70th Congress, I tit Session - Senate Document No. 70

NEAR EAST RELIEF

REPORT OF THE NEAR EAST RELIEF

FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1927

MARCH 14, 1928.-Ordered to be printed, with illustrations

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON' 1928

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

MARCH 13, 1928. Phe PEPS1DENT OF THE SENATE ACED THE SPEAKER OF ThE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES. Sins: In accordance with the act of incorporation of Near East Relief, approved by the President August 6, 1919, we submit here- with report for the year ending December 31, 1927, in the form of: 1. Report of the executive committee to the board of trustees for the calendar year 1927, as presented at the annual meeting of the board of trustees January 4, 1928. 2. Report of the treasurer for the calendar year 1927. 3. Report of the general secretary for 1927 as submitted at the annual meeting of the board of trustees January 4, 1928. 4. Officers and members of the board of trustees, executive and ot0 cI. committees. 5. List of the National Infolden Rtule C('nommittee. 6. List, of national cooperating alnd ldlvisory committees. 7. List of State chairmen, treasurers, antd offices. Oil behalf of the executive committee, Respectfully suibnmitted. C1IJARL1S V. VICKREY, General Secretary. -II

ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION IN THE UNITED STATES

The following persons, named by Congress in the act of iincorpo- ration or later duly elected, are members and officers of the board of trustees, executive and other committees:

MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES James L. Barton, Boston, Mass. Williain B. Millar, New York, N. Y. Arthur E. Bestor, New York, N. Y. Mrs. Philip North Moore,' St. Louis, Charles E. Beury, PhiladelpHia Pa Mo. Arthur J. Brown, New York, N. Y. Henry Morgenthau New York, N. Y. Edwin M. Bulkley Englewood, N. J. Frank Morrison, W'ashington, D. C. Otis W. Caldwell, KNW York, N. Y. John: R. Mott, Montclair, N. J. James Cannon, jr., Washington, D. C. Frank Mason North, Madison, N. J. Edward Capps, Princeton, N. J. Dr. Valeria H. Parker, New York. Carl C. Carstens, New York, N. Y. Mrs. Edgerton Parsons, New York. William I. Chamberlain, New York, Mrs. Percy V. Pennybacker, Austin, N. Y. Tex. Henry Sloane Coffln,. New York N. Y. George A. Plimpton, New York N Y. Robert J. Cuddihy New York, N. Y. Frank L. Polk, New York, N. i. Josephus Daniels, ftaleigh, N. C. Franklin D. Roosevelt, New York. Charles G. Dawes, Evanston, Ill. Elihu Root, New York, N.-Y. Cleveland E. Dodge, Riverdale, N. Y. Oliver J'. Sands, Richmond, Va. Allen W. Dulles, New York, N. Y. William Jay Schieffelin, New York. William C. Emhardt, Mount Airy, Pa. George T. Scott, New York, N. Y. John H. Finley, New York, N. Y. Albert Shaw, New York, N. Y. Janes G. Harbord, New York N. Y. Robert E. Speer, Englewood, N. .J. Harold A. Hatch, New York, A4. Y. James M. Speers, New York N. Y. William I. Haven, New York, N. Y. Mrs. Leroy Springs,2 Lancaster, S. C. Patrick J. Hayes, New York, N. Y. Anson Phelps Stokes, W ington, Howard Heinz, Pittsburgh, Pa. D. C. Myron T. Herrick, Cleveland, Ohio. William Howard Taft, New Haven, Hamilton Holt, Winter Park, Fla. Conn. Frank W. Jackson, Montclair, N. J. Charles V. Vickrey, New York, N. Y. M. Karagheusian, New York, N. Y. Stanley White, New York, N. Y. Frederick Lynch, New York, N. Y. Ray Lyman Wilbur, Palo Alto Calif. Charles S. M aefarland, Mountain Talcott Williams,3 New York Nq Y Lakes N. J. Stephen S. WYise, New York, }. Y. Vance d. McCormick, Harrisl)urg, Pa. Leonard Wood,' Manila, P. I. John H. T. Main, Grinuell, Iowa. Miss Mary E. Woolley, Southi Hadley, William T. Manning, New York, N. Y. Mass. OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES James L. Barton, Chairman John H. Finley, vice chairman. E. C. Miller assistant treasurer. Cleveland E. Dodge, treasurer. Hurdman A Cranstoun, public ac- Frank L. Polk, general counsel. countants, auditors. Charles V. Vickrey, general secretary.

MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Edwin M. Bulkley, Chairman James L. Barton. William B. Millar. Cleveland E. Dodge. H Morgenthau. John H. Finley. Georgerenry A. Plimpton. James G. Harbord. Albert Shaw. Harold A. Hatch. Charles V. Vickrey. I Resigned Jan. 4, 1928. I Died Jan. 24, 1928. ' Resigned Apr. 27,1927. 'D ied Aug. 8, 1927. V VI NEAR EAST RELIEF The following committees are appointed under authority of Article V of the by-laws by the executive committee: PINANCZ COMMITTEE Edwin M. Bulkley, Chairman I Cleveland E. Dodge. George A. Plimpton. Harold A. Hatch. I Clarles V. Vickrey.

NOMINATING COMMITTEE Frank W. Jackson, Chairman Talcott Williains.t I Charles S. MAefarland.

COMMITTEE ON PERSONNEL William 1. Chamberlain, Chairman Talcott Williams.' I William B. Millar.

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Tralcott Williams.' Charles V. Vickrey. Albert Shaw. Frederick Lynch. Hamilton Holt. INDUJSTRIAL COMMITTEE Henry Morgenthait. Cleveland E. Dodge. James M. Speers. M. Karagheusian. Harold A. Hatch. I Died Jan. 24, 1928. NEAR EAST RELIEF

REPORT OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES (January 1 to December 31, 1927)

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETINGS AND MINUTES During the year covered by this report, January 1 to December 31, 1927, reglilar monthly meetings of the executive committee have been: held except during the summer months. The minutes of these meetings have been sent regularly to all members of the board of trustees, together with accompanying financial statements, cable- grains, and reports, from the fields of operations. The official copies of these minutes are formally submitted to the board of trustees as a part of this report.

CHANGES IN MEMBERSHIP OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES AND EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Two vacancies have occurrecl during the year in the imlemnbership of the board of trlustees, one through the death of Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood and one l)y-the resignation of Mrs. Leroy Springs. General Wood was not only a deeply interested and faithful member of the board of trustees but, also the active chairman of our cooperating committee in the Philippines. At the meeting of the executive committees onl February 11, Mr. Allen WV. Dulles was elected as trustee and Maj. Gen. James G. Ilarbord was elected to membership OIn the executive committee to fill vacancies left by the nominating committee at the annual meeting in January. OVERSEAS ADMINISTRATION The committee has received regularly at each meeting monthly reports from the managing directors and area councils in all of our overseas areas. These reports have been summarized and submitted month by month to members of the boar(l of trustees in connection with the minutes and reports of the monthly executive committee meetings. We have also had the usual audited financial reports of overseas operations from Russell & Co., chartered accountants, who conduct a continuous audit of our overseas accounts. FINANCES The report of the treasurer will reflect in greater detail the financial transactions of the year, but the chairman of the executive committee may pause on the subject long enough to Ilote with appreciation the continued gratifying response of the public. 2 NNEAR EMAT RELIEF

AUDITORS REPORTS In addition to the overseas audits referred to :.;bove by Russell & Co., chartered accountants, with offices in Athens, Alexandria, Cairo, and Constantinople, our domestic accounts have been con- tinuously audited, with regular semiannual reports by Hurdman & Cranstoun, public accountants.

SURVEY COMMITTEE Probably the most significant, development of the year so far as general policies of the organization are concerned has been the con- tinued work of the survey committee. This survey has been made by a group of nationally and internationally recognized experts in education-al and social welfare work, no one of whom is a staff officer of Near East Relief. They have now been engaged for more than two years in making a thorough study of conditions and needs in the Near East and will soon make their final report. While the report is not yet completed and ready for publication, the Near East Relief has een assured of the survey committee's approval of our work as now conducted and of our policy as reflected in the special financial cam- paign for our present commitments. Recognizing the impracticability of continuing indefinitely a large campaign organization for a decreasing budget, the executive com- mittee has, subject to the ratification of the trustees, authorized a special financial campaign, beginning February 1, 1928, for $6,000,000, with which to meet the present commitments of Near East Relief. This asking is based upon a carefully prepared and detailed budget representing two years of study on the part of our overseas directors and various committees. When this sum of money is raised, pro- vision will have been made for the present orphanage, child welfare, and other commitments of Near East Relief.

COOPERATION OF ADVISORY COUNCILS AND COMMITTEES Near East Relief has been highly favored in securing and main- taining through a series of years the remarkably loyal cooperation of a wide range of national organizations, religious and secular. In recent years the universal challenge and unifying power of the golden rule appeal has been responsible for increasing tho number and effectiveness of these national cooperating organizations and committees. Without their voluntary and at times sacrificial aid, our Treasury would have had serious difficulty in withstanding the heavy strain of these past years. Government officials, from the President in the White House to mayors and aldermen of distant cities, have been more than generous in their cooperation and leadership. Governors of many States have taken a leading part in the appeals of our State committees. Radio broadcasting stations, national advertising organizations, and motion-picture distributors as well as the general press have contributed beyond measure to the nation-wide interest in the orphan children of the Near East. National organizations of all types-religious, educational, fra- ternal, patriotic, labor unions, industrial, agricultural, and social NEAR EAST RELIEF 3 service-have not- only passed resolutions at their national conven- tions endorsing the child-welfare program of Near East Relief and the observance of international golden rule Sunday, but halve officially appointed advisory committees to cooperate in appealing to their membership. An incomplete list of these advisory committees, appointed by the national assembly or highest council of various religious organizations, by the World Sunday School Association, the National Educational Association1 the International Federation of Labor, the World Spciety of Christian Endeb'vor and other young people's societies, the Farm Bureau Federation, the Grange, the Boy Scouts, the National Women's Federation, service clubs and other organizations, is available in a 48-page supplementary report. It has been this voluntary service on a large scale, varied, efficient, and continuous, that has made possible the international service of Near East Relief. There has at the same time been reciprocal benefit in the service. Educational leaders in charge of public and private schools as well as commercial and industrial leaders have eagerly welcomed this opportunity to serve under-privileged children because of the reflex educational and character-building value of such service upon our own national life. The executive committee gratefully acknowledges indebtedness to these organizations and to the army of volunteer workers, without whom the history-making achievements of American philanthropy in the Near East would have been impossible. The committee would further record its dependence upon the leaders, who from the outset have been the very soul of the move- ment, and all closely associated with theme in the work. No good cause, and the number is countless, has been served with truer and more complete consecration, and this spirit is certain to endure until the task is done. Respectfully submitted. EDWIN M. BULKLEY, Uhairman.

-REPORT OF THE TREASURER (For the calendar year January 1 to December 31, 1927) GENERAL STATEMENT During the year ended December 31, 1927, Near East Relief received from all regular sources a total income of $2,387,034.37. There was also a recovery on the Piraeus fire loss claim of $160,000 and a transfer of working capital previously advanced to the Athens area of $200,000, making total receipts of the year $2,747,)23.37. Expenditures for all regular purposes were $2,675,623.79, which, together with the offsetting entries for the fire settlement make the total disbursements $2,834,623.79. This leaves a deficit on the year's operations of $88,589.42. Last year the treasurer reported a deficit in the operations for the year of 1926 amounting to $78,320.24. Thisgmakes the second year, therefore, in which expenditures have been in excess of income, indi- cating that for the past two years Near East Relief has gradually cut into its small balance. 4 NEAR EAST RELIEF It is expected that continued reductions in disbursements both overseas and at horne, combined with increased income resulting from the projected special financial campaign) will restore a balance in current operations before the close of the fiscal year, June 30, 1928, and create a reserve toward meeting commitments beyond the date of the conclusion of the financial campaign. At the beginning of the current year there was a balance of assets over liabilities of $156,745.79. The deficit accumulated on this year s operations, however, reduced this balance to $68,166.37 at December 31, 1927. This balance is made up of an item of $10,- 697.59 representing individual relief items in transit and a balance in general relief account of $57,458.78. Offsetting the balance in~the general-relief account, however, there are appropriations authorized to December 31, 1927, but not as yet reported upon from overseas to the extent of $143,141.32. If sub- sequent advices indicate that these appropriations have been drawn in full, then the balance referred to above will be wiped out and there will be a deficit of $85,682.54.

INCOME The regular income 'for the year, shown above as $2,387,034.37, is considerably less than the income of $3,299,663.30 for the year 1926. This reduction of $912,628.93 is due partly to the normal decrease to be expected in our income as our program decreases in size. It, however may also be attributed to the fact that the year 1927 fortu- nately did not include any major disasters in the Near East on which to base an emergency appeal. In 1926 the earthquake in the Cau- casus undoubtedly added considerable stimulus to the income. Of the 1926 receipts $108,000 was specifically designated for earthquake relief and a probably larger portion of the contribution resulted from publicity in connection with the earthquake.

