El Malo De Willie Colón: Trânsitos Migratórios E O Cenário Sociomusical Latino- Caribenho Em Nova Iorque Nas Décadas De 1950-60

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El Malo De Willie Colón: Trânsitos Migratórios E O Cenário Sociomusical Latino- Caribenho Em Nova Iorque Nas Décadas De 1950-60 PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO INTERDISCIPLINAR EM ESTUDOS LATINO-AMERICANOS (IELA) EL MALO DE WILLIE COLÓN: TRÂNSITOS MIGRATÓRIOS E O CENÁRIO SOCIOMUSICAL LATINO- CARIBENHO EM NOVA IORQUE NAS DÉCADAS DE 1950-60 JOÃO PEDRO MARCELINO CAMILO DE SOUZA Foz do Iguaçu 2020 PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO INTERDISCIPLINAR EM ESTUDOS LATINO- AMERICANOS (PPG IELA) EL MALO DE WILLIE COLÓN: TRÂNSITOS MIGRATÓRIOS E O CENÁRIO SOCIOMUSICAL LATINO- CARIBENHO EM NOVA IORQUE NAS DÉCADAS DE 1950-60 JOÃO PEDRO MARCELINO CAMILO DE SOUZA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação Interdisciplinar em Estudos Latino- Americanos da Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Estudos Latino-Americanos. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Gabriel Ferrão Moreira Foz do Iguaçu 2 2020 3 JOÃO PEDRO MARCELINO CAMILO DE SOUZA EL MALO DE WILLIE COLÓN: TRÂNSITOS MIGRATÓRIOS E O CENÁRIO SOCIOMUSICAL LATINO- CARIBENHO EM NOVA IORQUE NAS DÉCADAS DE 1950-60 Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação Interdisciplinar em Estudos Latino- Americanos da Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Estudos Latino-Americanos. BANCA EXAMINADORA ________________________________________ Orientador: Prof. Dr. Gabriel Ferrão Moreira UNILA ________________________________________ Prof. Dra. Ângela Maria de Souza UNILA ________________________________________ Prof. Dra. Maria Eta Vieira UNILA Foz do Iguaçu, 21 de agosto de 2020 4 5 Dedico este trabalho ao eterno tio, professor e intelectual Luiz Carlos de Souza. 6 AGRADECIMENTOS Muitos fatores foram essenciais para a conclusão deste trabalho. O mais importante deles foi o apoio da minha família. Por isso, em primeiro lugar, gostaria de agradecer ao suporte em todos os sentidos dado por minha família durante toda minha vida, principalmente pelos meus pais Adriane de Souza Camilo e Everton de Souza e meus irmãos Salatiel Marcelino Camilo de Souza e André Marcelino Camilo de Souza. Também devo muito ao meu orientador Gabriel Ferrão Moreira por confiar em mim desde o processo seletivo até a defesa. Seu caráter amigável e compreensível seguramente foi primordial para efetuação da pesquisa de forma saudável. Além disso, seus conhecimentos acadêmicos colaboraram imensamente para uma pesquisa mais plural e interdisciplinar. Agradeço às minhas brilhantes professoras do mestrado, em especial às membras da banca examinadora de defesa Ângela Maria de Souza e Maria Eta Vieira. Ainda nesse âmbito, reconheço que essa pesquisa não seria a mesma se não fosse pela UNILA, uma instituição muito valiosa para a educação da América Latina. Por isso, tenho muito a agradecer a essa universidade e seus funcionários. Bem como a instituição de fomento CAPES pelo apoio financeiro concedido no primeiro ano de mestrado. As amizades também foram fundamentais e me auxiliaram imensamente nessa caminhada. Portanto, agradeço aos incríveis amigos que conheci em Foz do Iguaçu, à minha segunda família República Lém Kaza e, especialmente, à minha companheira Milena Oliveira que me incentivou e me apoiou em todas as etapas desse processo. Não poderia deixar de agradecer também o músico Dwight Brewster que colaborou bastante com muitas informações sobre o álbum El Malo e o universo musical caribenho- novaiorquino e demonstrou imensa gentileza com minha pesquisa. 7 RESUMO No período pós-2ª guerra, houve uma grande onda emigratória de caribenhos para os Estados Unidos até meados da década de 1960. Esses imigrantes formaram comunidades nas periferias das grandes cidades estadunidenses. Nesse contexto, houveram diversas produções musicais que refletem a elevada hibridização cultural presente neste cenário e evidenciam muitos dos processos sociohistóricos vivenciados por esses imigrantes. Nesta pesquisa, aprofundamos em casos específicos para otimizar a análise de toda essa conjuntura. Em um primeiro momento, o foco está na migração porto-riquenha para Nova Iorque e a relação entre esses dois países. Posteriormente, se analisa o cenário musical caribenho-novaiorquino nas décadas de 50 e 60, principalmente através de uma profunda análise do álbum El Malo do trombonista e compositor Willie Colón. Além de nos auxiliar na compreensão do processo de mesclas culturais e impactos sociais da migração, a análise do álbum também se insere no contexto de surgimento do gênero musical Salsa que se tornou um fenômeno mundial após os anos 70. Palavras-chave: Migração. Música. Caribe. Porto Rico. Nova Iorque. Willie Colón. 