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MUSIC MILESTONES AMERICAN

, MS TH HY ND MBA R A, A RU NOV SOUND OSSA ALSA B HE S T MATTDOEDEN This Page Left Blank Intentionally MUSIC MILESTONES AMERICAN

, MS TH HY ND MBA R A, A RU NOV OSSA SOUND B ALSA E S MATT TH DOEDEN

TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY BOOKS MINNEAPOLIS NOTE TO READERS: some songs and music videos by artists discussed in this book contain language and images that readers may consider offensive.

Copyright © 2013 by Lerner Publishing Group, Inc.

All rights reserved. International copyright secured. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means— electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the prior written permission of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc., except for the inclusion of brief quotations in an acknowledged review.

Twenty-First Century Books A division of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. 241 First Avenue North Minneapolis, MN 55401 U.S.A.

Website address: www.lernerbooks.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Doeden, Matt. American : rumba rhythms, , and the salsa sound / by Matt Doeden. p. cm. — (American music milestones) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–7613–4505–3 (lib. bdg. : alk. paper) 1. Popular music—United States—Latin American influences. 2. ——History and criticism. 3. Music— Latin America—History and criticism. 4. Musicians—Latin America. 5. Salsa (Music)—History and criticism. I. Title. ML3477.D64 2013 781.64089’68073—dc23 2012002074

Manufactured in the United States of America 1 – CG – 7/15/12

www 5 Building the Latin Sound

www 21 Latin Fusions

www Sensations 33

www 43 The Latin Explosion

w 61 Source Notes w 56 Glossary w 61 w Selected Bibliography Timeline 57 w Further Reading, Mini Bios 58 Websites, w w 59 and Films 62 Latin Must-Haves w w 60 Index 63 Major Awards BUILDING THE

Pitbull L E F T, Rodrigo y Gabriela R IG H T, and FAR RIGHT are some of the big gest names in modern Latin music. ’S GRAVELLY VOICE, SHAKIRA’S SULTRY , AND THE TWIN GROOVES OF RODRIGO Y GABRIELA ARE JUST A FEW OF THE SOUNDS OF MODERN LATIN MUSIC. Latin music has been a part of the Although Spanish is the most States. Musicians in the United United States music scene for more common language in Latin music, States have changed and combined than a century. The Latin world Portuguese-language speakers different Latin styles to create includes the Spanish-speaking na- have played a major role in the mu- unique new sounds. Latin music has tions of Central America and the sic’s history. Latin music also has an influenced and been influenced by Caribbean as well as the Spanish- undeniable connection to dancing. almost every major form of music in and Portuguese-speaking nations of Fast or slow, there’s just something the United States. South America. Latin music is a rich about Latin rhythms that inspires blend of cultures. people to get up and move. Spanish, Portuguese, and Afri- Modern Latin music includes a can sounds form the core of Latin wide range of styles. Each of these music. Latin music also draws from styles traces back to a different other European music traditions and region or time period. Over time, from Native American peoples. these styles all moved to the United

BUILDINGCHAPTER the LATIN NAME SOUND HERE 5 Son is the ultimate fusion of (often just an empty jug) to the mix. SON-RISE Spanish and African sounds. This Together they had all the elements No Latin American country has style of music grew out of Cuban of the modern son sound. had a bigger influence on music in folk songs and thrived on the island. The son sound took over . the United States than the island Son has a distinct Spanish flavor. People usually played the music in of Cuba. Beginning in the 1500s, Many son songs feature the Spanish a group of six called a sexteto . The European settlers brought peoples guitar. But its distinct African beat sexteto featured two vocalists. from Africa to work as makes the son uniquely Cuban. One was a high-voiced tenor who slaves in Cuba. Slavery ended on The son style exploded in played claves. The other was a low- the island in the 1880s, but many 1868. That year, Cubans won voiced baritone who played mara- descendants of slaves remained independence from , which cas. They were backed by a bass, in Cuba. Their African heritage had controlled the island since the a , a tres (a six-stringed remains a major part of Cuba’s 1500s. After the war, victorious guitarlike instrument), and a guiro culture. Cuban music has a distinct Cuban soldiers streamed into the (a hollowed-out gourd with ridges African flavor, with strong rhythms capital city of Havana. Many of against which the player drags a and powerful beats. And because them brought along musical instru- stick). Cuba was settled mainly by the ments such as , maracas, and Spanish, Cuban music is usually bongo drums. Others added the Local musicians in modern-day sung in Spanish. thump of a simple homemade bass Cuba keep the son style alive.