I)ISCONTINUANCE OF INDIVIDUAL REMITTANCE SERVICED During the year the individual remittance service was discontinued, consummating one of the finest relief activities conducted by Near East Relief. This service provided a means whereby relatives in America of refugees in the Near East~could send cash for their imnme- diate needs. During its yearstof operation 71,098 individual items were handled, accounting for a total $4,114,844.62. In view of the real service that this work rendered, it is with regret that the treasurer announces its discontinuance, but the general improvement of the economic conditions of the countries in the Near East, as well as the reestablishment of banking facilities in these countries, make it inadvisable to continue this service.

SPONSORSHIPS The Near East Relief plan of direct sponsorship, whereby indi- viduals pledge $100 a. year for a period of years to bring one child in the Near East Relief orphanage to the age of self-support, continued to he effective during the year 1927. This plan, which was insti- NEAR EAST RELIEF tuted in 1925, has, up to December31, 1927, resulted in sponsor- ships for 4,239 children, of which 1,758 were secured during the year 1927. Although all that is required is payment on an annual basis, a number of the sponsorships have been paid in full and advance payments have been placed in a sponsorship reserve fund, which on December 31 amounted to $36,874.95.

WILLS AND LEGACIES The treasurer wishes to take this opportunity to express the thanks of Near East Relief to those who have notified the executive officers that they have made provision in their wills for Near East Relief. In many of these cases the legacies are designed to continue the sup- port of the child or children who have been supported by the testator during the years passed. The treasurer also announces that Near East Relief has received during the year several remittances from executors of the estates of deceased friends of Near East Relief.

VARIED SOURCES OF INCOME One can not review the receipts of Near East Relief without being deeply impressed with the nation-wide, far-reaching constituency of the organization and the diversity of sources of income. During the year the treasurer's office has issued 220,691 quadruplicate receipts for contributions. When one recalls that a large number of these receipts are issued to treasurers of churches, Sunday schools, public schools, colleges, lodges, and other committees, and that a single receipt sometimes represents scores or hundreds of contributors, it becomes apparent that the constituency of the organizationjprobably numbers well beyond a million contributors. Ad As an illustration of the widespread constituency and the varied source of income, it is worth while to note the report of the golden- rule Sunday observance in Fresno, Calif. Fresno, with a population of 70,124, reports 57,047 golden-rule observers and contributions totaling $31,530.90. Two hundred and eight distinct organizations of Fresno cooperated and contributed. It is impractical to list them all in this report, but they include 40 churches of practically all faiths, including Catholics, Protestants, Jews, Buddhists, and Mormons, 11 men's business and fraternal clubs, 11 women's organizations, and 12 miscellaneous business groups.

EXPENDITURES The total regular expenditures of $2,675,623.79 for the year of 1927 were $702,359.75 less than expenditures during 1926. This reduction in expenditures applied to both disbursements for relief and for administrative and campaign expenses. The relief expendi- tures during 1927 were $2,220,854.99 as compared with $2,751,854.16, a reduction of 19 per cent. The disbursements for administrative and campaign expenses were $454,768.80, as compared with $626,- 129.38 last year, a reduction of 27 per cent. 6 NEAR EAST RELIEF BUDGETS The above savings in expenditures can be directly attributed to the fact that Near East Relief has for a number of years operated under the control of a budget. Each year the budget has demon- strated its effectiveness and has, undoubtedly, been of tremendous assistance in pointing out economies and methods for making our work more effective. The executive committee has already passed upon and approved the budget for all known commitments of the regular and contingent operations of Near East Relief. -This calls for a total of $6,000,000 (including a contingent loan fund of.$800,000 for refugee settlement) to be raised before June 30, 1929, and to be expended over a period to end June 30, 1930. FOREIGN AUDITORS' STATEMENT The foreign auditors, of course, have not completed their audit for the calendar year but they have sent in a statement covering their audit up to June 30, 1927. This statement, submitted by Russell & Co., chartered accountants, with offices in Egypt, Greece, and Turkey, follows: DECEMBER 1.1, 1927. The EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, NEAR EAST RELIEF, 161 Filth Avenue, Newv York. GENTLEMEm: In connection, with the running audit carried out by us, we have to report. that we have completed the audit of the books and accounts of- the foreign offices of the Near East Relief in the Athens, Beirut, and Caucasus areas for the fiscal year ended the 30th of June, 1927, and, subject to the detailed re- ports which have been submitted by us periodically, we have found the operations to be sufficiently vouched and correctly stated in accordance with the explana- tions given to us and as shown by the books, and the funds to have been adminis- tered in accordance with the financial advices received from New York. As far as we are in a position to judge, the funds appear to us to have been adminis- tered efficiently and economically. RUSSELL & Co., Chartered Accountants. STATE, COUNTY, AND LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS The treasurer can not close this report without expressing the indebtedness of the executive committee and the board of trustees to the various cooperating committees throughout the country. Near East Relief has an outstanding business man as treasurer in each State and in many counties and local communities. These treas- urers and - the local State, county, and community committees of which they are members give their time gratuitously and fre- quently at considerable personal sacrifice. Their interest and coop- eration account in a large, measure for the confidence and continued support given by the public at large. Their cooperation in the past has been devoted and it is a source of strength to know that these treasurers an(d committees will continue as long as needed. DOMESTIC AUDITORS REPORT Appended hereto is a report submitted by Hurdnifan & Cranstouln, public accountants, auditors of our domestic accounts, covering their audit for the year ended December 31, 1927. Respectfully submitted. CLEVELAND E. DODGE, Trea8urer. Table: Statement of national headquarters funds, January 1 to December 31, 1927

Table: Statement of assets, liabilities, and funds, national headquarters books, December 31, 1927

NEAR EAST REELUIF 7 EXHIJBIT A Statement of national headquarters funds, January I to December 31, 1907 Balance, Jan. 1, 1927- $156, 745. 79 Additions to funds: 0 Relief income- General relief (net) $2, 281, 434. 20 Individual relief-67, 242. 06 - $2, 348, 676, 26 Recovery on Piraeus fire loss claim-160, 000. 00 Expense income- - For golden rule cailn- paign expense-$2, 950. 00 For general and aclmin- istrative expense 22, 439. 33 Interest on loans', securi- ties, and bank bal- ances-12, 968. 78 38, 358. 11

Total additions to funds--- 2, 547, 034. 37 2, 703, 780. 16 Transfer of-working capital previously advanced to Athens area 200, 000. 00 2, 903, 780. 16 Charges against funds: For relief- General relief-$2, 164, 3-10. 52 Individual relief-56, 544. 47 $2, 220, 854. 99 Expenses in connection with Piraeus fire loss claim 28, 870. 88 National headquarters ex- pense- General admninistration-- $142, 741. 62 Publicity-50, 018. 55 Field department-262, 008. 63 454, 768. 80

- Tliotal charges against funds 2, 704, 494. 67 199, 285. 49 Transfer of neit recovery oln Piracius fire loss claim to reserve for contingencies-131, 129. 12 Balance, Dec. 31, 1927 (Exhibit B)-68, 156. 37 General relief $57, 458. 78 Individual relief--10, 697. 59 68, 156. 37

EMXIIT B .S'tatement of assets, liabilities, and fhands, national headquarters books, December 31, 1927 ASSBTS Current assets: Cash- Bankers Trust Co., New York City $10, 070. 84 Corn Exchange Bank, New York City- Regullar 1, 237. 44 Special-.- 1, 512. 44 Sponsorship... 6, 975. 72

9.869604064

460406968.9 8 NEAR EAST RELIEFP

Current assets-Continued. Cash-Continued. National City Bank, New York City-

Regular ------$147,646.04

Sponsorship - 24,'699. 23 Americaii Exchange-Irving Trust Co., New York City --10, 000. 00 Provident orsCo. (sponsorship), Phila- delphia, Pa 5,200. 00 State and regional office l)alances 219, 834. 44 Petty cash------2, 300. 00 $429, 476. 15 Aceounts recei'ab)le anld advances- Affiliated society, Near East industries 16, 855. 03

Employees -- 11, 232. (60 Others-$21, 458. 56 Less reserve for uncollec- tible accounts-12, 500. 00 8, 958. 56

Total accounts receivable and aclvances 37, 046. 19 Bankers' acceptance, cost --210, 751, 12 Securities- 14, 179. 50 Real estate, less reserve against loss on disposal ..---B-500. 00

Total current assets --- 691, 952. 96 Capital assets: Furniture awl fixtures, less depreciation $38, 163. (18 Warehouse trucks, less depreciation--- 2, 405. 41

Total capital assets- 40, 568. 49 Deferred charges 31, 678. 97 Advances of working capital to overseas areas (contra)-446, 000. 00 Total assets, national headquarters books .------1, 210, 200. 42

LIABILITIES AND FUNDS Current liabilities: Accounts payable- $18, 05 l. 84 Drafts accepted .. 199, 535. 18 Unpaid drafts issued in favor of agents in overseas areaS_---- 2918, 594. 89 Total current liabilities 516, 184. 91 Funds held in trust: Melkon Alarkarian trust fu nd- 7, 460. 08 Orphan sponsorship futndrs . 40, 048. (1 Individual remittances, inward -15. 88 Individuial remittances to be refunded to doniors- 1, 206. 05 Totaltrustfluds--- 48, 730. 02

Total liabilities and trust funds ------564, 914. 93 Reserve for contingencies (riot recovery on Pir-ins fire loss l(aim)n) 131, 129. 12 Funds; national headquarters (1Exhibit A):

General relief -- $57,458.78 Individual relief -10, 697. 59 Total, national headquarters funds .-$68, 156. 37 Overseas areas (contra): Athens; Grece $100, 000. 00 Beirut, Syria 75, 000. 00 Constantinople, Tur1.1key- 40, 000. 00 Leninakan, Ruissia- . 225, 000. 00 Paris, France - 1, 000. 0( Tabriz, Persia . 5, 0(0. 00 446, 000. 00 * 514, 156. 37 Total liabilities and funds, national headquartersbooks 1, 210, 200. 42 NEAR EAST REIMEF 9 REPORT OF THE GENERAL SECRETARY TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES The length and, in part, the, form of the annual report herewith submitted are determined by the fact that it seems appropriate at this tile to give something of a summ-narized report of 12 years of service. While this is only the eighth annual report submitted to Congress, it represents the twelfth yeai' of consecutive effort on the part of a committee that was incorporated by Congress in 1919, after four years of active work. The number of orphans in the orphanages is decreasing steadily with each annual report; it is natural, therefore, that both the officers of Near East Relief and its contributing, sustaining friends should look for some definite forecast. of the future, some, frank statement of policy regarding the remaining task. For the past two years a survey committeee1 composed of official representatives of the major American missionary, educational, and philanthropic agencies at work in the Near East has been studying all phases of the problem with a view to the formulation of Pllans that would both conserve the results already achieved and insure the carrying out of all present commitments to the orphan children of the, Near East and the communities where they live. Aiiierica's honor is involved. Foundation principles of both patm'iotism and religion dlemnand that, until every child is established in self-support, we stand by and not forsake the children we rescued. As a result of that survey and study, the executive committee at a m11eeting October 26, 1927, reached the conclusion that the sum of $6,000,000 was needed. At their annual ineeting January 4, 1928, the board of trustees accepted the report of the executive) comnulittee anld voted to ask the American people for $6,000,000 to complete aill present commitments. 1. Hl1STORICAL, STATEMENT TRANSITION FRONM SALVAGE TO RECONSTRUCTION

WORK JND5r1 o11OUR NAMES Near East Relief has (lone its work (luring the past 12 years under four different nmiaes: The American Committee for Armenian Relief, September 16, 1915, to November 20, 1915. The Amicrican Commnittee for Armenian andl Syrian Relief, Novemn- ber 20, 1915, to June 27, 1918. The American Colmnlmittee for Relief in the Near East, June 27, 1918, to August 6, 1919. Near East Relief, the natme by which1l it was incorporated by Con- gress, since August 6, 1919. These four names reflect the steadlily expanding scope of Near East Relief's work and the transition from the emergency service of the first committee to the well-developed educational and reconstruction program of the present comrp)orate organization.

I See v. 26 for full list of rnmenbers. lo NEAR EAST RELIEF

THE FIRST APPEAL The first organization, in 1915, was in response to cables from the Hon. Henry Morgenthau, then ambassador to Turkey. These cables told of the deportation of Armenians and the urgent need of relief funds. A group, called together by Dr. James L. Barton in the office of MI'. Cleveland H. Dodge, decided "after prolonged debate" to start a campaign to raise a maximum of $100,000. The money was to be transmitted through the American ambassador to a committee of Americans resident in Constantinople. There was no expectation of sending over relief workers. In terms of neither inoney nor time did that early group have any thought of what the years were to bring forth.

THE FIRST CHANGE OF NAME-A CONSOLIDATION It was soon found that there were at least three other committees appealing for Syrian relief, Assyrian relief, and Persian relief, result- ing in confusion and duplication of worthy appeals on the part of welI-sponsored committees. To avoid this duplication these com- nittees were consolidated, November 20, 1915, as the American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief. As such, the committee continued to function until June 27, 1918.

