P- 1 2 Cabin Section One Wood - Pine 0 3 Cabin Fastener Two Steel WhiteBlackface with sur- details 54 ScannerSeparation(threaded Adapter Bushing) OneThree WoodWood - Maple Black 76 MotorsRetrograde Section FourOne Wood - Maple WhiteBlack 7A SleevesChamberRetrogradeRockets Four Wood - Maple Black RECOMMENDED MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION GEMINI NUMBER PART 8 Separation Dowels DESCRIPTION REQUIREDNUMBER Four WoodRECOMMENDED - DowelMATERIAL COLOR 1110 9 ThreeTwoFour Wood - Maple Black 1312 ChambersAttitudeTie-Down LugsControl FourTwenty Wood - Maple Black 14 GeminiAdapterStand Stand CapsSection ThreeOne WoodRubberSteel - Pine Caps BlackWhite RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION GEMINI NUM73ER PART 1 Wood - Pine MATERIALSSUGGESTED ifiedTurn ondimensions. lathe to spec- FABRICATIONTECENEUE Drill surfaces.Finish sand all TREATMENTSURFACE Paint rodPlaceRECOMMENDATIONS in threadedposition ASSEMBLY lA Rod1/16" Brazing sions.Cutdrawing.as specifiedto specified on detaildimen- Polishblack.quer. and lac- GeeepoxyandInsert pictorialsecure resin. part with 1A. 1B Rod1/16" Brazing Cutdimensions. to specified quer.Polish and lac- withassembly)(SeeInsert epoxy pictorial part resin.Secure 1B 2 Wood - Pine ifiedTurn ondimensions. lathe to spec- Drill surfaces.Finish sand all Paint withassembly) epoxy resin.Secure drawing.as indicated on detail assembly.white.ondetailspaint pictorial surface as shown Mask and 3 SteelCold Rolled detailassions.Cut indicated to drawing.specified on the dimen- Drill and tap resin.SecureGlueinto(Threaded part partwith 3 2 epoxy Bushing)-- RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION GEMINI NUMBER PART MATERIALSSUGGESTED FABRICATIONTECHNI UE TREATMENTSURFACE RECOMMENDATIONS ASSEMBLY 14- Wood - Maple ifiedCut and dimensions. shape to spec- partblacksurfaces--paintFinishcementing 2. prior sand to toall withpartGlue epoxy2part -- Secure4resin. to 5 Wood - Maple ifiedCut and dimensions. shape to spec- partblacksurfaces--paintFinishcementing 2. prior sand totoall withGluepart epoxypart 2 -- 5 resin. Secureto 6 Wood - Pine drawing.asifiedTurn indicated ondimensions. lathe onto detailspec- Drill white.Finishsurfaces--paint sand all rodPlaceresin.Secure in threadedposition. with epoxy 7 Hardwood purchasedasTurnified indicated. on dimensions.lathe commercially. to spec- May be Drill surface.Finish sand , 7A Hardwood ifiedTurn ondimensions. lathe to spec- unitFinishtosurfacesglue(parts partassembly sand 7,7-7A)black. allpaint unitGluepart assemblypart 6.7 -- 7A Glue toto RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION PART SUGGESTED FABRICATION GEMINI SURFACE ASSEMBLY NUMBER 8 HardwoodDowel MATERIALS sions..Cut to specified dimen- TECHNIQUE TREATMENT detailpartGlueRECOMMENDATIONS 14.part drawing). (See 8 to 9 Wood - Maple ifiedCut and dimensions. shape to spec- partblackcementingsurfaces--paintFinish 6. prior sand toto all withpartGlue epoxy6part -- Secure9resin. to 10 Wood - Maple ifiedCut and dimensions. shape to spec- partblackFinishcementingsurfaces--paint 6. prior sand totoall withpartGlue epoxy 6part -- resin.Secure10 to 11 Wood - Maple ifiedCut and dimensions. shape to spec- partblackcementingsurfaces--paintFinish 6. prior sand toto all withpartGluei epoxy6part -- Secure11resin. to 12 Wood - Maple Cutified and dimensions.shape to spec- partblackFinishcementingsurfaces--paint 14. prior sand totoall withpartGlue epoxy 14part -- resin. 12Secure to RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION PART SUGGESTED FABRICATION GEMINI SURFACE ASSEMBLY NUMBER 13 Wood - Maple MATERIALS Cut,specified shape, dimensions.and drill to TECHNI UE blackFinishsurfaces--paint prior sand toall TREATMENT withGlueRECOMMENDATIONSpart epoxypart 14 -- 13resin. Secureto Gemini Stand indicatedCut, bend, on and detail weld as Preparepartsurfacescementing 14. metal forto Weldsteel or brazestand as drawing. enamel.)primercoatpaintingcoats metal andof (one whitetwo Attachdetailindicatedcaps rubber todrawing. legs.on