6 A LOOK AT LATIN INSTRUMENTS Latin music includes a wide variety of instruments. Here’s a quick look at some of the instruments that aren’t well known to U.S. audiences.

: a claves: a pair maracas: Mexican bass of short, thick gourd-shaped guitar that sticks. Claves instruments features six make a sharp filled with pairs of strings, clicking sound beans or seeds. a total of when struck Maracas are twelve strings together. usually played in pairs. A player shakes them to bandoneón: drum: make a rattling sound. an - a tall, single- like instrument headed drum tamborim: a played by from Cuba. The small drum pumping its conga drum is with a closed midsection also called the bottom side. A while pressing tumbadora. player strikes the buttons on its handles a tamborim guiro: a with a pair of bongo drums: gourd-shaped drumsticks to create a high, sharp a pair of open- percussion sound. bottomed instrument. A drums. Bongos player rubs tres: a guitar- are connected a stick along like instrument to each other the ridges of a from Cuba. The at the side. guiro to make a rattling sound. tres includes The larger drum is called the hembra three pairs of (female). The smaller drum is the two strings. macho (male).

BUILDINGCHAPTER the LATIN NAME SOUND HERE 7 storytelling. Love stories were par- throughout Cuba. Soon it could be CUBAN ticularly common. heard in , Central America, Pepe Sánchez had little formal and the United States. SOUNDS music training. He composed bolero inspired similar styles, including the songs in his head without ever writing slow, beautiful bolero mamba; the HEAD them down. For this reason, much stirring bolero-son; and the bolero- of his original bolero music is lost. cha (known for its cha-cha-cha NORTH But Sánchez’s fellow musicians were rhythm). Son may have been king in Cuba, moved by his powerful songs. They One of the biggest stateside suc- but another Cuban sound was first wrote down some of the music, and cesses was Cuba’s Trío Matamoros. to reach the United States. The the modern Cuban bolero tradition Guitarist Miguel Matamoros, guitar- gentle bolero style was created springs from these musical treasures. ist and vocalist Rafeal Cueto, and by José “Pepe” Sánchez in the late By the start of the twentieth maraca player Siro Rodríguez made 1800s. Bolero songs centered on century, the bolero style had spread up the group. Miguel Matamoros

Cuba’s Trío Matamoros brought son music to the United States in the 1930s.

8 SYNCOPATION One of the trademark sounds of Latin music is syncopation. Syncopation is the stressing of a beat that is not normally stressed, or the skipping of a strong beat. Syncopation interrupts the smooth flow of the rhythm in a piece of music. The changeable rhythms of Latin music are part of its lively, danceable appeal and an element of any good Latin dance song. Forms of music such as also use syncopation.

was a brilliant . Many of the trio’s hits of the 1920s and the 1930s blended son and bolero. These hits include “Son de la Loma” (“They Come from the Hill”), “El Que Su Maíz” (“He Who Sows His Corn”), and “Lágrimas Negras” (“Black Tears”). The bolero-son style captured the attention of the music world. Trío Mat- amoros toured in Latin America, the United States, and Europe. They often performed at clubs in in the 1930s and the 1940s. Their success helped pave the way for other son artists in the United States.