THE SECOND CHANGE OF NAME-ENLARGEMENT OF SCOPE With the continuation of the war the 2,000,000 or more Greeks of Asia Minor increasingly shared with Armenians, Syrians, and other subject races the privations of war-time deportations and famine. Friends of the Greeks called attention to the fact that the name, American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, entirely overlooked these 2,000,000 or more Asiatic Greeks. Therefore, the name was again changed andAbecaine the American Committee for Relief in the Near East. This was done on June 27, 1918. Changes in name, however, did not in any way affect the con- tinuity of the program of relief administered in the name of the American people. The original purpose of the comillittee-the emergency feeding, clothing, and sheltering of Armenian, Symrian, and other refugees who, under the vicissitudes of war, were driven from their homes and rendered destitute--was carried out. Relief work during this period was necessarily largely of the soup-kitchen typje-,-unscientific it may be but vitally practical. Conservative reports show that more than a million lives were saved in connection with this stage of the committee's work. This emergency period in the Near East, as will be noted further, was prolonged for-years after the armistice by the Armenian-Turkish war, the continuation of the Greco-Turkish war, the burning of Smyrna, the development of Turkish nationalism, wholesale exchange of populations, the conflict in Syria, and earthquakes in both Ar- menia and Palestine. RE1LATIONSHIP TO AMERICAN RED CROSS 1)Duriir the World War it was impossible for the American Red Cross to send workers or supplies into Turkey. The American Conm- mittee for Arnia-iiin and Syrian Relief (predecessor to Near East NEAR EAST RELIEF 11l Relief) had, however, already established effective relief work in these areas. The wholesale deportations of the subject races and other war vicissitudes created such urgent and extensive need in this area that during 1917-18 the American Red Cross transferred to the American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, in monthly payments of $300,000 each a total of $6,000,000, to be administered by the committee that was later incorporated as Near East Relief. After General Allenby's entry into Jerusalem. the Red Cross dis- patched a large relief unit with a; shipload of supplies under the cOi.l- nand of Col. John H. Finley to Palestine and Syria by way of Egypt. 'rhis was in accord with the, regular policy of sending Red Cross units with every allied army. After the armistice, having met the major needs of the British- occupied territory of Palestine and Syria, Colonel Finley proceeded to Constantinople, where, after conference with Dr. James L. Barton, an agreement was reached whereby Near East Relief took over the Red Cross Organization and supplies in the Near East. This unified all American relief work in the Near East.

RAPID EXPANSION AFTER THE ARMISTICE With the removal of military barriers after the armistice, approxi- nately 500 relief workers and five shiploads of supplies, in addition to cash funds, were sent through various gateways into Turkey, Syria, Palestine, and Armenia. The allocation and distribution of these supplies was under a special commission consisting of Dr. James L, Barton, chairman, Dr. Stanley White, Mr. Arthur Curtiss Janes, Dr. George H. Washburn, Mr. Harold A. Hatch, Mr. Walter George Smith, and Dr. J. H. T. Main. It should be noted that the size of the operations undertaken inxmediately following the armistice was due to the definite expectation, that the signing of the armistice in the west involved the real cessation of war in the Near East. It was thought that the people who had suffered during the war would be speedily rehabilitated by the program of relief undertaken. The detailed reports from both private individuals and such official commissions as the King-Crane commission sent out by President Wilson, the Harbord mission and the Judson mission in Persia had made it clear that the need was so great as to call for work on a large scale. Large, as was the program of relief work undertaken, however, it was still regarded primarily as an emergency program of feeding and rehabilitating refugees and of peace reconstruction. It was not long, however, before the large number of homeless children needing care made it clear that orphanage work on a large scale would have to be organized and carried on for -some years after emergency relief work was no more needed. In view of the temporary character of the organization of the American Com-. inittee for Relief in the Near East its officers went to Washington to meet with the council of the imerican Red Cross, Mr. H. P. Davison, chairman, and asked if the Red Cross would take over the entire work of the committee. The council made careful and synm- pathetic inquiry into the extent, character, and organization of the work and replied that the Red Cross was primarily an emergency or "fire brigade" organization, while the Near East committee was 93113-8. Doc. 70, 70-1- ---2 12 NEAR EAST RELIEF evidently confronted with an important continuing orphanage and child-welfare program. They therefore, with the assurance of their continued good-will and support, advised that the Near East com- mittee continue its appeal for funds for its recognized effective reconstruction program. THE THIRD CHANGE OF NAME CHARTERED BY CONGRESS It was at this stage, when the work of the cominintee had ceased to be chiefly emergency and was becoming more largely orphanage and educational in character, that the name and the policy of the organi- zation were changed and the committee became a corporate body, with a charter from Congress- To provide relief and to assist in the repatriation, rehabilitation, and reestab- lishment of suffering and depcr4enet people of the Near East and adjacent areas; to provide for the care of orphans and widows; and to promote the social, eco- nomic, and industrial welfare of those who have been rendered destitute, or dependent directly or indirectly by the vicissitudes of war, the cruelties of men, or other causes beyond their control. WAR IN NEAR EAST NOT OVER UNTIL 1923 In studying the history of the organization since its incorporation by Congress in 1919 it should be remembered that while the signing of the armistice ended the war in the west on the I1th of November, 1918, war continued in the Near East until the signing of the Lau- sanne treaty, July 24, 1923. During 1920 and 1921, the first two years under congressional charter, recurring emergencies necessitated a continmance of Near East Relief's salvaging program. III the winter of 1921 over 700,000 were fed in the Caucasus, and the president of the Armenian Repub- lic wrote in 1921 "America has literally saved us from starvation." While the prime minister declared "American philanthropy has saved our nation." EARLY RELIEF WORK ON CONSTRUCTIVE BASIS It should be, noted, however, that there was-a constructive char- acter even to the emergency relief work administered. Except in the case of children, rotheers of small babies, the aged, and the sick, relief was given only in return for work. Labor bat- talions rebuilt roads and villages, installed sanitation in towns, and restored irrigation ditches that had been ruthlessly destroyed. American tractors replaced farm draft animals that had been killed during the war and made possible wholesale cooperative agriculture which in turn made general relief work no longer necessary when the 'first harvests were reaped. The organization was literally rehabili- tating and repatriating the refugees as proposed in its charter. ORPHANAGE PROGRAM SUPERSEDES GENERAL RELIEF As adult relief work became less necessary as new crops were harvested, the child-welfare program became more clearly defined. At the peak of its work Near East Relief had enrolled in its orphanages 104,000, 18,000 in the one city of Alexandropol (now Leninakan)- NEAR EAST RELIEF 13 the largest assemblage of orphans in the world. To understand the reason for so large a number of dependent children needing aid, it must be remembered that while fully a million and a half lives wore saved, official reports, such as that of Lord Boyce, make it clear that nearly, if not quite, a million noncombatant lives were sacrificed in connectionIwith the persecutions, deportations, and privations -of this period. The able-bodied men, those of-military age, were largely externiinated, and an unprecedented number of children were left orphans or fatherless, without known responsible relatives and with- out country or sympathetic government that would accept responsi- bility for their protection. The committee representing the American people could not do other than continue to provide food and the necessities of life for these orphan children. By the early part of 1922 a program of elementary education and trade training, for the orphans began to take defilito -form. General relief work for the moenet was decreas- ing and a child-welfare program on an unprecedented scale was absorb- ing the best energies of the overseas staff and taxing the homlle organization to supply the necessary funds. This constructive pro- gram will be noted in detail later on, Before doing so, it is necessary to refer in passing to three major catastrophes that during the last five years have caused a reversion to emergellcy work, seriously interrupting the development of the constructive program and severely testing theo organization and its personnel. 1. The Smyrlna disaster.-The first of these, was the burning of SImyrna in September, 1922. This event had two definite effects on tile work of Near East Relief. In the first place it hastened the mllovement, already under way, of moving all orphanage work out of Turkey. The rising tide of Turkish, nationalism already referred to had been making the opera- tion of the orphanages in Turkish territory increasingly difficult. Within a few inontlhs after Sinyrnla burled mnore than 22,000 orphans hlad been moved out of Turkey into Syria, Palestine, or Greece.- Most of the orphans had to walk all the way to the frontier, some of them northward over the nmountains in the dead of winter to Black Sea ports--others 500 miles south over extensive desert country into Syria. Two American wrorkemrs lost their lives in thzis movement of the orphans-one dying of pheumounia induced by exposure, the second shot by bandits, but the thousands of orphans were brought to safety in neutral territory. Naturally,, however, this hurried evacuation of orphanages in Turkey and the necessity of finding new centers of child-welfare work in Greece and Syria seriously handicapped the program of education and of vocational trailing that had been started. In the second place, the burning of Smyrnla both created a new group of orphans and again made necessary general relief work oil a lar scale. the number directly affected at Sinyrina was over 300,000. A total of 1400,000 refugees came crowding into Greece. Near East Relief administered all the first emergency relief, irrespective of territory. Following the burning of Smyrna, the American Red Cross appointed a special commission to administer the $3,000,000 it had appropriated to meet the mleds of the adult refugees crowding into Greece. By agreement with the Red Cross, Near East Relief, 14 NEAR EAST RELIEF while continuing all American general relief and child-welfare work in Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia, Persia, and Armenia, continued the administration of child-welfare work in.Greece. 2. Expulsionr of non-Moslems and exchange of population.-The second catastrophe immediately followed the burning of Smayrna- the expulsion from Turkey of all non-Moslems and the exchange of populations. The former and more extensive of these two closely related but distinct movements affected all Christians in Turkey The latter movement concerned the remnant of 180,000 Greeks still left in Turkey at the time of the Lausanne treaty negotiations. These were to be exchanged for 360,000 Turks then living in Mace- donia. The conditions under which the 1,400,000 Greek refugees from Turkey had to live on first arriving in Greece beggar descrip- tion. But they at least had a racial claim on Greece. The Arme- nians and Assyrians found themselves crowded into insanitary refugee camps, utterly destitute, aliens and unwanted, peoples without a country. 3. Arnenian earthquake.-The third major catastrophe occurred in October, 1926, the Armenian earthquake, and was fortunately limited to only one of the three areas in which Near East Relief has been operating. No orphans were killed, but the damage to the buildings-over $60,000-the necessity of taking back into the orphanages many children who had been "outplaced" in villages now destroyed, and the necessity of general relief work for the 80,000 rendered homeless upset all budget provisions and calculations. Orphanage stocks of winter bedding were drawn upon. Tens of thousands of blankets and garments were distributed to the people. The fact that it had niot been foreseen and budgeted would not have justified the refusal of available medical aid and supplies to the thousands of sufferers who were brought many miles to the Amer- ican doctors and nurses. 12 YEARS OF PROGRESS In spite of these major catastrophes, through all the 12 years, with rapidly changing conditions and swift-developing crises, there has been a steady development of a constructive program for the education and training of children to take their normal places as useful citizens in the countries where they live. It has not been easy to raise the needed funds. Near East Relief has no endowment, 1o income-producing invested funds. Its sole dependence is on free- will gifts. It has been necessary to make constant and repeated appeals for support. In the very nature of the case, while the outgo is steady, relentlesslysteady as the recurrent needs of thousands of growing children are met, the income is bound to be irregular. There are annual seasonal irregularities due- to vacation periods. There have been special irregularities due to great calamities abroad, such as the Chinese famine or the Japanese earthquake, which have made special demands upon the giving public. During the past year there have been great disasters in the homeland that have made impossible the usual giving of tile people in the affected areas while making increased and unexpected deman(ls on regular givers elsewhere. Through it all the work overseas has gone on and has won com- mnendation from imj)artial unofficial but thoughtful observers. NEAR EAST RELIEF 15 INDORSED BY OBSERVERS It is doubtful if any other American enterprise in foreign lands has been subjected to such close scrutiny by so large a number of its supporters as has been the case with Near East Relief. Relatively few Americans visit the stations and study the work of the foreign mission boards of their churches. But Mediterranean tours have taken tens of thousands-of Americans to the Near East. In Con- stantinople, Athens, Beirut, Sidon, Antilyas, Nazareth, Bethlehem, and Jerusalem they have seen the work of Near East Relief and have brought back their reports to America. Among these tourists have been scores of lecturers, a host of clergymen-including several bishops and at least one cardinal-and a great many writers who have given independent unsolicited testimony to the effect that the work is both intrinsically worth the doing and that it is being well done, that the children are of fine caliber, the program sound, and that American relief funds are being administered economically and efficiently. Moreover, they agree that the work has put Alerica in a favorable light in the Near East, that our flag is loved and respected, and that the work has created a sense of the reality of human brotherhood. From every angle the work is worth the doing.- Without exception, as they commend the program, they insist' that it must go on. In this, expert counsellors and surveyors are espe- cially insistent. No alternative course is open to America. The children still in its care must be carried through to full self-support. It is for the completion of these definite commitments that the board of trustees has authorized the officers of Near East Relief to ask the American people for $6,000,000. II. CHILD WELFARE AND RELIEF OPERATIONS DURING 1927

PRESENT FIELD OF OPERATIONS AND COMMITMENTS The present field of operations of Near East Relief embraces three areas. These are the Greek area, including Greece and her islands, together with stations in Constantinople, and Egypt; the Caucasus, area, including the Georgian Republic, Russian Armenia, and Persia; and the Syria and Palestine area. Administrative centers are Athens (Greece), Leninakan-formerly Alexandropol (Arme- nia)-and Beirut (Syria). A TRAINED AND SEASONED STAFF The overseas staff of Near East Relief comprises 68 American men and women and several hundred native helpers. Twelve years of experience have left us with a corps of workers that can hardly be surpassed in their respective positions. A more loyal and devoted staff can not be found than those who have remained at their post through pestilence and privation, prepared, if need be, to give their lives for the children-as 23 have already done since the bheinning of the work. Table: [No Caption]

16 NEAR EAST RELIEF

PRESENT ENROLLMENT OF CHILDREN The following is the official statement of children in Near East Relief institutions or otherwise cared for and supervised, as com- piled from the latest complete records from overseas, dated October 31, 1927:

Near Subs!- Sb! out-

Institu institui- 1 mins sitporv1 ttoonso

Athens-2,041 945 533 5,553 9,094 Beirult- 1,343 942 723 4,05 7, 903 Csucaslls-.-:- , 323 4, 326 255 6,325 14, 229

F~rance ------701) 700 Persia ------1]20 205 Total ------, 792 0,213 1,05:3 17,473 32,131

It will be noted that. of the 32,131 children 13,005 a-re in orphanages or institutions and 19,126 nre olitplaced in homes or otherwise sup- ervised outside of the orJphanges.l This is in keeping with the recognized priciJle in child-welfare work that it child should be placed inl a holne rather thrill ill an orphanage whelelver a. suitable home cnll be found and proper slupervisioll given. Increasingly, the w^Tork of Near East Relief is outside rather than inside orphanage walls. (More complete analysis and statistics of child-welfare work and general relief adminiistered in 1927 will be found in Appendix A.)