*a. T IROS Carla Donna Esther Flora

These were destructive hurricanes which took thousands of lives

and caused millions of dollars in damage.

Future counterparts, with cther feminine names, will surely be

as severe, but their destructive results will be minimized because

people will be forewarned through information gathered by meteorological

satellites in space, taking pictures of the earth's surface and cloud

cover. Such warnings have enabled people in the hurricane belt to prepare themselves for high winds and water, and thus spare lives and

property. Such was the case with Carla.

TIROS is the satellite which provides the information so neces-

sary to meteorologists for studying weather and predicting what will

happen. This name is an acronym for Television Infrared Observation

Satellite.

The first meteorological satellite, TIROS I, was launched from

Cape Kennedy on April 1, 1960, and from the beginning was very successful,

The orbit was nearly a perfect circle and was about 450 miles from the

surface of the earth. This satellite remained operative for approximately

three months and took close to 23,000 pictures.

TIROS uses solar anergy to power its operation and has 9,000 solar

cells which convert the sun's rays to electricity. These also operate

all the equipment on the craft and recharge the nickel-cadmium batteries

which power the satellite when it is in the earth's shadow.

The utilization of the TIROS has many implications for the future.

This method of scanning for weather fronts with a space satellite such

as the TIROS is only the beginning of a new andwonderful adventure in space. New vistas have been opened and the cloudscan no longer keep its secrets 111.ciden from mankind.

Ten TIROS spacecraft were launche; TIROS Xon July 2, 1965.

In 1966 two operational weather satellites, ESSA I andII, based upon

NARA'n roqpal,ith and dAval0TMUnt ^f the TIRrNSprogram, were p3aced in orbit to provide data for use In routine weather observationand fore- casting.

The ESSA satellites are elements of the TIROS OperationalSystem

(TOS), the world's first opepational weather satellitesystem, and provide forecasters with daily pictures of the cloudcover over the entire earth, except for those areas in polar darkness. Management of the system is the function of the Weather Bureau of the Environmental Science Services

Administration, also designated by theacronym ESSA, and a part of the

U. S. Department of Commerce. The satellites are launched for ESSA by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

ESSA I and II are similar in appearance to the TIROS spacecraft, the pictures and plans of which are presentedon the following pages.

The ESSA craft differ from the TIROS model shown in that theircameras are on the spacecraft's rim, 180° apart (a configuration first used in

TIROS IX). The ESSA spacecraft rolls along in orbit likea wheel, each camera pointing directly toward earth once during each revolution. In its nearly polar, sun-synchronous orbit, the ESSA views weatherall over the world once every day, photographinga given area at the same local time each day. -10aresta'