CUBA CONTINUES TO SHINE Rita Montaner was born in Cuba in 1900. She was a noted pianist by the time she was fifteen. By the early 1920s, she was well known in Cuba and across much of Latin America as a pianist and a vocalist. Montaner began recording songs for the U.S. company Columbia

Rita Montaner, pictured here in the 1940s, sang memorable crossover songs such as “El Manicero” (“The Peanut Vendor,” 1928).

BUILDINGCHAPTER the LATIN NAME SOUND HERE 9 GLOSSARY ballad: a slow song that tells a story. Ballads often have rumba: an upbeat form of Cuban dance music famous for its sorrowful or romantic lyrics. call-and-response vocal pattern

bilingual: able to speak two languages. In music, an salsa: a style of Latin music that originated in the United States. is considered bilingual if it includes songs in two different Salsa blends Latin sounds with U.S. pop, rock, R & B, and languages. other styles and is popular as dance music.

bolero: a lyrically driven style of Cuban ballad : a style of Brazilian party music that evolved from the folk songs of Brazilians with African heritage bossa nova: a laid-back version of samba music, often ac- companied by nothing but a guitar. Bossa nova originated in sexteto: a band consisting of six members . son: a traditional form of Cuban featuring a Spanish crossover star: a musician who has successfully moved from flavor and an African beat one musical style to another Spanglish: an informal combination of English and Spanish fusion: a combination of two or more elements or styles syncopation: the stressing of a beat that is not normally mambo: a style of Cuban dance music famous for its strong stressed or the skipping of a beat that is normally stressed. beat and flowing style Syncopation is a staple of many styles of music, including Latin. merengue: a style of fast-paced dancing music with roots in the tango: a style of instrumental dance music from

nueva canción: a politically driven form of Latin folk music tango canción: a version of the tango with lyrics, created by from the 1960s and 1970s, through which artists often spoke Carlos Gardel in the 1910s out against war and government oppression Tejano: a Mexican American resident of or a musical percussion: a class of instruments that are played by striking style popularized by people of this background. Tejano with the hand, finger, or other object, or by shaking them. music has a polkalike beat inspired by the music of German Drums are a well-known percussion instrument. immigrants to this part of the United States.

56 TIMELINE 1868 Cuba wins independence from Spain. Cuban soldiers gather in Havana and help to create the modern son sound.

1910s Trío Matamoros brings the son sound out of Cuba, introducing it to audiences in the United States and around the world.

1917 Carlos Gardel unveils his tango canción style at a concert in , Argentina. The new sound later becomes a success in the United States.

1950s The United States—especially New York City—experiences mambo mania. Desi Arnaz, Pérez Prado, and oth- ers score stateside hits.

1958 releases the Spanish-language rock song “La Bamba.” The song helps to launch the genre.

1959 Fidel Castro and the Communist Party come to power in Cuba, cutting off many Cuban Americans from their homeland. These musicians begin to develop their own sound, which later is called salsa.

1964 , João Gilberto, and release “The Girl from .” The song sets off a bossa nova craze in the United States.

1970 The period known as the Golden Age of Salsa begins.

1973 Chilean musician Víctor Jara is arrested and then killed by the Chilean government for his socially conscious music. He becomes a symbol for the politically charged nueva canción movement.

1977 joins the Sound Machine.

1984 Tejano star releases her first album, Mis Primeras Grabaciones (My First Recordings) . 1995 Selena is shot and killed by the former president of her fan club.

1999 ’s “Livin’ La Vida Loca” (“Livin’ the Crazy Life”) sets off a movement known as the Latin Explosion.

2010 Shakira’s song “Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)” is selected as the official song of the 2010 World Cup. The choice gives Latin music a worldwide boost in popularity.

2011 wins Favorite Latin Artist at the American Music Awards.