AID TO BULGARIA Duritfg the year the organization received an appeal from the Bulgariaun Governmen1o0lt on 1ehalf of .10,0000 Bulgarian refugee chil- dren fromMI' acoedloiia. Near East Relief male an emergency appro- pritaltioin through the Americanll Iniister to Bulgaria, the League of Red Cross Societies in BulgaFll, and the American Friends AMission.

I' ItSTAN REIJIEF B3y, our present program, July 1, 1928, will see the close of a notable piece of relief, orphanage, and child-welfamre work in Persiaf. This work begamiunder the Persian relief committee at Urutiimia in the fall of 1915. It reahedhighIestits development under the direction of Dr. [Tarry Pratt Judson, president of the, University of Chicago, who went as chairman of a special colmmissionl of Near East Relief to Persia in 1918 when the war-devastated country wats under the scourge of fanine. At one timne we had orphanages and feeding stations ill six of the leading cities and population centers of Persia. The( last-t of these orphanges in Tabriz was closed, in the alutumln of 1927. Supervisory work among outplaced children will be con- itnued intil July 1, 1928.

9.869604064

460406968.9 NEAR, EAST RELIEF 17

NEAR EAST INDUSTRIES Sales aggregating more than $100,000 in the United States alone tell only a small part of the story of the Near East Indlustries. These industries employ refugees chiefly women and older girls, who would otherwise be dependent on other philanthropy. Most of this industrial work-.is for domestic consumption and is sold locally at prices that barely repay costs of production. Tourists visiting the Near East are invariably impressed with the thrift and enterprise represented in these industries. Saleslooms for Near East Industries (as a rule secured rent free) are operating in New York, Philadelphia Washinlgton, Los Angeles, Richmond, Chicago, and other cities.

NEAR EAST LEAGUE The third anniversary of the Near East League was celebrated in Beirut during the year with a special program, 600 graduate orphans participating. This organization, composed of graduate orphans, now has 30 chapters in leading-cities and centers of the Near East and in places as remote as Paris, France, and Buenos Aires, South America. The members of this league are banded together not only for mutual helpfulness throughout life but for service to their fellow mei and to the Near East, where altruistic and unselfish leadership is sorely needed. The league is becoming an increasingly valuable factor in raising the social, economic, and ethical standards of the Near East In Aleppo, regular monthly meetings of the league are attended by from 500 to 900 members.

A SIZABLE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION A great university influences civilization, not; through its student body blut through its graduates. So Near East Relief through these 100,000 graduate orphans is penetrating and leavening the social and economic life of the entire Near East and adjacent countries.

GOLDEN IRIJLE SUNDAY, DECEMBER 4, 1927 The first Sunday in December, 1927, was observed as international golden rule Sunday for the orphans of the Near East. It is impossible to record the returns accurately in terms of dollars. The observance of the day was marked by nation-wide cooperation on the part of National, State, and local organizations of all types-industrial, commercial, social, fraternal, and religious. Through the efforts of the International Near East Association, golden rule Sunday has been observed in 53 different countries. There is no question but that while the financial returns were of large significance and value to the organization, there were educational and spiritual reflex values thlat were even more important. A brief statement of both golden rule Sunday and International Near East Association is given in Appendixes.D alnd E. A complete report will be issued separately in the name of the National Golden Rule Committee, 18 NEAR EAST RELIEF III. THE REMAINING TASK BUDGET OF $6,000,000 The justification of a budget of $6,000,000 to complete the present commitments of Near East Relief to the orphan children of the Near East is to be found in the projection through the necessary number of years of the program that is in progress now-the same program that has been indorsed so enthusiastically by those who have visited the Near East. The money is needed that the program may be carried out in all of its details for each one of the children still in the care of Near East Relief and for the cleaning up of the refugee camp situation. THE PRESENT PROGRAM PROJECTED-TWO DIVISIONS The program falls naturally into two divisions-work for the children still in orphanages, who are receiving full orphanage care and training, and work for children olutplaced, subsidized, and supervised in homes or industry for whom Near East Relief has definite responsibility. In both cases the underlying principle is the same-a responsibility to fit the children for independent, self- supporting lives of usefulness. In saving their lives, America assumed a parental responsibility which can not 1)a lightly relin- quished. THE PROGRAM IN TERMS OF THE PHYSICAL CARE OF GROWING CHILDREN The children must be given physical care. We must see them through to physical maturity. They need food, shelter, and cloth- ing. Food is a daily recurring need. Every child must be given 1,095 meals each year. A child that is now only 10 years old and needs six years more of care will have to be furnished 6,570 meals. Knowing the number and ages of all the children now in the orphan- ages, it is easy to compute the number of years of care each one will need before it can be settled in full self-support. Taking the care each child receives in a year as a "child-year unit," it is found that the remaining task of caring for the children in Near East Relief orphan- ages represents 28,371 "child-year units." In terms of food alone this means 31,066,245 meals. This is for the children in the orphan- ages alone, exclusive of the food needed by the outplayed children. Clothing wears out, especially when worn by children as healthy and active as Near East Relief orphans. This involves constant expense. The winters in Armenia are much more severe than in the latitude of New York, and warm blankets are required. Buildings used to house the orphans mean steady expense for the repair and upkeep. All these items for the physical care of the orphans may be projected with great accuracy, for the ages and numbers of the children are known. MEDICAL CARE Closely related to the )roblelm of the physical care of the orphans now in the orphanages is the necessity for medical care. Good health is a prerequisite for any program of training. The establish- ment of normal health condition is a work of primary importance. NEAR EAST RELIEF 1Q The present health record of Near East Relief orphanages-where the death rate is lower than that of American children of the same age-is one of the outstanding achievements of American doctors and nurses among the overseas staff. Practically every child admitted to orphanages in the earlier days was in need of immediate medical care. Cold, exposure, and malnutrition had weakened normal powers of resistance, and they came to the-orphanages suffering from a variety of diseases. They have been brought to splendid health, and the practical training in sanitation and hygiene which orphans receive as part of the orphanage program of maintaining health and preventing disease is admittedly oAe of the most valuable contributions America is making to the people of the Near East. The orphanages are object lessons of highest possible value to the communities and the orphans go out as the prophets of new standards of health. EDUCATION For centuries illiteracy has been the curse of the Near East. A school program, thoroughly adapted to the countries in which these children are to live, is in progress in all the orphanages. Only an elementary schooling can be given-six years of common-school branches-but it is enough to give Near Fast Relief orphans a distinct advantage as they go out to make their own living. The children in the orphanages are of all ages-some just beginning and others nearly through their schooling. As it is increasingly difficult to locate relatives, Near East Relief must presuppose the necessity of providing for every child to complete the full six-year course.

RELIGIOUS EDIJCATION TMorale, which is largely a matter of faith, is being built by a practical program of religious education, for, while Near East Relief is in no sense a sectarian body, it recognizes religion as the basis of ethics and morality. From the outset it has had a strong program of religious education which has increasingly received the recognition and cordial endorsement of religious leaders both at home and abroad. Lesson helps, adapted to oriental church calendars, are in prepara- tion by a committee composed of representatives of American religious educational agencies and the churches of the Near East. These lessons will combine the best elements of oriental churches in worship and discipline with those ethical, evangelistic, and social elements more peculiar to western Christian development.

VOCATIONAL TRAINING Near East Relief is riot coddling the orphans. Every child is given not only an elementary education but thorough training in one or more trades. As a rule, one-half of the day is given to school work and the remainder of the day to various forms of manual training and self-help, with ample provision for character-building play. Near East Relief aims to train orphans especially for those trades in which there is the largest demand for trained workers. A study 20 NEARJEAST RBLIMF of the situation has made it clear that some trades are oversupplied while there is a growing demand for machinists, plumbers, electricians, auto mechanics, fsheet-metal workers carpenters, and masons. The use of machinery, recognized as essential to the- economic advancement of any country depends on a supply of trained men. Such a supply is notably limited in the Near East. Near East Relief by giving technical traininglto some and by making others proficient in essential trades, is making a contribution to the economic rehabili- tation and development of the Near East. Every trade common throughout the Near East is taught in one or more of the orphanages, including carpelntering, pottery, tailoring, blacksmithing, shoemnaking, drawing, book binding, printing, silver- smithing, coppersmithing, electrical engineering, plumbing, rug making, weaving, sewing, embroidering, lace making, and household science, etc. AGRICU6TURtAL TRAINING As agriculture affords the chief source of livelihood for the people of the Near East, special attention has been given to agricultural training, largely by the project method. The training is practical, sufficiently advanced to mean marked improvement on old methods but still within reach of the orphans when they begin farming for them- selves. Increased grain production resulting from better methods, scientific seed selection, deeper plowing, and fall planting (in the Caucasus) means that the Near East can be lifted out of-penury. In the same way purebred stock and scientific breeding are increasing the production of meats, milk, butter and cheese. Similar improve- muents of poultry, hogs, and sheep are also under way and constitute a part of the program which means a permanent contribution to the life of the countries where Near East Relief is operating. During the past year several shipments of pedigreed or high-grade animals have been contributed by friends in America and sent to the Near East to improve still further the stock which had been greatly depleted as a result of almost 12 years of unceasing warfare in the Near East. The agricultural advisory committee, of which Senator Arthur Capper is chairman, Prof. 0. S. Morgan (of-Columbia University), technical advisor, Ery Kehaya, the vice chairman, and Dr. Frank W. Obor, honorary secretary, has been especially active during the past year in raising funds to give better direction to the agricultural program. Mr. Kehaya, vice chairman of the committee, has him- self given $100,000 to the'development of agriculture in Greece, the income of which for the initial year was expended upon a survey made by Doctor Morgan. Professor Morgan has spent a large part of the past two years in studying, supervising, and reorganizing the agricultural work in all three of the major areas. Under the direction of the agricultural advisory committee, a series of textbooks has been prepared and produced on animal hius- bandry, agriculture, and horticulture. NURSES' TRAINING SCHOOLS In connection with the medical care of the orphans there have grown up iurses' training schools that are of special significance not NE3AR EA13T RMLIE221 only in making self-support possible for a certain number of orphans on graduation but also as one of thie most significant permanent con- tributions made to the life of the countries where Near East Relief is operating. These training schools have developed naturally as the result of teaching older girls to care for the sick in the orphanages. The value of these schools can be appreciated only by people who understand both the low standards of health, sanitation, and hygiene on the one hand and the prejudice which has heretofore existed in the Orient against nursing as a profession. Twenty-one additional nurses were graduated this fall from oiir nurses' training school of 68 pupils, in Armenia, raising the total pro- dluction of nurses to 126, of whom 70 are already in Governlment service. The present demand for the graduates of our nurses' train- ing school in Armenia far exceeds the supply. One young graduate directed a canipaign against malignant malaria in 14 villages at the foot of Mount Ararat, the patients numbering 3,300. This nurse and her assistants made 12,300 visits in a year. The nurses' training school ill Greece was taken over by the polyclinic committee of Athens, and a second school has been established in connection with orphanage work at Syra.

