Social Trends 2020
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SOCIAL TRENDS FOREWORD The current edition of "Social trends" confirms once again the important role and necessity of the statistical data used to analyse the dynamics of the society and of the impact that the socio-demographic and economic factors have. The tendencies of the vital events, of the labour market, of the education and health of the population in Romania, the dynamics of incomes and expenditures, as well as the international context in which these phenomena evolve, are just a few of the themes presented in "Social trends". A socio-demographic phenomenon, with a spectacular and controversial evolution in the last decades, is that of international migration. Over time, this phenomenon has distorted the volume and structure of the population of our country, influencing all the essential demographic processes, with cascading implications on the level and rhythm of the development of the national economy, in general, and on the labour market, in particular. For example, in Romania, due to the decrease of the population and the changing tendencies of the age structure (which reflects an aging population), the labour market tends to shrink, by reducing the active population, although the unemployment rate is low and the rate of employment is growing. The health status and the level of education of the population are also important characteristics in the dynamic analysis of a society, reflected on the basis of statistical indicators. Regarding the health of the population in Romania, this remains unsatisfactory, due to the limited access to health care services and the inefficient use of public resources. If we consider education indicators, the results of statistical research show that, in Romania, the effects of low birth and emigration have become more and more visible on the school population, the number of students reducing by 25% in the last two decades. The decreasing trends in the size of the school population are expected to be compensated by increases in the quality of the education system. At the level of the European Union, scientific studies have already shown that there are strong links between the level of education of a nation and the level of social and economic development of the country, and the objectives identified in the Europe 2020 Strategy of "smart growth", "inclusive growth" and "sustainable growth”, imply the improvement of the level of education and training. Another indicator foreseen among the objectives of the strategy, the percentage of young people who are not employed on the labour market and do not follow any education or training program, are still above the European Union average. 3 Social innovation approach in the context of European policies, underlines the role of the individual to create and sustain social values, by engaging in a continuous process of adapting to new types of learning and to the optimal use of the financial resources one has at hand. In Romania, this aspect of social development is correlated with the level of poverty and social exclusion. Although difficult to accept, Romania has among the highest poverty rates in the European Union, and the rural area remains below the level of social and economic development of the urban one, facing specific challenges and being the source of "islands of poverty" and of social exclusion. In order to offer as many arguments and answers to the questions and challenges related to the evolution in time of the Romanian society, we invite you to go through "Social trends", which is an information and warning instrument regarding social phenomena and their impact on the economic environment and beyond. Tudorel ANDREI President National Institute of Statistics 4 CONTENT 1. POPULATION ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.1. Survey objectives .......................................................................................................... 9 1.2. Trends of world population development ...................................................................... 9 1.3. Romania’s population ................................................................................................. 11 1.3.1. Permanent resident population ........................................................................... 11 1.3.2. Usually resident population ................................................................................. 15 1.3.3. Demographic ageing ........................................................................................... 16 1.4. International migration ................................................................................................ 19 1.5. Demographic projections ............................................................................................ 24 1.6. Vital events ................................................................................................................. 27 1.6.1. Live birth rate ...................................................................................................... 27 1.6.2. Mortality rate and infant mortality rate ................................................................. 30 1.6.3. Natural change .................................................................................................... 35 1.6.4. Life expectancy at birth and fertility rate .............................................................. 37 2. HEALTH ............................................................................................................................. 41 2.1. Survey objectives ........................................................................................................ 41 2.2. Population health - vital prerequisite for social development ...................................... 41 2.2.1. Healthy Life Expectancy ..................................................................................... 41 2.3. Access to healthcare services .................................................................................... 44 2.3.1. Healthcare services provided to patients in ambulatory conditions .................... 45 2.3.2. Healthcare services provided in hospitals ........................................................... 47 2.3.3. Disparities in accessing healthcare services ....................................................... 49 2.4. Resources and expenditure of the national healthcare system .................................. 51 2.4.1. Infrastructure of the national healthcare system ................................................. 51 2.4.2. Medical-sanitary staff .......................................................................................... 52 2.4.3. Expenditure of the healthcare system ................................................................. 53 2.5. Health approach in the international context .............................................................. 56 3. EDUCATION ...................................................................................................................... 59 3.1. Survey objectives ........................................................................................................ 59 3.2. School population trends ............................................................................................ 59 3.3. Educational system quality ......................................................................................... 61 3.3.1. Enrolment in formal education ............................................................................ 62 3.3.2. Assessment of the educational process quality .................................................. 70 3.4. Resources of the system ............................................................................................ 73 5 3.4.1. Teaching staff ..................................................................................................... 73 3.4.2. Infrastructure of the national educational system ................................................ 75 3.5. Education in international context ............................................................................... 77 4. EMPLOYMENT .................................................................................................................. 81 4.1. Survey objectives ........................................................................................................ 81 4.2. Trends in employment on the labour market .............................................................. 81 4.2.1. Economically active population ........................................................................... 81 4.2.2. Employment ........................................................................................................ 83 4.3. Unemployment ............................................................................................................ 85 4.3.1. ILO unemployment .............................................................................................. 85 4.3.2. Registered unemployment .................................................................................. 89 4.4. Economic inactivity ..................................................................................................... 89 4.4.1. Economically inactive population ........................................................................ 89 4.4.2. Discouraged population ...................................................................................... 90 4.4.3. Young people neither in employment