57 MINI BIOS Rubén Blades (born 1948): Rubén Blades was born Rubén He tried to make it as a samba vocalist before turning his full Blades Bellido de Luna in Panama City, Panama. He helped attention to guitar. The sounds of American jazz led him to bring the political messages of nueva canción to U.S. salsa create a new sound, bossa nova. His most famous recording music. He became a salsa star in the 1970s and the 1980s. is “The Girl from Ipanema” (1964), with Astrud Gilberto and His popular songs include “” (“Pedro Razor,” Stan Getz. 1978) and “” (“The Singer,” 1978). In 1994 he ran for the Panamanian presidency and lost. In 2004 he was Ricky Martin (born 1971): Ricky Martin was born Enrique made Panama’s minister of tourism. Martín Morales in San Juan, . Martin joined the Puerto Rican boy band in 1984 and remained a Willie Colón (born 1950): The trombonist Willie Colón was member until 1989. For the next decade, he was a Spanish- born in New York City to Puerto Rican immigrant parents. language star and actor. Martin’s 1999 pop song “Livin’ Colón was perhaps the biggest salsa star of the 1970s. He La Vida Loca” (“Livin’ the Crazy Life”) ignited the Latin signed with at age fifteen and released his Explosion. first album two years later. Colón was famous for blending a range of styles. He had many successful collaborations with Carmen Miranda (1909–1955): Carmen Miranda was born other salsa stars. He is also an actor, music producer, and in Marco de Canaveses, Portugal. She became one of the political activist. most famous samba singers of her time. Miranda rose to fame in Brazil in the 1930s and then found stardom in music and Gloria Estefan (born 1957): Gloria Estefan is known as the films in the United States in the 1940s and early the 1950s. Queen of . Estefan was born in Havana, Cuba, but soon moved to Miami, Florida. She joined the band Miami Pitbull (born 1981): Armando Pérez was born in Miami, Sound Machine in 1977 and went on to become one of the Florida, to Cuban parents. When he began a career in hip- biggest Latin pop stars in history. In 1990 her tour bus was hop, he took the name Pitbull. Early on, he impressed fans struck by a semitruck, causing severe injuries to her spine. She with guest verses on songs by the rapper Lil Jon in 2002. survived and has continued to thrive as an artist and a music Pitbull later became a superstar with hits such as “Give Me producer. Everything” (2011) and his team-up with Jennifer Lopez, “On the Floor” (2011). Carlos Gardel (1890–1935): Born in Toulouse, France, Carlos Gardel moved to Argentina at the age of two. He Shakira (born 1977): Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll, born in created the tango canción in 1917, adding lyrics to the nor- , , may be the most influential Latin mally instrumental tango. The new style created a worldwide star of her era. Her music blends Latin, Middle Eastern, and sensation. He died in a plane crash in 1935, at the height of rock styles. She signed her first record contract at age thir- his popularity. teen and became a huge Spanish-language star. In the late 1990s, she learned English and crossed over to become a João Gilberto (born 1931): Born in Juazeiro, Brazil, João full-blown pop sensation. Her famous songs include “When- Gilberto is credited with creating the smooth sound of the ever, Wherever” (2001) and “Hips Don’t Lie” (2005). bossa nova. Gilberto started playing guitar at age fourteen.

58 LATIN MUST-HAVES , 2011) Víctor Jara, “Te Recuerdo Amanda” (“I Must-Have Mana, Drama y Luz (Drama and Light Remember You Amanda,” 1969) (The Ritchie Valens, Ritchie Valens (1959) and ,Los Vaqueros: El Regreso Cowboys: The Return, 2011) Santana, “Soul Sacrifice” (1969) Stan Getz and João Gilberto,Getz/Gilberto ( 2011) Miami Sound Machine, “Conga” (1985) (1964) Ximena Sariñana, Ximena Sariñana (2012) y 440, “Ojalá Que Willie Colón, (The Bad Guy , 1967) Rodrigo y Gabriela,Area 52 Llueva Café” (“I Hope It Rains Cof- , Acid (1968) fee,” 1990)