NORMAL TRAINING One other line of vocationlal training needs to be noted especially, namenoly, the professional training of teachers. Both the nursing and the teaching professions can be enteredl at an early age and can be prepare( for in two or three years of professional training. For the intellectually superior, 5 per Cent of the orphan teaching--affords an excellent outlet. The use of these orphanage-trained pupil teachers makes for economy in the educational work of the orphanage an(l later they make a definite contribution to the social welfare of the lands where the orphans live. The ArmnenianM Government especially, and other governments to a lesser extent, are bidding eagerly for graduates from our normal courses to take positions as teachers in government and other schools. In Armenia the Near East Relief teacher-training classes have been a major source of supply for teachers in the public schools and through them the influence of the orphanages and of their American teachers reaches effectively to the remotest homes and villages of the country. Aside from the training of teachers, an important contribution has been made in the preparation of textbooks primarily to Ineet the requirements of our own educational classes but at the same time serving the wider educational interests of the Near East. Near East Relief has done important pioneer work in specialized types of textbooks. OUTPLACED ORPHANS The program thus far considered concerns only the children Iin orphanages, whereas the statistics already given show that more than one-half of the children in the care of Near East Relief are outside the orphanages. The exact figures are 13,005 children in institutions, 19,126 supervised or subsidized in homes. As has been already noted, Near East Relief has stressed the outplacing of orphans because the normal relationship of a child is as a member of a fainily. 22 NEA.R EAST RELIEF The most important part of a child's education inl early life comes through family life, At best, there is something artificial about the relationships of a large orphanage that makes the transition to the status of-an individual wage earner exceedingly difficult. In four fuld a half years more than 45,000 children were outplaced in homes in more than 11 countries, principally Macedonia, Greece, Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Armenia, Georgia, Persia, Bulgaria, and Rumania. Important demonstration work has been done particularl in sanitationfighting malaria, and in disease prevention, with gratifying results. This program of disease prevention is of special significance, as the health of the children is inevitably associated with the health of the commlutinity in which they live. But it is labor lost to cure these (children of trachomna, favus, and scabies, fand then place them out in homes where they are almost certain to recontract the diseases of which they have been cured. Therefore, it becomes necessary to conduct in the community and throughout the country as well as in the orphanages an educational campaign on the cause and prevention of disease. The necessity of stamping out malaria among the orphans has led to a wider service to the entire community and nation. The tuberculosis mortality rate in the United States is reported as 91 per 100,000, whereas ill Athens and Salonika, where thousands of our graduate orphans have been outplaced, official reports place tu- berculosis mortality at from 420 to 465 per 100,000. This death rate from tuberculosis, averaging nearly five times the death rate of the United States, at once suggests the importance of health education in these communities as a means of safeguarding the investment already made in these children as well as contributing to the health and prosperity of the country. The death and birth rates in'Macedonia have been reversed from three deaths to one birth in 1923 to approximately one death to three births in. 1927. This improvement in a large measure is due to the establishment of peacetime stability and improved economic conditions, but it has also been helped by the health programs that has followed the thousands of Near East Relief orphans and rehabili- tated refugees ill northern Greece. There are outplaced children from Near East Relief orphanages now in 1,127 villages of Greece, principally Macedonia; in 520 villages of the Transcauchssus Republics, principally Armenia; in 26 villages of Syria surrounding Beirut, Damascus, Aleppo, and Alex- andria; in 12 villages of-Palestine, and Transjordania; in 12 villages of Egypt; and in 45 villages of Iraq and Persia, principally around Uruillia, Salmnas, andrTabriz. This accounts only for the total of 18,829 actually under subsidy and supervision as of August 31, and not for the much larger number previously outplayed. TI'he health and other conditions in the villages listed are being stullied sup- plemental to the general survey. Outplacing children involves expense. Careful investigation must pIecede every case and for a period after the child is placed out, a supervision mnust b)e maintained that is close enough to protect the child froil neglect or exploitation and(l prevent the investmnent in the child by Amnerican philanthropy and Near East Relief care from being wasted. NEAR EAST RELMF 23 It should be noted that this phase of the work has increased greatly in.-the last few years and will assume yet greater propor- tionate importance in the remaining years. In 1924-25 there were only 8,338 children in the "outside division" of Near East Relief's child-welfare program. In 1926-27 there have been 17,229, an increase of 85 per cent in three years. Although the saturation point has been nearly reached in the ability of some areas to absorb more orphans into its homes, every improvement in the economic conditions of the areas in which Near East Relief is operating is reflected in an increased willingness to take orphans into homes. POST-ORPHANAGE WORK America's responsibility does not end with the technical discharge or "graduation" of an orphan at the age of 16, theoretically ready to shift for himself. Physical care, school, and vocational training are not ends in themselves. They are given with a definite purpose- to fit children for self-maintenance. Near East Relief's responsi- bility for any given child can not be said to have been fully dis- charged until that child has demonstrated its ability to shift for itself. It is not simply an economic problem. It, is a problem of life, of morale, of spiritual values. The policy of the organization has been for some years to have orphanage training completed at 16. It is quite possible by that time to have trained eye and hand sufficiently to insure the earning of a livelihood. The matter of moral fiber and strength can be determined only by actual, independent contact with life. Near East Relief can not relinquish its parental responsibility for these children until they have successfully passed this testing period. During the last four years Near lEast Relief has been in touch with 31,388 "graduate" orphans, advising and helping inl the many perplexities and questions that naturally arise as they seek inde- pendence and self-support in countries where thousands of industries, fully trained and mature men and women are scarcely able to earn a living. It is an enormous responsibility and an immeasurable service. Near East Relief by its present continuing contact with 18,544 orphans, scattered through 1,742 villages in seven Near East coun- tries, is one of America's best opportunities to influence the masses in the Near East.

WORK OUTSIDE THE ORPHANAGES DIFFICULT TO VISUALIZE It is not easy to visualize Near East Relief's program for outplaced and graduated orphans. In the early days great crowds of hungry children easily fired the imagination of the American people and loosened the purse strings. Even now tourists who visit the orphan- ages find large numbers of healthy, happy orphans busy in school and trade or agricultural training, and their hearts are stirred. But the outplaced and graduated orphans are scattered over the entire Near East. They seem like the other people of the Near East. And yet no part of the program is more significant than this. It conserves the results of the work already accomplished. 24 NEAR EAST RELIEF

GRADUATED ORPHANS ARE MAKING GOOD- Despite their handicaps and the heavy oversupply of refugee labor with which they must compete, our graduated orphans are making good. The acting managing director in Athens reports that they "can not begin to supply enough ex-orphans to fill the positions that are open for them in Athiens." This is a tribute to the skilled train- ing and spirit of the boys rather than to the demand for labor in Athens. In Egypt the Government authorities at first refused to admit the older orphans from Greece because they feared competition with Egyptian labor. To-day the Egyptian authorities have welcomed over 1,400 of our orphans from Greece and elsewhere. Analysis of the first year's work of the first group of Armenian boys olltIlaced in Egypt from Greece finds all of then self-sustaining, with. no record of any civil or criminal complaint ever filed against them, and with employers satisfied. Most of our boys are reported with commenldable savings or l)ank accounts which Near East Relieef has helped to encourage. (One boy in Macedonia reported a savings- h1ank account of 30,000 drachinas (approximately $400). The 1,200 boys and girls in France have been obliged to go into a(rricuiltural cominunities under rather close labor restrictions but are reported to have salved and to have remitted to dependent rela- tives an(l friends an average of approximately 5,000 francs ($200) each. Those who have found their way to Paris are winning posi- tions of importance in the commercial and professional life of the city One boy is violinist in one of the leading orchestras of Paris, while others are, rendering increasingly valuable service to society in com- mercial and professional life. An orphan who was scout master directing the 1,000 scouts in the Kooleli orphanage in Asia Minor in 1920, is TIOW proprietor of a Paris )hotographic studio. Another is a prosperous jeweler. Hagop Mardrosian, now 20 years old, fan orphan boy artist from the Juniyeh orphanage, has been intrusted with the task of coin pleting the work of his master, ai famous Italian painter ill the St. Virgin's (Cathedral fat Tripoli. Thirty-six of the 60 large paintings ill the cathellral are the work of the boy's l)rush. WORKING BOYS' AND GIRLS' HOMES The average Ainerican, buttressed about throughout childhood and youth by- parental care, home environment, churches, schools, libra- ries, welfare clubs, and industrial prosperity, can scarcely realize the problem which the average Near East Relief orphan faces as he leaves the orphanage, without,parents, relatives, or legal guardian, to face the problems of life in the moral and economic environment of the Near East. ;1i They must first of all compete with experienced adult labor. They are without guardians and frequently without friends except as Near East Relief continues helpful fraternal relationship. As an inadequate substitute for parents, home, church, school, library, and club inexpensive working boys' homes have been estab- lished ill Alexandria, Cairo, Athens, Jaffa, Haifa, Jerusalem, Beirut, Aleppo, and elsewhere throughout the Near East. In these homes the boys, with the assistance of a Near East Relief worker; at least encourage and strengthen one another in grappling with the problems of struggling young manhood. NEAR EAST RELIEF 25

NEAI EAST RELIEF ORPHANS V. BEZPRIZORNI Strikging evidence of the value of the training given Near East Relief orphans is to be found in the contrast between Near East Relief outplaced or graduate orphans oil the oae hand and the bezprizorni or "wild children" tha't'have been visualized to the American people in the recently published Newman pictures. Ren- dered homeless by the same war, tho children in Russia, failing to receive anything like the care and training that Near East Relief children were given have developed into a real menace to society. The happy results i, the development of Near East Relief children are due entirely to the excellent character-building and practical- training program within the orphanage and the personal supervision given the orphans for a limited tilme after they leave the orphanages.

REFUGEE CAMPS I[t has been nearly five years since Near East Relief did mnulch geln- eral relief work outside of the distribution of old clothes. During these years, when the emphasis has been almost exclusively on child- welfare work, the adult refugee population has in large measure solved if's own problem. With the careful ioappr4isal of Near East Relief work in its rela- tio)n to the entire situation in the Near East, however, it is clear that there are unsolved problems eo;jnected with the refugee camps which not omly fall into the province of Near East Relief, as defined in its congressional Qharter, but are essential to the successful culmn ation of its main objects as therein defined. 'here are a few groups of refugees who, in spite of their own best efforts, have been unable to find continuous employment 'or borrow funds to emigrate elsewhere. In spite of conspicuous thrift and in- dustry, they are unable to do more than provide for the barest neces- sities of life. They live under conditions that sap their own vitality and menace the health of the entire community. This problem has a direct bearing on the ultimate success of the orphanage and post- orphanage program of Near East Relief. The orphans to be estab- lished in self-support and the refugees are alike aliens in the coun- tries where they exist-Armenians in Greece and Syria and Assyrians in Iraq. Outplayed or graduated orphans, in financial distress, almost inevitably drift into the nearest refugee camp. If the problem of the few remaining refugee-camp plague spots in Greece, Syria, and Iraq could be solved, Near East Relief could conclude its emergency relief work with the consciousness that the task had been really completed. There are three distinct phases to the remaining unsolved refugee- camp problems in Near East Relief territory-Armenians inI'Greece for whom permanent homes can be found only by emigration, Arme- nians in Syria to whom the government is willing to land in northern Syria if funds to move and establish tem',granton farms can be made available; and the remnant of the ancient'Assyrin race, their numbers cut in half by deportation, suffering, and the war. These are in Iraq and need help. For these three projects Near East Relief has been officially asked to help financially to the extent of $800,000. It should be noted that this amount is~but fromone- fourth to one-third of the total amount needed. The balance is to 26 NEAR EAST RELIEF be made available from various government and philanthropic sources. It should be noted further that Near East Relief would have administrative control of the money it furnished for this purpose. The most important point regarding the refugees for whom help is asked is yet to be noted. They are aliens in foreign countries. They have no claims on the governments of the countries in which they now find themselves. Indeed, those countries were under no obli- gation to have received them in the first place-no obligation, i. e., except a broad humianitarianism. Greece, Syria, and Iraq received hundreds of thousands of alien refugees that had absolutely no racial or political claim upon them, and at a time when their own economic condition, following the war, might well have been urged as a reason for barring these alien hordes. These people have no country. They carry international passpor*, issued by the League of Nations; they have no resource. It is more than an international problem. It is a problem of humanity in which it is fitting that America bear an LnIortant part. SURVEY COMMITTEE Several references have been made to the work of the survey com- mittee. This committee was appointed by the executive committee in April, 1925, to make a thorough study of conditions, needs, and present educational and philanthropic work in the Near East. Tllis committee; is composed of the following men who are not staff officers of Near 7&ast Relief. They are nationally known as disinterested specialists representing American philanthropy and seeking only to secure the best possible conservation of America's large investment in the Near East, regardless of agency or channel through which such conservation is secured. Dr. Otis W. Caldwell, director of Lincoln School, New York City, Dr. Paul Monroe, director International Institute, New York City. Dr. Stephen P. Duggan, director of the Institute of International Education, New York City. Dr. John H. Finley, former commissioner of education of the State of New York, and associate editor of the New York Tfimes, New York City. Mr. Cleveland E. Dodge, New York City. Dr. R. R. Reeder, director of the Marsh Foundation School, Van Wert, Ohio. Bishop James Cannon, jr., Washington, D. C. Dr. John R. Mott, National Council of the Young Men's Christian Association, New York City. Rev. George Stewart, jr., Ph. D., Neve York City. Dr. James I. Vance pastor First Presbyterian (hureb, Nashville, Tenn. Dr. Thomas Jesse Jones, educational director of the Phelps-Stokes fund New York City, and director of the survey on the field who also represents the Tbessa- lonica Agricultural and Industrial Institute, Salonica. Mr. Albert W. Staub, representing the American University of Beirut, the Constantinople Woman's College, and Robert College. Rev. Ernest W. Riggs, representing the International College of Smyrna, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and the Sofia American schools. Dr. James L. Barton, representing the American College, Salonioa. Mr. Dri A. Davis, representing the Young Men's Christian Association. Miss Katherine Olcott, representing the Young Women 's Christian Association. Dr. Robert E. Speer, representing the Board of Foreign Missions of the Pres- byterian Church of the United States of America. The committee has spent more than two years in a thorough study of the field and of agencies working in the field. They have employed NEAR EAST RELIEF 27 expert investigators and research specialists who have traveled through all sections of the field in securing firdt-hand information, The final report of the committee has not yet been made available, though a vote of the survey committee has been received hearty ap- proving and commending "the proposed financial campaign of Near East Relief as a means of providing adequate funds to meet present commitments and to conserve the large and strategic investmnent that has already been made."