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; !STAMPED 4 LETTERS BRATS PLATE MM.M.M.MIMMI4MMIMMIN. w,11 RECOMMENDED MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION TIROS - WEATHER SATELLITE NUMBER PART REQUIREDNUMBER 1 WoodRECOMMENDED - Pine MATERIAL SilverCOLOR 32 18 Wo,odWood -- MapleMaple BlackCells-BlackBody-Silver If5 18 1 Wood - Maple Silver 76 18 WoodWood - -Balsa Balsa Silver 10 98 2 WoodBrass - Maple SilverPolishBlack 1211 18 If Steel,Brass WeldingMild Rod BlackPolish 13 Note: Tiros1 stand to be made of plastic'. Steel, Mild Silver h.) RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTrON PART TIROS - WEATHER SATELLITE NUMBER 1 Wood MATERIAL3UGGESTED - Pine dimensions.Turn on lathe to specified FAII2ICATIONTECHNI UE Surface 18 flats. Sandfaces. all sur- TREATMENTSURFACE Paint RECOMMENDATIONS ASSEMBLY 2 Wood - Maple dimensions.Cut and shape to specified surfaces.Finishsilver.exposed sand surfaces all andPaint glue part 2 - Position 3 Wood - Maple dimensions.Cut and shape to specified surfaces.Finish sand all andPaintto(18) gluepart to 1.part part 3 1. - Position 5L. WoodWood - MapleBalsa CutCut to to specified specified dimensions. dimensions. surfaces.Finish sand all partGlue 4.part 10 to 6 Wood - Balsa Cut to specified dimensions. Finishsurfaces.Finish sand sand all all PositionpartsPosition 45 and(18) and glue10. toglue 7 Wood - Balsa Cut to specified dimensions. surfaces.Finish sand all partPosition 4.6 (18)(18) and to toglue part ../74. 6 Paint1 parts 4, and 7 silver. RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION TIROS - WEATHER SATELLITE NUMBER PART 8 Wood - Maple MATERIALSUGGESTED Turn on lathe to specified FABRICATION Finish.sand all TREATMENTSURFACE PaintRECOMMENDATIONS black. ASSEMBLY 111111. 9 Brass Cutdimensions. to specified dimensions. quer.Polishsurfaces. and lac- PositionofSolderGlue part to two9 part andtogether. units secure4. 10 Wood - Maple Turnindicateddimensions. on lathe on todetail specified drawing. Drill as Finishsurfaces. sand all beforewithpartsGlue epoxy tosecuring5, part 6,resin. and4 7 11 Brass rod Cut to specified dimensions. Polish andofSolderto part glue two4.11 to together, unitspart 10. 12 Steel - mild Cut to specified dimensions. black.prioremeryUse file tocloth paintingand 4Solder anddetailwith secure epoxyparts 12 together toresin.of part 13 Steel - mild Cut to specified dimensions. silver.prioremeryUse file tocloth paintingand Solder2andof withpart secure two epoxy13 units togetherto resin. part ORBITING ASTRONAUTICAL OBSERVATORY (0A0) A stairway to the stars has long been a dream of scientists who have studied the heavenly bodies throughout the years. These men, now known as astronomers, had their origin with the first coming of mankind.

From the earliest days man ha, mised his eyes to the skies and studied the twinkling bodies that seemed to hang loosely in space.

Few years pass without soTe new star, planet, or galaxy being discovered. Yet, even with this, the scientists realize that they are merely seeing the bare fringes of the total universe.

Years of research and development have resulted in a broad array of complex optical instruments designed specifically to study the unknowns of the skies. However, there are many obstacles which hinder man's attaining maximum results from the earth's surface.

Shortly after the launching of Sputnik I by the Russians in 19579

Dr. Lloyd V. Berkner, Cha rman of the Space Science Board of the Na-

tional Acadamy of Science, requested 200 United States scientists to

provide him with details of information to be procured by a satellite

in space with a 100 pound payload. This was the origination of the

idea that led to the development of the Orbiting Astronautical Obser-

vatory.

Some device had to be developed to permit mankind to look into

the non-visible spectral regions. In 1960 final specifications were

prepared and circulated to industr'y and a prime contractor was selected.

At the present time several types of standardized satellites are being

developed, including the orbiting solar, astronomical and geophysical

observatories. The Orbiting Astronomical Observatory will be a precisely stabilized 3900 pound satellite in a circular orbit about475 miles above the earth's surface. It will carry about 1000 pounds of experimental equipment such as telescopes, spectrometers, andphoto- meters. The specialized scientific equipment will be furnished by leading astronomers throughout the United States.