Santana, Santana (1969) Must-Have Songs Selena, “Fotos y Recuerdos” (“Photos and Memories,” 1994) Fania All-Stars, Live at the Cheetah , Vol. 1 (1972) Rita Montaner, “El Manicero” (“The Pea- nut Vendor,” 1928) , “Chan Chan” (Days and Flowers , Silvio Rodríguez, Días y Flores (1997) 1975) Carmen Miranda, “I, Yi, Yi, Yi, Yi (I Like You Very Much)” (1941) , “I Need to Know” (1999) Rubén Blades and Willie Colón,Siembra ( Sowing , 1978) Desi Arnaz, “El Cumbanchero” (“The Jennifer Lopez, “” ,” 1949) (1999) , 1100 Bel Air Place (1984) Beny Moré, “Bonito y Sabroso” (“Beautiful Ricky Martin, “Livin’ La Vida Loca” (“Livin’ (1990) Gloria Estefan, Cuts Both Ways and Tasty,” 1952) the Crazy Life,” 1999) (1995) Selena, Dreaming of You Pérez Prado, “Cereza Rosa” (“Cherry Pink,” Santana feat. , “Smooth” 1955) (1999) Buena Vista Social Club,Buena Vista Social Club (1997) Ray Barretto, “El Watusi” (“The Watusi,” Shakira, “Whenever, Wherever” (2001) 1961) (1999) Marc Anthony, Marc Anthony Pitbull, “Give Me Everything” (2011) Stan Getz, Astrud Gilberto, and João Santana, Supernatural (1999) Gilberto, “The Girl from Ipanema” Ximena Sariñana, “Tú y Yo” (“You and I,” 2011) , Celia Cruz and Friends: A Night of (1964) Salsa (2000) Sextet, “Bang Bang” (1966) Wisin and Yandel feat. Jennifer Lopez, “Follow the Leader” (2012) , Escape (2001) Willie Colón & Héctor Lavoe, “El Malo” Shakira, (2001) (“The Bad Guy,” 1967)

Jamie y Los Chamacos, Power Celia Cruz, “Guantanamera” (“The (2003) Woman from Guantánamo,” 1967)

59 MAJOR AWARDS American Music Awards (AMAs): The American Music The Latin Grammys: One of the biggest events of the year Awards are awarded based on polls of the public. TV host for the Latin music scene is the Latin Grammys. This award Dick Clark created the awards in 1973. In 2011 Jennifer ceremony is held annually by the Latin Academy of Record- Lopez won the Favorite Latin Artist category. Other 2011 ing Arts and Sciences. It celebrates the diversity of Latin AMA nominees included Enrique Iglesias and Pitbull. music. The Latin Grammys were first held in 2000. Awards are given to the best artists in a wide variety of categories, ASCAP Latin Music Awards: The American Society of including pop, rock, tropical, Mexican, Brazilian, traditional, , Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) honors the and more. In 2011 Calle 13 won the Latin Grammy for Album top Latin and publishers at these awards. The of the Year, Entren Los Que Quieran (Those Who Want to Answer ), ceremony’s highest honor is the Founders Award. It goes to while Shakira won Best Female Pop Vocal Album for Sale el Sol artists who have helped pioneer Latin music and have in- (Rising Sun). spired their fellow Latin artists. In 2012 the Founders Award went to Marc Anthony. MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs): Latin stars often shine at the MTV network’s annual Video Music Awards cere- The Billboard Latin Music Awards: The Billboard Latin Mu- mony. These awards honor the best in music videos from a sic Awards ceremony is broadcast annually on the Telemundo broad range of musical genres. In 2011 the Best Latino Artist TV network. These awards honor the highest-charting Latin VMA went to the duo Wisin and Yandel. artists of the year. The ceremony includes a Lifetime Achieve- ment Award as well as a Spirit of Hope Award that honors humanitarian achievements. In 2012 Latin music rising star Prince Royce won the Artist of the Year award.

The Grammy Awards: The Grammys are prestigious music awards given yearly since 1959 by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. In 2012 the Grammys in- cluded four awards in the Latin Music category. The Mexi- can rock band Mana won the award for Best Latin Pop, Rock or Urban Album with Drama y Luz (Drama and Light ).