8 ABSTRACT In the post-World War II period, there was a great wave of Caribbean emigration to the United States until the mid-1960s. These immigrants formed communities on the outskirts of major American cities. In this context, there were several musical productions that reflect the high cultural hybridization present in this scenario and evidence many of the socio-historical processes experienced by these immigrants. In this research, we delved into specific cases to optimize the analysis of this entire situation. At first, the focus is on Puerto Rican migration to New York and the relationship between these two countries. Subsequently, the Caribbean- New York music scene is analyzed in the 50s and 60s, mainly through a deep analysis of the trombonist and composer Willie Colón's El Malo album. In addition to helping us understand the process of cultural mixes and social impacts of migration , the analysis of the album also falls within the context of the emergence of the musical genre Salsa, which became a worldwide phenomenon after the 1970s. Keywords: Migration. Music. Caribbean. Puerto Rico. New York. Willie Colón. 9 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÂO ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11 1 - OS FLUXOS MIGRATÓRIOS E A ARTICULAÇÃO IDENTITÁRIA: O CASO PORTO-RIQUENHO----------------------------------------------------------------------------------25 1.1.Apanhado histórico----------------------------------------------------------------------------------26 1.2.Imprecisões identitárias e hibridizações culturais-----------------------------------------------34 2 - HIBRIDIZAÇÕES CULTURAIS E INTERCÂMBIOS MUSICAIS: A MÚSICA LATINO-CARIBENHA EM NOVA IORQUE NA DÉCADA DE 50 E 60-----------------41 2.1. A década de 50 e El Palladium -------------------------------------------------------------------41 2.2. A década de 60: o boogaloo e o embrionamento da salsa-------------------------------------46 3 - EL MALO DE WILLIE COLÓN----------------------------------------------------------------64 3.1. O álbum ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64 3.2. Análises ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------70 3.2.1. Willie Baby ------------------------------------------------------------------------------72 3.2.2. Chonqui -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------77 3.2.3. Skinny Papa ------------------------------------------------------------------------------83 3.2.4. Borinquen---------------------------------------------------------------------------------88 3.2.5. Jazzy --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------94 3.2.6. Willie Whopper--------------------------------------------------------------------------99 3.2.7. Quimbombo ----------------------------------------------------------------------------106 3.2.8. El Malo ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------113 3.3. Observações finais sobre o álbum e suas análises--------------------------------------------118 4 – CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS-------------------------------------------------------------------124 5 – GLOSSÁRIO DE GÊNEROS MUSICAIS -------------------------------------------------129 6 – REFERÊNCIAS----------------------------------------------------------------------------------141 10 INTRODUÇÃO Entre outras grandes transformações, a história do século XX é marcada pela expansão da globalização, do imperialismo e das migrações. Todas três excludentes e causadoras do aprofundamento das desigualdades sociais no mundo. Milton Santos (2000) já nos alertava − um ano antes de sua morte, na obra “Por uma outra globalização” − para a farsa do progresso globalizado ao denunciar a “fábrica de perversidades” que representa a expansão da exploração a nível mundial. Essas questões ainda ecoam com muita força no século XXI e interferem em todos os países do mundo com as crises de refugiados, o agravamento da desigualdade na divisão internacional do trabalho e a opressão das grandes potências mundiais no âmbito político, econômico e militar sobre os países “não-desenvolvidos”. Refletindo nessas circunstâncias em nível mais regional, o presente trabalho pretende descrever, discutir e analisar a relação entre Estados Unidos e Porto Rico no campo político, social e cultural com o foco no álbum El Malo1 (1967) e, em menor profundidade, outras produções musicais de origem ou influência caribenha presentes no contexto pós 2ª guerra. Através dessas produções musicais procura-se refletir sobre os processos de migração porto- riquenha para Nova Iorque e seus impactos na dinâmica social deste contexto. No último capítulo, estabelece-se uma análise detalhada deste álbum que é de autoria do trombonista e compositor de descendência porto-riquenha Willie Colón (1950-), na busca de compreender esses processos de maneira mais prática e concreta. Além dessa
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