The twinkling stars and other heavenly bodies are soonto be brought much closer into man's realm for observation. The mere feat of developing a platform stable enough to scientificallystudy these bodies is a marvel of the age. Man is only beginning to touch the edges of this unknown portion of theuniverse and will only accomplish this through such space probes as will be madepossible by the Orbiting

Astronomical Observatory. In time the stars' secrets will also be man's secret. This information will enable man to better understand space and delve furtherinto its mysteries. s ?2,:". Vti .1. -. j "

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/6 7 RECOMMENDED MATERIALSORBITING FOR CONSTRUCTION ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY NUMBER PART REQUIREDNUMBER RECOMMENDEDMATERIAL COLOR 21 11 Wood - pinehard White 43 21 Wood - hard Purple 65 42 WoodDrill - hard Rod , Silver 87 8I+ Wood - balsa, fiber, or plastic BlackLight Blue 10 9 81 1/16Wood diameter- -balsa, balsa, brazingfiber, fiber, orrodor plastic plastic NaturalBlack RECOMMENDED PROCEDUREORBITING FOR CONSTRUCTION ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY NUMBER PART MATERIALSSUGGESTED FABRICATIONTECUIgUE TREATMENTSURFACE RECOMMENDATIONS ASSEMBLY 2 WoodWood - - pinehard Constructasspecified per detailed tooctagon dimensions. specified drawing. body toDrill Finishwhite.surfaces. sand all Paint 3 Wood - hard dimensions.Constructdimensions. to specified Finishsurfacespurple. sand andand all -paintpaint 4 Wood - hard dimensions.Construct to specified purple.surfacesFinishpurple. sand and allpaint 65 DrillWood -Rod hard Constructd3.mensions. to specified PaintFinishsilver.surfaces silver. sand and all paint Assemble part no. dimensions. brazingno.Assemble6 5to part rod. part no. no.1. between part 6 with 1/16 RECOMMENDED PROCEDUREORBITING FOR CONSTRUCTION ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY NUMBER PART 7 Wood - balsa, MATERIALSSUGGESTED Construct to specified FABRICATIONTECHNI UE TREATMENTSURFACE Assemb:leRECOMMENDATIONS part no. ASSEMBLY 8 Woodplasticfiber, - balsa, or Constructdimensions. to specified Finishlightsurfaces blue. sand and all paint Assemblewith7 to epoxy part parts resin.no. no.1 9 Woodplasticfiber, - ba2sa, or Constructdimensions. to specified black.surfacesFinish sand and allpaint Assemblewith9.8 to toepoxy partpart part resin.no.no. no. 1 10 brazing1/16plastic diameter rod length.cut 8 pieces to desired Lacquerblack. all pieces. 2,Assemblewith101s 3, epoxy andin two parts 4resin. no. no. epoxypart2,Assembleusing 3, no.resin.epoxyand parts1 usingresin. no. to LUNAR MODULE (LM )

-171- 229-357 0-66-12 The initial giantstep on the road to the moon was taken May 5,

1961, when Astronaut Alan Shepard was powered into a suborbital flight aboard a one-man Mercury spacecraft that took him into the fringes of space. This momentous flight was followed by other suborbital and orbital Mercury flights which set the stage for the two-man Gemini.

Flights in the Gemini program have been highlighted by such exploits as the 220 orbit mission; the "space walk" by Astronaut

Ed White; the first rendezvous with another spacecraft, and the first docking in space. These accomplishmehts have done much to advance the next major space project which ill be the Apollo program.

The Apollo project dates from 1963 and is one of the largest ventures ever undertaken by this country. Included within this giant government/aerospace industry team are more than 20,000 companies and

300,000 persons who are devoting their engineering and manufacturing skills to the successful completion of the moon mission.

The spacecraft designed to accomplish this mission consists of

three modules which include the Apollo spacecraft's Command Module, a

Service Module and the Lunar Module. The spacecraft will carry three astronauts in the Command Module; two of them will descend to themoon's

surface.