60 SOURCE NOTES .com/2010/03/29/ricky-martin-comes-out 10 R. J. Deluke, “Arturo O’Farrill: Upholding the 27 “Faces of Salsa Quotes by Willie Colón,” -im_n_517625.html (April 4, 2012). Latin Tinge,” All About Jazz , June 22, 2009, Willie Colon , February 28, 2009, http:// williecolon.com/news/2009/02/28/faces http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article 45 Henri Béhar, “Jennifer Lopez on Selena,” -of-salsa-quotes (December 20, 2011). .php?id=33194 (December 14, 2011). Film Scouts , n.d., http://www.filmscouts Latin .com/scripts/interview.cfm?File=jen-lop 11 Alan Lomax, Mister Jelly Roll: The Fortunes of 39 Walter Martinez, “Selena Interview 2,” (December 30, 2011). Jelly Roll Morton, New Orleans Creole and ”Inventor Music Forever, 1995, http://www.selenaforever .com/SelenaInterviews/Selena_Interview_2 of Jazz” (Berkeley: University of California 48 Larry Rohter, “A Master of Crossover .html (April 14, 2012). Press, 1973), 62. Relives ’70s Ballads,” New York Times , June 18, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010 24–25 Daniel Fischlin, ed., Rebel Musics: Human Rights, 40 Betto Arcos, “Interview with Juan de Marcos /06/19/arts/music/19anthony.html Resistant Sounds, and the Politics of Music Making González,” PBS , January 1, 1998, http://www (January 3, 2012). (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2003), 203. .pbs.org/buenavista/musicians/bios/demarcos _edited_int_eng.html (January 6, 2012). 50 Mim Udovitch, “Q&A: Shakira,” , 25 Ed Morales, The Latin Beat: The Rhythms and Roots January 23, 2002, http://web.archive of Latin Music from Bossa Nova to Salsa and Beyond 44 Ricky Martin, quoted in Katherine Thompson, .org/web/20090207181309/http://www (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2003), “Rick Martin Comes Out: ‘I’m a Fortunate Huffington Post, May 29, .rollingstone.com/artists/shakira/articles 56. Homosexual Man,’” 2010, http://www.huffingtonpost /story/5931811/qa_shakira (January 4, 2012).

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY . New York: Roy, Maya. Cuban Music: From Son and Rumba Aparicio, Frances R., and Candida Jaquez, Guillermoprieto, Alma. Samba to the Buena Vista Social Club and Cu- eds. Musical Migrations: Transnationalism and Vintage Books, 1991. bana . Translated by Denise Asfar and Cultural Hybridity in Latin/o America . Vol. McGowan, Chris, and Ricardo Pessanha. Gabriel Asfar. Princeton, NJ: Markus 1. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova, and Wiener Publishers, 2002. 2003. the Popular . Philadelphia: Sublette, Ned. Cuba and Its Music: From the First Castro, Ruy. Bossa Nova: The Story of the Brazilian Temple University Press, 2009. Drums to the Mambo . Chicago: Chicago Music That Seduced the World . Translated Morales, Ed. The Latin Beat: The Rhythms and Review Press, 2004. by Lysa Salsbury. Chicago: A Cap- Roots of Latin Music from Bossa Nova to Salsa pella Books, 2000. and Beyond. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Thompson, Robert Farris.Tango: The Art His- tory of Love . New York: Pantheon Books, Catapano, Peter. “A Blending of Latin Press, 2003. 2005. Sounds.” New York Times. N.d. http:// Roberts, John Storm.The Latin Tinge: The www.nytimes.com/library Impact of Latin American Music on the United /music/102400salsa-essay.html States . New York: Oxford University (Januar y 12, 2012). Press, 1999. Fernandez, Raul A.From Afro-Cuban Rhythms to . Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.