HOW THE $6,000,000 BUDGET WAS DETERMINED The determination of the amount needed to complete America's commitments to the orphans of the Near East was arrived at only after careful study. As the survey committee has been busy with its investigations, Mr. Acheson, director general of overseas opera- tions, has been conducting a continuous analytical study of all Near East Relief work. This study has made possible a much more accurate estimate of our continuing obligations than was possible in the earlier emergency stages of our work.

SIX MILLION DOLLARS This estimate has been made in the form of a careful budget, worked out inIthe light of accurate basic figures of the number and ages of the children, the actual cost of the work, and in the light of detailed surveys of conditions under which- the children are to earn their living. This budget, amounting to approximately $6,000,000, is a result of careful study, analysis, and scrutiny on the part of our overseas directors, the director general, and overseas committees. Its details are worked out in a series of statistical tables and reports. These have been again reduced and revised by the foreign council in New York, reviewed by the budget committee of the executive committee, and, finally, after careful consideration, adopted by the executive committee and the board of trustees as the basis of operation and appeal to the public. The cabinet, executive committee, and board of trustees have given much thought to the consideration of the best method by which this sum of money should be raised. It is a commonplace of financial campaigning that the percentage of overhead increases as the amount to be raised decreases. This would be especially true of annual campaigns for progressively lower amounts. In the case of Near East Relief there would be a real danger thaft the expense of raising the necessary sums during liquidation period would be so great as to force the premature stopping of some very necessary opera- tions. For this reason the executive committee and the board of trustees have instructed the officers of Near East Relief to proceed with an intensive campaign, beginning February 1, 1928, to raise the entire $6,000,000 in the shortest time possible. Such a campaign would insure the greatest possible economy and efficiency in raising the necessary money and would insure the completion, with honor, of all of America's commitments to the orphans of the Near East and the communities where they live. 93113-S. Doe. 70, 70-1--3 28 NEAR EAST RELIEF

APPRECIATION Twelve years ago the first committee, somewhat hesitatingly asked the American public for $100,000. The American public res- ponded with a thousandfold generosity and has contributed more than $100,000,000. The original committee had no thought of sending any workers overseas, but nearly a thousand American citizens have since been commissioned as ambassadors of good will from the children of fortune in the prosperous New West to the orphaned and homeless in the war-torn Near East. More than a score of these ministers of mercy have sacrificed their lives as a result of heroic volunteer service iIi posts of recognized danger. Others have been seriously inaimed, have sacrificed limb, sight, and health as a result of unswerving faithfulness in the per- formance of service that transcended duty. Life, limb, sight, health, have gone without murmur or complaint. Twelve years ago in the emergency period, the relief was of the soup-kitchen type. To-day soup kitchens are a matter of history- and our work is better symbolized by the schoolroom and industrial workshop. Twelve years ago the work of the first committee was exclusively under the Turkish flag and chiefly in the central provinces of Turkey. To-day we have no work whatever in central Turkey, though our activities and orphan wards are under all the flags of the Near East. The informal committee of 12 years ago, scarcely expecting to have a second meeting, has become one of the few corporate bodies operating under a Federal charter granted by special act of Congress. Twelve years ago the beneficiaries of emergency soup-kitchen relief were mostly broken-bodied, discouraged adult refugees. To-day the eager occupants of Near East Relief schoolrooms, indus- trial shops, and working boys' homes are the youthful, forward looking, potential leaders of a new Near East and a better world. Their hands grip the future. To that great company of true Americans and internationally minded citizens residing in all parts of the United States who have contributed of their time, money, and prayer, and to the long roll of National, State, and local cooperating committees who have given of their leadership, we would express our Ieep appreciation. Without their gifts and cooperation, the lifesaving, character- building, history-making achievements of the past 12 years woulld have been impossible. CONSUMMATION To what purpose have those lives been saved in the Near East? If these orphan wards should sink back into lives of sordid selfishness such as has cursed the Near East and other areas in the past, the sacrifices referred to above will have been in vain, and thie results not worth the precious American lives laid down in the process of salvage. The real test is yet to come. These children inust be not merely so many lives saved, but so many forces for righteousness, progress, and peace, permeating and helping to uplift the Near East. A great foundation has been laid at a cost of a hundred million dollars and many lives. To weaken at this juncture is to sacrifice much of Table: All service, 1927

NEAR EAST RELIEF 29 what has gone before and in large'measure to invalidate the earlier sacrifices of our comrades. It behooves us who are spared-as trustees-to see that these sacrifices are not in vain, that a worthy superstructure is built on the costly foundation that has been laid. It is believed that another $6,000,000, wisely administered, will conserve and consummate the $105,000,000 investment that has already been made. It will place the keystone in the arch. In memory of those who gave the last full measure of devotion and have gone before and for the sake of the children of the Near East and a better world, we now address ourselves to the consummation of this task. Respectfully submitted. CHARLES V. Y-ICKREY, General Secretary. JANUARY 4, 1928.

APPENDIX A ANALYSIS OF CHILD WELFARE WORK AND GENERAL RELIEF ADMINISTERED IN 1927 During 1927, in addition to the regular child-welfare program of orphanage, subsidized and supervised children, statistics of which were given on page 16, a total of 24,631 children were helped, bringing the grand total of children served to 56,762. This included 2,373 children fed in refugee camps in Beirut, 3,953 children and adults in Bulgaria, and 3,000 children and mothers in addition to 700 infants in Russian Armenia dlue to the earthquake disaster. Thirty-seven orphanage centers and schools are wholly or partly maintained Thirty-four hospitals and clinics have been maintained during the year, giving 1,963,246 treatments; 735,094 pounds of clothing have been distributed during the first 10 months of the year. ki- The child-welfare statistics given above do not include general relief to adults, which during the past year was again required in connection with the Armenian earthquake. Neither (loes it include the relief in connection with the refugee camps in Syria nor the self-supporting industrial relief in connection with Near--- East Industries. The total figures for 1927 (subject to correction upon receipt of later reports) show that 209,208 persons were assisted in the course of the year. All service, 1927 Child welfare (children only): Institutional service- 1. In Near East Relief orphanage schools (full care and training)-6, 792 2. In native and other orphanages-6, 213 Total in institutions-13, 005 Service to individuals- 3. Outplaced children subsidized-1, 653 4. Outplaced children supervised I-17,473 5. Medically aided (exclusive of orphanages)-8, 270 6. Aided by remittances2-2, 813 Total served individually-30,209 Service to groups- 7. Fed in Syria camps ------2,373 8. Fed in Bulgaria------1,977 9. Fed in Caucasus, due to earthquake-2,200 10. In refugee schools - - 2, 036 11. Dependents bf refugee workers (children only) --- 6,329 Total served in groups-14, 915 I IHlome visitation, medical supervision, etc. I Fro~n relatives.

9.869604064

460406968.9 30 NEAR EAST RELIEF Child welfare-Continued. Other service (including adults)- 12. Fed in Syria camps (not including children)3 321 13. Earthquake victims fed-- 1, 500 14. Bulgaria- 1, 977 15. Others by cash remittances -2, 816 10. Medically aided (not including children)-4, 135 17. Aided by work (including adult dependents) 5, 870

Total other service (exclusive of clothing) - 16, 619 Clothing service 6 By free distribution-73, 202 By exchange or work-61, 460 Total receiving clothing 6-134, 460

Total persons served, 1927-- 209, 208

APPENDIX B BUILDINGS AND PROPERTY Most of the buildings and property occupied by Near East Relief are provided free of charge by the governments of the countries into which the orphans have been exiled. In the case of Armenia, this includes the unrestricted use of more than a score of strongly constructed stone buildings formerly used as army barracks. It also includes for agricultural and demonstration purposes 500 acres of land, much of which is under irrigation. The Government gives us free freight transportation on the railways, free telegraph service, and exemption from customs and taxes. The Greek Government was no less generous in granting the use of Government buildings and property following the evacuation of Smyrna. The wholesale exodus of Greek and Armenian orphans as well as refugees in 1922-23, however, made it impossible to secure sufficient suitable buildings, especially in Syria and Palestine, except by purchase; or special construction. Among the properties owned by Near East Relief are: 1. The Antilyas Orphanage and Industrial Training School, a marketable property not far from Beirut, now accommodating 430 boys, most of whom are becoming proficient in the various trades taught in the industrial shops of the orphanage. 2. Jubeil, a valuable property 16 miles north of Beirut and on the line of a new railroad which is being built along the north coast to Tripoli. 3. Syra a property acquired with the cooperation of the Greek Government, on which has been built by orphan and refugee labor a series of stone buildings, specially designed and adapted to orphanage and school purposes. This property now accommodates 1,457 boys and girls who, in connection with their industrial training, are producing rugs, furniture, and other articles both for orphanage use and for local markets.

APPENDIX C INCREASINu AVERAGE COST PER ORPHAN While the number of the children in orphanage has been decreasing gradually, the average cost per child has been steadily increasing. The average cost of caring for an orphan in a Near lEast Relief institution for the fiscal year 1926-27 was $133.40, as compared with $100;.96 in 1925-26 and $98.32 in 1924-25. This, as explained in the report of the director general of overseas operations, Is the inevitable result of- better educational equipment, industrial training, and a smaller enrollment. It costs more per capita to house, teach, and train a small number of orphans than it does for a larger number. The average cost over the next five years will probably be $135. "Through Beirut relief committee. 4 From relatives. * Including shoes, Table: [No Caption]

NEAR EAST RELIEF 31 The following functional distribution of expense of the child-welfare inside division shows the expenses of the areas on a percentage basis:

Athens Beirut Caucasus Persia

Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent General supervision------15.89 16.43 19.99 11.62 Upkeep and maintenance (food, shelter, clothing)- 49.87 46.04 42.92 63.46 Medical------6.07 &44 4.54 4.34 Educational-...... ------...-- 14. a5 10.88 15.30 9.68

Sundries------13.82 19.21 17.25. 20.91

Total- 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

The sundry items of expense in the above represent expenses which are not really comparable in that those expenses are affected by local political and geographical factors. They include rent, taxes and upkeep of buildings, con- struction and renovation, and transportation, freight, and travel of personnel, orphans, and supplies.

APPENDIX D GOLDEN RULE SUNDAY OBSERVANCE

It is impossible to record accurately in terms of dollars the returns from Inter- national Golden Rule Sunday, in part because one cannot determine mathemati- cally the extent to which contributions are stimulated by the golden rule pub- licity and appeal, and in part because the cooperation-of committees and the value of publicity registers throughout the year in connection with all of the work of the organization. Moreover, one scarcely knows whether to emphasize chiefly the educational and spiritual or the financial values of the observance. Financially, the returns mean food and life for thousands of children, but the reflex influence upon those who observe the day is scarcely less notable. A list of the National, State, and local organizations giving volunteer service in con- nection with golden rule Sunday would almost constitute a roster of the national, religious, educational, fraternal, and social welfare organizations of America. It would also include a large number of nation-wide manufacturing, industrial, commercial, and professional organizations. It is not practicable within the limits of this report even to list the organizations to which we are indebted for volunteer cooperation in connection with the golden rule appeal, though further reference to the extent and character of this cooperation will be made in the supplemental report to be issued later in the name of the national golden rule committee.

APPENDIX E INTERNATIONAL NEAR EAST ASSOCIATION AND GOLDEN RULE SUNDAY The increasing cooperation that is coming from the Doctor Lepsius Orient AMlission of Germany, the British Friends of Armenia, the Bible Lands Mission Aid Society, and other European organizations illustrates the value of the Inter- national Near East Association. Twenty-three national societies, of which Near East Relief is one, are federated in this association. In every land there are those who, because of general sym- pathy for the peoples of the Near East or because of racial, religious, commercial, educational, or other ties, are especially interested in the Near East. These individuals, who in most countries are somewhat numerous, are anxious to do anything within their power to secure peace and progress in the Near East areas. They recognize that until peace is established in the Near East there will be no permanent peace in tile rest of the world. If through the cooperation of these 23 national organizations and the general observance of international golden rule Sunday we can secure the application of golden rule principles to the Near East, we may hope for a similar observance of these principles in relation to other countries and throughout the world.