Upon approaching the moon, the spacecraft must achieve a lunar

orbit at which time two astronauts will transfer to theLunar Module

and detach from the Command Module. They will then use one of the two

engines to land on the lunar surface. The time has arrived to thoroughly disprove many of the original

concepts regarding the moon's surface. Upon completion of their scien-

tific investigation the two astronauts will return to the Lunar Module and launch themselves from the moon by using the second engine.

The LM will rendezvous with the Command Module which is still

circling the moon about eighty miles above its surface. When the two vehicles are joined, the two men will rejoin the third in the Jommand

Module. The Lunar Module will then be dropped off in the lunar orbit

and the return to earth will begin in the Command Module.

-173-

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MAIN BODY- 1 REQD scALE: -2- RECOMMENDED MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION APOLLO - LUNAR MODULE NUMBER PART 1 NUMBER 1UIRED RECOMMENDED MATERIAL COLOR 32 41 Wood - Pine WhiteBlack Hoo 1 4 Assy 4 Metal brazing rod Silver 1-. 1 5 1 Wood - Pine White 1J 6 Assy 4 Wood - Pine Black 87 11 Woodwood - PineDoweling White 1110 Assy 9 Assy 1 Wood - Pine Black 1312 11 WoodWooaWood - -Pine Pine WhiteWhite RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION APOLLO - LUNAR MODULE .aUMBER PART 1 WoodMATERIALSSUGGESTED - Pine toCut bpecified to length dimensions. and turn FABRICATIONTECTINIQUE Finish sand.TREATMENTSURFACE R.:,COMMENDATIONS ASSEMBLY 2 Wood - Pine toCut specified to thickness. diameter. File Finish sand. Glueassemblyresin.part part 2 with 1black. to epoxy Paint 43 Assy Metal,Woodand -1/16 1/8Pine dia- FormCutto rodsto specifiednecessary thickness. to lengths. diameter.rods and File Clean.PaintPaintFinish white. Black. sand. 5 Woodrod.meter - Pinebrazing Cutdetailbraze to together.thickness.drawing for patternQ Use Shape Finish sand. 6 Assy Woodmeter - Pine("B")1/8dowel dia- ("A") Drill holes in Cutspecifiedto partsspecified "A" dimensions. an.'dimensions. "B" to FinishPaint white. sand. epoxypartGlue "B"partcement. with "A" to 7 Wood - Pine sions.Cut to specified dimen- Finish sand. black.Paint assembly RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION APOLLO - LUNAR MODULE .PARTNUMBER MATERIALSSUGGESTED FABRICATIONTECHN UE TREATMENTSURFACE RECOMMENDATIONS ASSEMBLY 9 Assy Wooddiameter dowel - 3/4 Cut to length. Finish sand. Wood - Pine specifiedCut all parts dimensions. to afterFinish assembly. sand epoxyGluetogether partscement. using"A", , and co 10 Assy Woodmeter - 1/8Pinedowel dia- ("D")("E") Cutsions. parts "D", "E", and - 1/16 dia- "F" to specified dimen- . Finishafter sandassembly. epoxytogetherGlue cement.parts using "D", and "F" 11 Woodmeter - Pinedowel ("F") Cutfied and dimensions. radius to speci- Finish sand. black.Paint assembly 12 Wood - Pine withMakenessCut woodcut-outs toand specified chisel.diameter. (windows) thick- Finish sand. usingandGlue 11parts epoxy to part8, cement. 9, 12 RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION APOLLO - LUNAR MODULE NUMBER PART MATERIALSSUGGESTED FABRICATION SURFACE RECOMMENDATIONS ASSEMBLY 13 Wood - Pine perCut specified to thickness dimensions. and TECHNIgaTREATMENT shape Finish sand. white.PaintandGlue 12parts assemblyto part52 7, 13. withpartsmeterDrillinstall epoxy 7holes1/16 and part cement. dia-12in 6and assy GluePaintpart part cutouts12 black.10 in assy Gluetomepoxyto partofpart cement. part 29 to 5 bot-with assy with Gluecement.4epoxy assy cement. with part 3 to part epoxy **CAUTION - Check levelness of landingofmodel landing prior struts. pads to gluingto withglueholesDrill epoxy part in1/16 partcement.4 diameterto 5part and 5