61 FURTHER READING, WEBSITES, AND FILMS Accordion Dreams information about the awards ceremony, award nominees http://www.pbs.org/accordiondreams/main/index.html and winners, and future events. Visitors can also check out This PBS site is devoted to . Check out a time- recent performance videos. line, learn more about the accordion, and discover fun facts Lindeen, Mary. Cool Latin Music: Create & Appreciate What about Tejano music. Makes Music Great! Edina, MN: ABDO, 2008. Alt.Latino Read more about the history of Latin music, the instruments http://www.npr.org/blogs/altlatino that Latin musicians use, and famous Latin artists. This book This blog from National Public Radio is devoted to all things also helps readers write their own salsa song and learn to Latino. Read about the latest in Latin music, check out rec- dance the samba! ommended songs and videos, and leave a comment if there’s Makosz, Rory. Latino Arts and Their Influence on the United anything you want to discuss. States: Songs, Dreams, and Dances . Philadelphia: Mason Cartlidge, Cherese. Celia Cruz. New York: Chelsea House, Crest Publishers, 2006. 2010. With this book, readers can explore the history and devel- Learn more about Celia Cruz, one of the legends of salsa opment of Latino art—including music—and learn about music, from her beginnings in Cuba to her worldwide stardom the ways in which Latino artists shaped American popular later in life. The author gives a detailed of Cruz culture. and her rise to fame. Murcia, Rebecca Thatcher. Shakira . Hockessin, DE: Latin Beat Mitchell Lane, 2008. http://www.latinbeatmagazine.com Shakira is one of Latin ’s boldest stars. This short This site from Latin Beat magazine provides an in-depth look at biography details Shakira’s early life, her rise to fame, and what’s going on in modern Latin music. Check out news, artist her ability to stay at the top of the charts. profiles, reviews, concert dates, and much more. Nelson, Robin. Selena Gomez: Pop Star and Actress . Minneapo- Latin Music USA . DVD. Directed by Pamela A. Aguilar lis: Lerner Publications, 2013. and Daniel McCabe. Boston: PBS, 2009. Check out this book for more information about Selena Actor Jimmy Smits hosts this four-part documentary about Gomez, a Texas-born pop star of Mexican heritage. Readers the history of Latin music. Hear a wide range of Latin songs can follow Gomez’s path to fame and get the scoop on her from across the decades and see some of the faces that relationship with music superstar Justin Bieber. made Latin music an international success. Viewers can Thomas, Isabel. Latin Dance . Minneapolis: Lerner watch all four segments at http://video.pbs.org/program/ Publications, 2012. latin-music-usa. This fun book captures all the excitement and glamour of Latin Recording Academy Latin dance. Take a closer look at dances such as the stylish http://www.latingrammy.com/en/home rumba, the lively cha-cha, and the passionate tango, as well The home page of the Latin Grammys is loaded with as the salsa and the samba.