9.869604064

460406968.9 THE RISING TIDE OF AMERICA'S INFLUENCE IN THE NEAR EAST

32 NEAR EAST RELIEF THE RISING TIDE OF AMERICAS INFLUENCE IN THE NEAR EAST Indicated by the steadily increasing number of "Graduated'Orphans who carry American ideals mto the communities where they settle.

TOTAL "GRADUATED ICC ICC *EC31 CWC31 ORPHANS 192 5 4 Ia5 19 1927 120,000 110,000 I116338 119,547 100,000 /10 90, 000 9g4.25J; 80t000 70,000 472,466/ 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20. 000 10.000 $ese Ozphdns dcrre Ali-ng in /742 WVi/dges iii /2 Counz/r'es PERCENTAGE of ORPHANS RECEIVING VOCATIONAL TRAINING D Sl WV<5 Du31 1973 1914 I925 1926 blisJ--s

30% 36% 45K The cost of the orphanage q54,.7 i (.34 care of children, receiving full vocational training, is obviously higher than the :xi;. cost of the care of younger 704 children X/ ~4X/ /Xr :55 .3A / r/~

5£ orp.hans 4vyotny for Vocalkonal Yra/iny (under /2) 5$ orphans receiving Vocahonal .7rainglir NATIONAL GOLDEN RULE COMMITTEE

John G. Agar, New York. Charles R. Crane, New York. R. H. Aishton, Washington. Robert J. Cuddihy, New York. John L. Alcock, Baltimore. Josephus Daniels, Raleigh, N. C. Wallace M. Alexander, San Francisco. D. W. Davis, American Falls, Idaho. E. T. Allen, Walla Walla, Wash. Charles G. Dawes, Washington, D. C. Henry J. Allen, Wichita, Kans. Joseph P. Day, New York. M. L. Altheimer, North Little Rock, Luren Dickinson, Charlotte, Mich. Ark. Cleveland E. Dodge, Riverdale, N. Y. Henry A. Atkinson, New York. Frank Dudley, New York. Hon. Thos. L. Bailey, Meridian, Miss. Stephen P. Duggan, New York. Wyllys W. Baird, Chicago. Allen W. Dulles, New York, N. Y. Newton D. Baker, Cleveland. John E. Edgerton, Lebanon, Tenn. Sam A. Baker, Jefferson City, Mo. Henry M. Edmonds, Birmingham, Ala. H. M. Baldrige, Omaha. Abram I: Elkus, New York. James L. Barton, Boston. Mrs. Abram I. Elkus, New York. G. M. Baynes, New York. Wm. Chauncey Emhardt, New York. E. T. Bedford, New York. Eberhard Faber, New York. Mrs. Fred S. Bennett, New York. Robert E. Farley, New York. C. Bernet, St. Louis. W. H. P. Faunce, Providence. Arthur E. Bestor, New York. Edward A. Filene, Boston. Mrs. Arthur E. Bestor, New York. Kirkman G. Finlay, Columbia, S. C. Charles R. Beury, Philadelphia. John H. Finley, New York. Eugene H. Black, Atlanta. Mrs. John H. Finley, New York. Edward W. Bok, Merion, Pa. Gov. John S. Fisher, Harrisburg. Mrs. Ella A. Boole, Brooklyn. James A. Flaherty, New Haven. Mrs. John H. Booth, Plattsburg, N. Y. Homer Folks, New York. L. S. Booth, Seattle W. H. T. Foster, Sioux Falls, S. Dak. Benjamin Brewster, Portland, Me. William H. Foulkes, Newark, N. J. Miss Annie F. Brown, Boston. Robert Garrett Baltimore. Arthur J. Brown, New York. Charles Dana 6ibson, New York. James Wright Brown, New York. T. J. Gillespie, Pittsburgh, Pa. Edwin M. Bulkley, New York. L. W. Glazebrook, Washington, D. C. F. W. Burnham, St. Louis. Miss Anna A. Gordon, Evanston, Ill. Irving T. Bush, New York. Howard M. Gore, Charleston, W. Va. H. S. Buttenheim, Madison, N. J. H. H. Griffis Portland, Oreg. Harry E. Byrd, Richmond, Va. Herbert F. dutnnison, Brooklyn. S. Parkes Cadman Brooklyn. John Hammill Des Moines. Otis W. Caldwell Few York. Mrs. John Henry Hammond, New R. J. Caldwell, N'ew York. York. P. H. Callahan, Louisville. James G. Harbord, New York. James Cannon, jr., Washington, D. C. Joel Harper Spokane, Wash. Arthur Capper, Topeka. Harold A Hatch New York. Edward Capps, Princeton. Wmi. I. Haven, Rlew York. Robert D. Carey Careyhurst, Wyo. Patrick Cardinal Hayes, New York. Mrs. Anne S. darlisle, South Bend, Will H. Hays, New York. Ind. Walter W. Head, Omaha. Newcomb Carlton New York. Howard Heinz, Pittsburgh. Carl C. Carstens, New York. Mrs. J. H. Henry, Pasadena, Calif. Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt New York. Myron T. Herrick, Paris. William I. Chamberlain, N'ew York. Judge M. E. Hickey, Albuquerque, Joseph Chapman, Minneapolis. N. Mex. Theodore Christianson St. Paul. Marcus H. Holcomb, Hartford. Henry Sloane Coffin Rew York. Hamilton Holt, Winter Park, Fla. Lawrence Colman, Sgeattle. Henry M. Hoyt, RIeno, Nev. Gardner Cowles, Des Moines. Edwin H. Hughes, Chicago. 33 34 NEAR EAST RELIEF Arthur M. Hyde, Trenton, Mo. J. H. Rankin. Portland, Oreg. J. B. Ivey, Charlotte, N. C. Albert A. Reed, Denver, Colo, Ed. Jackson, Indianapolis. Mrs. Robert J. Reed, Wheeling, W. Va. Frank W. Jackson, New York. R. R. Reedor, Van Wert, Ohio. Darwin R. James, New York. Mrs. A. H. Reeve, Philadelphia Pa. Mrs. Clarence F. R. Jenne, Hartford Albert C. Ritchic, Annapolis, id. Conn, G. Ernest Robbins, Burlington, Vt. Thomas Jesse Jones, New York. Robert P. Robinson, Dover, Del. M. Karagheusian, New York. Franklin D. Roosevelt New York. N. E. Kendall Des Moines. Theodore Roosevelt, oyster Bay. W. Freeland Hendrick, Philadelphia. Elihu Root, New York. Harry Kessler, Boise. Wm. N.,Runyon, Plainfield, N. J. Mrs, Minnie Evans Keyes, Washing. E. C. Sams, New York. ton, D. C. Oliver J. Sands, Richmond, Va. Henry Churchill King, Brookline, William Jay Schieffelin, New York. Ilass. Charles M. Schwab, Bethlehem, Pa. William H. King, Washington, D. C. Dell A. Schweitzer, Los Angeles. Philip D. Laird, Wilmington, Del. George T. Scott, New York. W. G. Landes, Albany N. Y. Chas. C. Seleoman, Dallas, Tex. Mrs. Eugene Lawson, kowata, Okla. A, C. Shattuck, Cincinnati. A. F. Lever, Columbia, S. C. Albert Shaw, New York. Augustus P. Loring, Boston. Mrs. John D. Sherman, Washington, Frank 0. Lowden, Oregon, Ill. D. C. George R. L. Lunn, Schenectady, N. Y. Oliver L. Shoup, Colorado Springs. Frederick Lynch, New York. Fred B. Smith, New York. Charles S. Macfarland, New York. A. G. Sorlie, Bismarok, N. Dak. John H. T. Main, Grinnell, Iowa. Robert E. Speer, New York. Wm. T. Manning, New York. Mrs. Robert E. Speer, New York. A. H. Marble, Cheyenne, Wyo. James M. Speers, Montclair, N. J. Alfred E. Marling, New York. Mrs. James M. Speers, Montclair, N. J. John W. Martin, Tallahassee, Fla. Arthur F. Stearns, Mount Vernon, Samuel Mather, Cleveland. N. H. S. B. McCormick, Pittsburgh. George Stewart jr., New York. Vance C. McCormick, Harrisburg, Pa. S. V. Stewart, Helena, Mont.' R. L. McCready, Louisville. Ernest M. Stires, Garden City, N. Y. C. C. McEachran, Spokane. Anson Phelps Stokes, Washington, Angus W. McLean, Raleigh, N. C. D. C. W. H. MoMaster, Washington, D. C. W. B. Sweet, Denver. Adam McMullen, Lincoln, Nebr. L. J. Taber, Columbus, Ohio. Thomas C. McRae, Prescott, Ark. William H. Taft, Washington, D. C. Frederick G. Melcher, New York. Mrs. John Thompson, Portland, Me. WWm. B. Millar, New York. Park Trammell, Washington, D. C. H. A. Moehlenpah, Milwaukee. M. E. Trapp, Oklahoma City. Paul Monroe, New York. John Poyntz Tyler, Fargo, N. Dak. Hill Montague, Richmond. James I. Vance, Nashville. Mrs. Helen; Barrett Montgomery, Charles V. Vickrey, New York. Rochester, N. Y. James W. Wadsworth, jr., Groveland, Ephraim T. Morgan, Charleston, W. Va. N. Y. Henry Morgenthau, New York. John C. Walber, New York. Nephi L. Morris, Salt Lake City. Clifford M. Walker, Atlanta. Frank Morrison, Washington, D.C. Felix M. Warburg, New York. John R. Mott, New York. William H. Waste, San Francisco. Henry Mueller, Jersey City. Miss Bina West, Port Huron, Mich. John Gardner Murray, New York. James E. West, New York. Frank E. Nudkiff, Honolulu, T. H. Phil B. Whitaker, Chattanooga, Tenn. William Cardinal O'Connell, Boston. Stanley White, New York, N. Y. John M. Parker New Orleans. George W. Wickersham, New York. Dr. Valeria H. Parker, New York. Mrs. Curtis D. Wilbur, Washington, Mrs. Edgerton Parsons, New York. D. C. Gov. Isaac L. Patterson, Salem, Oreg. Ray Lyman Wilbur, Palo Alto, Calif. Mrs. Percy V. Austin. Charles Wilhelm, Omaha. George W. Pepper,Pennybacker,Philadelphia, Pa. Mrs. Thomas G. Winter, Minneapolis. George A. Plimpton, New York. Stephen S. Wise, New York. Daniel A. Poling, New York. Mrs. Stephen S. Wise, New York. Frank L. Polk, New York. Miss Mary_ Emma Woolley, South James H. Post, New York. Hadley, Mass. B. S. Preston, Charleston, XV. Va. Fred R. Zimmerman, Madison, Wis. Table: National advisory and cooperative organizations

Table: State committees

NEAR EAST RELIEF 35 National advisory and cooperative organizations

Organization | Chairman

Women's organizatons-...... Mrs. Percy V'. Pennybacker, Austin, National Council of Women. General Federation of Women's Clubs. Woman's Christian Teemnerance Union. International Order of King's Daughters and Sons. Order of the Eastern Star. National Congress of Parent and Teacher Associations. National Federation of Business and Profes- sional Women. Women's Relief Corps. Lend a Hand Society. Churches: Baptist-...... --.... ------.. ---..Rev. Charles W. Gilkey, Chicago. - Congregational .. - -- Rev. Chester B. Emerson, Detrolt. Disciples-:---..------.------.Rev. George A. Miller, Omaha, Jewish-...... , Rev. Alexander A, Lyons, Brooklyn, Methodist Episcopal --. .. Rev. Ralph W. Bookman, New York. Methodist Episcopal Church South...... Bishop James Cannon, Jr Washington, D. C. Presbyterian Church, United States of Amer- Rev. Hiram W. Foulkes, ewark, N. J. Ica, Presbyterian Church, United States . - R. E. Magill Richmond, Va, Protestant Episcopal Church ...... Right Rev. Frederick F. Rese, Savannah, Ga. Becretary....R.-Rev. Wm. Chauncey-Emhardt, New York. Reformed Church in America..------Rev. Isaac W. Gowen, New Bergen, N. J. Reformed Church in the United States - Rev. Paul S. Leinbach Philadelphia. United Brethren Church------Rev, Charles W. Brewbaker, Dayton, Ohio. Fraternal organizationsi...... l... Hll Montague, Richmond. - D. C. Labor organizations ....------I ------Frank Morrison, Washington, Agricultural organizations-S------Senator Arthur Caprir, Topeka, Kans. Armenian organizations------M. Karagheusian, New York. N. 3. Greek organizations-- --- Edward Ca ps, Princeton CollegesI...... ------... Charles F. Tnwing, Cleveland, Private schools-. Mather A. Abbott, Lawrenceville, N. J. Public schools...... ------.---Wm. M. Davidson, Pittsburgh, Federal Couniollof Churches ------Rev. Si M. Cavert, New York. World's Sunday School Association Simeon B. Chapin, New York. International Council of Religious Education .. Rev. W. Edward Raftety, Redlands, Calif. Religious Education Assoclation-- Rev. Frank G. Ward, Chlcago. World Alliance for International Friendship Henry A. Atkinson, New York. through'the Churches., York. Young people's committee ...... Rev. Daniel A. Poling, New Baptist Young People's Union------H. F. Smaltz, Brooklyn. International Society of Christian Endeavor_-.- Rev. Daniel A. Poling, New York. Luther League of America . . H-Harry Hodges, Philadelphia. Epworth League, Methodist Episcopal Church.... Rev. Blaine E. Kirkpatrick, Chicago. Epworth League, Methodist Episcopal Church Rev. F. S. Parker, Nashville. South. ~-- National Federation of Episcopal Young People-. Rev. John- W. Suter, Jr., New York, -, Rev.e Paul'S. LeInbach, Philadelphia. Church press committee.R.. -. York. . New Missionary education movement ...... Franklin D. Cogswell, Young Men's Christian Association------D. 0. Latishaw, New, York. Young Women's Christian Association- Miss Mabel Cratty,1 New York. Boy Scouts of America------James E. West, New York. Foreign Missions Conference of North America_- Rev. Fennell P. Turner, New York. I Died Feb. 27,1928. State committees

