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Free Agent: the Unseen War, 1941-1991

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Free Agent: the Unseen War, 1941-1991 FREE AGENT N^ By the same author THE REBELS A Study of Post-War Insurrection THE MORNING AFTER A Study of Independence NEOCOLONIALISM SOUTH-EAST ASIA IN TURMOIL THE STRUGGLE FOR THE THIRD WORLD FRANCO: A BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY THE MASTERS OF POWER THE FUTURE OF COMMUNIST POWER DE GAULLE A THEORY OF CONFLICT THE MAN WHO LOST CHINA A Biography of Chiang Kai-Shek STRATEGY OF SURVIVAL THE MINIMUM STATE SOCIALISM Dream and Reality THIS WAR CALLED PEACE with Drew Middleton andJeremy Murray-Broum SOCIALISM EXPLAINED with Arthur Seldon and Michael Cummings Free Agent The Unseen War 1941-1991 BRIAN CROZIER SOMERSET ,;, COUN^ifBRARy^ ^- ■:'■ '■■' —<? 2TI72I& triTW HarperCollinsP^/^ers HarperCollinsPublishers 77-85 Fulham Palace Road, Hammersmith, London W6 8JB Published by HarperCollinsPwMabere 1993 987654321 Copyright © Brian Crozier 1993 The Author asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 00 255192 6 Set in Linotron ITC Garamond Light by Rowland Phototypesetting Ltd Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk Printed in Great Britain by HarperCollinsManufacturing Glasgow All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. 66 120164 7 10456< This book is dedicated to those who made the 61 possible and sustained it, primarily to: Dick (the marathon supporter), Jimmy, Rupert, Elmar, and not forgetting Alphons and Jack; Gordon at a critical time; Chris and Bill. And others too numerous to name but always remembered Contents A u t h o r ' s F o r e w o r d i x A u t h o r ' s P r e f a c e x i I T h e t u r n i n g p o i n t ( 1 9 4 1 - 8 ) 1 I I C o n t a i n m e n t i n a c t i o n ( 1 9 4 7 - 5 8 ) 1 2 I I I F r o m p a s s i v e ' t o a c t i v e ' ( 1 9 5 8 - 6 1 ) 2 9 I V F r a n c e : t h e fi r s t b r e a c h ( 1 9 6 1 - 4 ) 4 2 V I n t o t h e s e c r e t w o r l d ( 1 9 6 4 - 5 ) 5 1 V I T h e C I A ' s C o n g r e s s ( 1 9 6 5 - 8 ) 6 2 V I I M o r e o w n g o a l s ( 1 9 6 5 - 7 0 ) 7 7 V I I I I n t o b a t t l e ( 1 9 7 0 - 4 ) 9 6 I X T h e c r i s i s o f t h e 1 9 7 0 s 1 1 3 X A s h i e l d f o r t h e l a d y ( 1 9 7 6 - 9 ) 1 2 7 X I S h i e l d a n d b e y o n d ( 1 9 7 6 - 8 2 ) 1 3 7 X I I T r i a l r u n ( 1 9 7 7 - 8 0 ) 1 5 6 X I I I ' P a l a c e c o u p ' ( 1 9 7 9 ) 1 6 6 X I V R e a g a n m e e t s ' T h e 6 1 ' 1 7 8 X V A b o u t a n d a r o u n d ' T h e 6 1 ' 1 8 7 X V I P o l a n d , C a n a d a , a n d o t h e r c r i s e s 1 9 6 X V 1 1 F r e n c h c o n n e c t i o n s 2 1 4 X V I 1 1 T h e K G B l a w s u i t s 2 2 2 X I X P e a c e v e r s u s ' p e a c e ' ( 1 9 8 0 s ) 2 3 9 X X T h a t c h e r a n d R e a g a n i n a c t i o n 2 6 0 X X I ' T h e 6 1 ' b o w s o u t ( 1 9 8 6 - 7 ) 2 7 2 Epilogue 289 G l o s s a r y o f a c r o n y m s 2 9 7 I n d e x 3 0 1 Author's Foreword THISBOOKis not about the collapse of Soviet communism: it is concerned with Western failures of will or judgment that almost enabled the Soviet side to prevail. It is the story of key episodes in the unseen war behind the Cold War, which lasted from 1941 to 1991. By definition, this unseen or secret war was unknown to the general public, although it occasionally broke into the headlines at times of scandal, such as the unmasking of 'Kim' Philby or the humbling of the CIA after Watergate. But there was more to it than scandal headlines, much more. There were unsung triumphs as well as hidden defeats. I have decided to tell the story as a personal contribution to the history of our troubled times, but also because, to my knowledge, nobody else was so closely involved as I was in so many aspects of the secret war. Brian Crozier 1993 Author's Preface THERE WAS a special touch of nastiness in Margot Honecker's pastime. She, the wife of the former East German Communist leader, used to confiscate the children of dissidents and farm them out to parents who would not let the ruling Socialist Unity Party (SED) down by contesting its right to rule. Frau Honecker's pastime was only one of a myriad facts we in the West have learned after the partial collapse of Communism in 1989 and the 'end of the Cold War'. In the scale of Communist horrors, though, far more terrible things have happened, from Stalin's show-trials and massacres to the crushing of the Hungarian revolt in 1956; from the slaughter of 'rich' peasants in Mao Tse-tung's China and Ho Chi Minh's Vietnam to Pol Pot's genocide in Cambodia; from Fidel Castro's torture of dissidents to Ceausescu's crushing of the Romanian people. The toll of man-made death and destruction seems endless. And all for nothing. The 'radiant future' promised in Lenin's name simply failed to materialise. The eggs were broken, but with no omelette to show for the shells. Yet for decades the ghastly reality was camouflaged in an endless tissue of official lies, and only on 29 August 1991 in Moscow did the Soviet parliament suspend the Communist Party which had ruled over the Soviet Union since Lenin's Revolution of 1917. The Second Revolution had then come, after a botched coup by party hard-liners. On returning from a brief house arrest in the Crimea, Presi dent Mikhail Gorbachev had reaffirmed his loyalty to the party that had xii Free Agent betrayed him. But as he later admitted, he knew a coup was on the way but did nothing to stop it. He also admitted that the world had changed during his absence. His rival, Boris Yeltsin, President of the Russian Republic, had stood up to the coup leaders, and his courage had brought him an authority he had previously lacked. Now, all that Gorbachev could do was acquiesce in the suspension of the Party, which was soon followed by the sealing of its buildings and the freezing of its assets. The long nightmare of Communism was over in its original home, even though it survived in China, Cuba and other places and in the deeds of terrorist gangs in Peru, the Philippines and elsewhere. The aftermath would be painful and protracted, but the threat posed by Soviet Communism to the rest of the world for more than seven decades seemed to be over. The time, therefore, seems ripe for me to tell a story hitherto untold: the protracted war of the secret services of East and West. I became a committed anti-Communist in 1947, but for the next dozen years I was content to write and speak about it. I was zpassivist: a mere observer. Since I was a journalist, specialising in international affairs, this was part of my job. In 1952 and 1953, while in Saigon and Singapore covering the first Indochina war and the Malayan Emergency for Reuters and Australian Associated Press, I made my first intelligence contacts with the British and French. Later, in London, I was able to spread my net wider. At that time, I was running a confidential bulletin for The Economist and broadcasting commentaries for the BBC. During this period, I saw these contacts simply as sources, useful for scoops or for confidential back ground to the news. Then, in 1958,1 became an activist, personally involved in the war of the secret services.
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