62 INDEX Aguilar, Cuban Pete, 17 Iglesias, Enrique, 38, 44, 47, 55 pop, 21, 25, 27, 29, 33, 38, 41, 43, 44–45, 50, Aguilera, Christina, 49 Iglesias, Julio, 29–30, 47 54, 55 Angel Viloria y su Conjunto Típico Cibaeño, 35 Prado, Pérez, 15, 16, 19 Anthony, Marc, 44, 48, 50, 55 Jara, Víctor, 24–25, 31 Puente, Tito, 26 Arnaz, Desi, 17, 19 jazz, 9–12, 21, 37 Joe Cuba Sextet, 22, 31 Rage Against the Machine, 53–54, 55 Barretto, Ray, 17, 26, 31 José, José, 30 R & B, 17, 22, 26, 33, 38, 45 Blades, Rubén, 28–29 reggaeton, 54–55 bolero, 8–9, 29, 30, 40 , 29–30, 34, 47 rock ’n’ roll, 20–21, 26, 37, 38, 44, 50, 52–54 , 22 Lavoe, Héctor, 26, 28–29, 31 Rodrigo y Gabriela, 4–5, 53, 55 bossa nova, 18–19, 52 Lopez, Jennifer, 41, 44–45, 46, 49, 55 Rodríguez, Silvio, 23, 31 Buena Vista Social Club, 40, 41 Lora, Ñico, 34 rumba, 10, 40 , 41 Carlos, Roberto, 30 , 53, 55 salsa, 17, 25–29, 33, 38, 41, 43, 45, 48 Colón, Willie, 26–29, 31 Lovato, Demi, 46 samba, 13–14 conjunto, 37 Sánchez, José, 8 Cruz, Celia, 26, 31 mambo, 15, 17 Santana, Carlos, 21–22, 31, 52, 55 , 36 Selena, 38–41, 43 de Anda, Jaime, 37, 41 Mariachi el Bronx, 36 Selena (film), 41, 45 Martin, Ricky, 42–44, 55 sexteto, 6 electronic music, 52 merengue, 34–35 Shakira, 4–5, 50–51, 55 Estefan, Gloria, 32–34, 41 Miami Sound Machine, 33, 41 son, 6, 8, 40 Miguel, Luis, 29, 30, 31 syncopation, 9 Fania Records, 25–26 Miranda, Carmen, 14–15, 19 Fernández, Alejandro, 36, 41 Montaner, Rita, 9–10, 19 tango, 10–12 Moré, Beny, 16, 19 tango canción, 12 Gardel, Carlos, 10, 12 Morton, Jelly Roll, 11 Tejano, 35, 37, 38 Getz, Stan, 18–19 Thomas, Rob, 52, 55 Gilberto, Astrud, 18–19 Nelson, Willie, 30–31 Trío Matamoros, 8–9, 16, 19 Gilberto, João, 18–19 nueva canción, 22, 24–25, 50 Troilo, Aníbal, 19 Gimbel, Norman, 19 Gomez, Selena, 46 Pacheco, Johnny, 17, 25 Valens, Ritchie, 20–21, 38 Good Neighbor Policy, 14–15 Parra, Violeta, 22 Guerra, Juan Luis, 35, 41 Pinochet, Augusto, 24 Wisin and Yandel, 54–55 Piro, Killer Joe, 17 hip-hop, 38, 45, 54 Pitbull, 4–5, 54, 55

EXPAND LEARNING BEYOND THE PRINTED BOOK. Download free, complementary educational resources for this book from our website , www.lerneresource.com. 63 ABOUT THE AUTHOR Matt Doeden is a freelance author and editor. He has written hundreds of children’s and young adult books covering areas such as sports, the military, cars and motorcycles, geography and, of course, music. He and his family live in Minnesota.

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64 This Page Left Blank Intentionally T f a bossa no h mming o va guit e stru aris cr lodic lish and Sp t. owd he me d Eng anish. sways to t blen A that d rhythms. voc lyrics ate alist belts out ncop ’s sy salsa Couples dance to THESE ARE THE SOUNDS OF

Before Latin music exploded into the mainstream in the 1990s, it was on the sidelines of American pop. Ritchie Valens fused Latin dance music with rock. Julio Iglesias popularized Latin ballads in the United States. And Gloria Estefan was the rst crossover artist. But after Ricky Martin’s “Livin’ La Vida Loca” exploded onto the pop scene in 1999, Latin music took center stage.

Follow the evolution of Latin music through the decades. Learn how its distinct sounds and catchy rhythms have been integrated into American pop. Discover how it is used for political expression. And read more about stars such as Victor Jara, Selena, and Shakira.

MUSIC MILESTONES

AMERICAN POP: Hit Makers, Superstars, AMERICAN COUNTRY: Bluegrass, Honky- and Dance Revolutionaries Tonk, and Crossover Sounds AMERICAN R & B: Gospel Grooves, Funky AMERICAN HIP-HOP: Rappers, DJs, and Drummers, and Soul Power Hard Beats AMERICAN ROCK: Guitar Heroes, Punks, AMERICAN LATIN MUSIC: Rumba and Metalheads Rhythms, Bossa Nova, and the Salsa Sound