State Chairman Treasurer

Alabama-.--...------.-- Rev. Henry M. Edmonds, John B. Wheat, Atlanta Trust Co. D. D. Building, Atlanta, (ia . 0. Season ...... A. T. Esgate, Valley Bank, Phoenix, Arizona--,------Aris. M. L. Althelmer- . Mloorehead Union Trust Arkansas------Co., Little Wright,Rock Ark. California (North), 333 Mills Build- Hon. Wm. H. Waste-.._.. George A. Kennedy Crocker First Calif. National Bank, Francisco, ing, San Francisco, Calif. ban California (South), 805 Wright & AttorneyDellA.Schweitzer W. IV. Gibbs, Jr., Security Trust Callender Building, Los Angeles, Savings Bank, Los Angeles, Calif. calif. ------Albert A. Reed..... J. E. Xirk, Bank of Topeka, Topeka, Colorado....-.-... ~~~~Kans, Connecticut 1602 Hartford, Conn. Hon. Marcus H. Holcombi.._ Meigs IT, Whaples, box 1342, Hart. Trust Hartford, Conn. ford, Conn. Buliding, Philip D. Laird ...... Howard F. McCall, Central National Delaware------Bank, Wilmington, Del.

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460406968.9 36 NEAR EASTr RILIEF State com:mittecs-Continued

Stato Caitman Treasurer

District of Columbia, 1331 Coln- Dr. I,. . Glnebrook--- John B. Larner, Washington Loan njecticut AveonuoeTN V., Washing- & Trust Co., Washington, 1). C. ton, D. C. Florida Dr. A. A. lurpreo L. P. MvoCord, Pco)pl's 13ank, Jacksonville; Fln. (corgia-E tgeno It. BlAck John B. WVleat, Atlinta 'Tr'ust Co., Atlanta, Ga. I(laho------Lien. O). IV. Davis ------E. WV. 'Pucker, Pacific National Bank, Boise, Idalho. Illinois, 37 South Wabash Avenue, Frank 0. Lowde--n oco. AI. Reynol(ls, Continental & Chicago, 111. Commercial National aink, Chlicago, Ill. Indihana, 621 Peoples Bank Building, Gov. Ed. Jackson hoinas C. Day, 709 Fletcher Sav- In(liamlal)olis, Inld. ings & Trust Building, Indian- ap)olls, Ind. Iowa Gov. John Iaminmill Walter V. Iea(l Omalia National Bank, Omaiha, kebr. Kansas, 211 Central National Bank lIon. Henry J. Allen Joohn E. Kirk, Bank of 'Topeka, Building, Topeka, Kans. Topeka, Kans. Kentucky, 311 Urban Building, L)r. R. L. McCrcady--- I narl S. Owin, Lincoln Banik & Trust Louisville, Ky. Co., Louisville, Ky. Louisiana-.- . ov. John M. Parker I- C. F. Niebergall, Canal Ba3nk & Trust Co., New Orleans, La. Alaine, 80 Exchange Street, Port- Itt. Rev. Beni. Brewster, 1I larry S. Boyd, Chapman National lan(l, Ale. 1). 1). lifnk, Portland, Ale.

Marylannd ..--- -- (-ov. A. C. Ritchie Johln E. Boisseau, National Union Bank, Bialtimore, Md. Massachusetts, 1218 Little Building, lion. Augustus PI. Loring --I :i(l(ler, Peabody & Co., 11.5 D~evon- Boston, Mass. shire Street, Boston, AMass. Mlichigan, 609 Strohi Building, 1ion. Luren 1). Dickinson J,oseiph W. McCausey, Commnion. Grand Circus Park, 1)etroit, wealth Federal Savings hank, mich. Detroit, AMich. Minnesota, room 612, Northwestern Cov. Theodore Christiansonj Sturner T. AlcKnight, Fifth and Building, 322 llennepin Avenue, Marquette Avenue, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minn. Alinnl. Mlississil)p --Hon. 'I'llos. I. Baile- J ihal 13. Wheat, Atlanta Trust Co. Building, Atlanta, Ga.

Mlissouri (cast), C(1hurch Federation, Christian Bernet -- 1. W'. Smiith, First National Bank, Y. Al. C. A. Building, St. Louis, St. Louis, Mo. Mo. Missouri (west), 701 Scarritt Build- Gov. Sam. A. Baker C A1 Vi.. ning, Commerce Trust Co., Ing, Kansas City, Mo. Kansas City, Mlo. Montana- Ilon. Sami. V. Stewart FYred JHeinecke National Bank of Montana, Helena, Mont.

Nebraska, room 14, WVead Building, Clias. Ail. Wilhielm - 17V'alter WV. Ilead, Omnaln National Omalha, Nebr. Bank, Omaha, Ncbr. Nevadla ------onl. 1 enry Al. H:oyt Frred Stadtmuller, 90 Washoc County Bank, RenIo, Nev. Now Hampshire ------Prof. Arthur F. Stearns --- 'illis B. Kendall, Amnoskeag BaJnk, Nlanchester, N. II. New Jersey, 210 Chamber of Coin- Judge Win. N. Uunyoli ! Ifion. George S. Hobart, Chamber of nierce Bulilding, Newark, N. J. C'omincrce Building, Newark, N.J. New Mexico-Judge Ml. E. Hlickey-- J. [Cans.E. Kirk, 13ank of Tl'opeka, T'opeka, Now York, 161 Fifth Avenue, Now Dr. Arthur E. Bestor evelan(d E. l)odge. York, N. Y. North Carolina, 708 Commercial J. 11. Ivey-Jo------Jo0 lin At. Scott, Charlotte National Bank Building, Charlotte, N. C. 11'3ank, Charlotte, N. C. North' Dakota ----Right Rev. J. Poyntz Tyler |I. W. Gearey, lerchints National 3ank, Fargo, N. l)ak. Oh1lo, 408 the 1900 Euclid Bluilding, Judge A. C. Shattuck-- J. A. hlousC, Guardian Savings & Cleveland, Olhio. J['rust Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Oklahoma-1ov. M. E. 'l'rapp---- .Fa y Theompson, Liberty National I lank, Ok Ilahoina City, Okla. Oregon, 013 Stock Exchango Build- IRev. 11. HI. Griffis, 1). )- Art *V. Brookings, United States ing, Portland, Oreg. DRhiurNational Bank, Portland, Oreg. Pennsylvania, northeast corner (ov. John S. Fisher Drioxc1 & Co., Fifth aind Clhestnut Broad and Locust Streets, Plila- Streats, IPhiladelphiea, Ila. del ila, Pla. Rhode Islan(h, 66 Washinigton Street, V. 11. P. Faunce, D. )-ilkIC'hard W. Jenning, National Bzank Providence, It. I. Iof Commerce, I)rovidence, It. I. South Carolina, 39 Equitable Ar- Right Rov. Kirkmnan 0. Joh n Al. Scott, Charlotte National cade, Columbia, S. C. Finlay, ank, Charlotte, N. C.

Sotih l)akota-- ____ W. _1. '1. Fester -- W.. 7,. Sharp, president Security nationall annk, Sioux Falls. ;.Dak. Tennessee-John E. EI(gerton Joh Dak). Wheat, Atlanta Trust C(o. uil(Iing, Atlanta, Ga. Texas-.------Dr. Chas. C. Selecnan ------il Ham 0. Connor, Republic Na- lInal B3anlk, 1)allas, Tex. Utah- .Neplit L. Morris ...... Orv al NV. Adams, Utah State Nti- I ~~~~~~~~~~~ti()nal Bank, Salt Lake City, Utah. Table: Regional divisions and directors

NEAR EAST RELIEF 37 State comimittees-Continiued

State CChairman 'Treasurer

_I .,..__.._

Vermont------l (. Ernest Robbins Lathrop H. Baldwin, Marble Sav- ings Bank, Rutland, Vt. Virginia, 107 East Grace Street, Olive S. Sands . Waller Holladay, American National Itehlhlond, Va. I Bank, Richmond, Va. Washinigton (east), 426 Peyton Dr. B. T. Allen . J. WY. Spangler, Seattle National Butlding, Spokane, Wash. Bank, Seattle, Wash. Washington (west), 609 Burke L. S. Booth.------Do, Building, Seattle, Wash. WVest Vhglina, 224 State Street olIon. Ephriam F. Morgan Geo. D. Cochrane, Capitol City Building, Cliarlestozi, W. Ila. Bank, Charleston, W. Va. Wisconsin, .501 Cass Street (apart- H. A. Mfoehlenpah.. . Walter Kasten, First Wisconsin Na- mnoet S), Milwaukee, Mls. tional flank, Milwaukee, Wis. Wyoming1 --,-- A. II. Marble, State Capi- 3. E. Kirk, Bank of Topeka, Topeka, tol, Cheyenne, Wyo. Kans. Alaska --- oyev. David Waggoner, Ju- neau, Alaska.

Hawaii - .-.------.-.-.---- Frank E. MilkilY .- - J. Platt Cooke, Hawaiian Trading Co. (Ltd.), Honolulu, 'T'. II.

EXECUTIVE STAFF, NEARI EAST RELIEF Executive Headquarters, 151 Fifth Avenue, Now York City. General secretary . Charles V. Vickrey. Associate general secretaries: Director general, overseas opmi-ationis Bar-clay Acheson. National field administrator W0illiam E. Doughty. Managing director, Athens area- Harold C. Jaquith. Director of public relations- --. John R. Voris. Assistant gene-al secrctary- Alonzo E. Wilson. Assistant treasurer annd conlptrolleL .. Edward C. Miller. Director foreign department- Laird IV, Archer. Advisor on public relations Charles D. Morris. European representative .. Gor-domm Lb. Berry. Acting managing director, Athens area------C. C. T1'hurber. Business manager, Svyria-Palestinc area Fmank A. MInarch. Managing director, Caucasus area Joscp)h W. B3eaclh. Re2qion al divisions a l d directors INaIme territoryy Office Director

1. New England..- Maine, New Ilrmnpshire, Massa- 1218 Little Building, Charles II. E111111011s. chusetts, Vermont, Rhode Islam1(1, Boston, A1nss. Collllecticllt. 2. North Atlantic N-w- York and Nwe Jersey 151 Fifth Avenie, New | 1F. C. Jaquith as- York, N. Y. sociate general sec- retary (sutpervis- ilg). E3aIastern. P'ennsylvania, )elaware, 'Maryl-um Nd,Northeast coiner Broadl G. E. Silloway. ! )istrict of ('dolumbia, West N''ir- and Locust Streets, Igtinin. Philadelphia, Pa. 1. Southern - Virginia, North Carolina, Soem th 107 East (Orace Street, J. Cnlvitt Clarke. Carolina, (heorgia, 'Tennessiee, lRichmond, Vra. Florida, Alabaman, Mfiodssifp pm, Louisinima. 5. 'Midwestern ! Ildiana, Kentucky . 521 Peoples Bank Bjuild- D. lurr Jones. ilg, 11(1diannlolirj, In(1d. 6. Central. Ohio, Mlichilaa, Illinois, Wviscora- 37 South Wanbash Ave- Clifford F. Jack- sin, Minnesota, North Dakot a, nile, Chicago, 111. ,fflan. South )akota, Iowa, Nebrasl; eastern Mlissouri, Arkansas, Oklin- hlonima, Texas. 7. Prairie- Western 'Missouri, Kansas, Coloran'to, 11 Central National ' Win. A. B3iby. Wyonming, New Mexico. 2 1ank 1Builiding, To-, * peka, Kalls. 8. South P'acitlfc- California, Itawail, Airizonia, Nevadad 33 Allls B3ullding, San E. Guy Talbott. 3 Francisco, Calif. 9. North Pacific- Oregon, Utah, sonithern Idaho 013 Stock Exchange J. J.JHandsaker. Alaska. alulilding, Portland, Oreg. Inland empire-_ Montana, northern Idaho, Wash- 26 Peyton Building, J' A. Potter (super- iagton 4 Spokane, Wash. vising).

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