Goternas Historia
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180 Goi Erdi Aroko Pertsona-Izenak. Germaniar Jatorriko Pertsona-Izenak
180 Goi Erdi Aroko pertsona-izenak. Germaniar jatorriko pertsona-izenak 1 Testuingurua 2 Euskaraz nola idatzi germaniar jatorriko izenak? 3 Irizpide xeheak 4 Germaniar jatorriko pertsona-izenen sailkako zerrendak 5 Germaniar jatorriko pertsona-izenak zerrenda bakarrean (euskara-erdarak) 6 Germaniar jatorriko pertsona-izenak zerrenda bakarrean (erdarak-euskara) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 Testuingurua Mendebaldeko Erromatar Inperioa desagertu ondoren ere, Erdi Aroaren hasieran, latinak jarraitu zuen prestigiozko hizkuntza izaten Europako erdialdean eta mendebaldean. Garai hartako pertsona-izen nagusiak latinez idatzitako kroniketan (Historiae Francorum, Annales regni Francorum, Annales Fuldenses, Annales Bertiniani...) agertu ziren lehen aldiz idatziz, eta latinaren bidez hedatu ziren Europan erresumetako hizkuntzetara. 1 Inguruko hizkuntzetara eta Europako hizkuntza nagusietara begiratuta, argi eta garbi ageri da garai hartako pertsona-izen nagusiak (errege- erreginak, santu-santak, buruzagiak...) askotan ez direla berdin idazten hizkuntza guztietan. Hau da, hizkuntza bakoitzak bere sistema grafikora egokitu ditu izenok, eta bere grafia eman die. Adibidez, latinezko kroniketan Lotharius dena (jatorria: hlud "ospetsua" eta hari "armada" elementu germanikoak) Lothaire da frantsesez, Lotario gaztelaniaz eta italieraz, Lothair ingelesez, Lothar alemanez, Lotari katalanez, eta abar; latinezko Rudolphus dena (jatorria: hrod "fama" eta wulf "otsoa" elementu germanikoak) Rodolphe da frantsesez, Rodolfo -
Gothic Introduction – Part 1: Linguistic Affiliations and External History Roadmap
RYAN P. SANDELL Gothic Introduction – Part 1: Linguistic Affiliations and External History Roadmap . What is Gothic? . Linguistic History of Gothic . Linguistic Relationships: Genetic and External . External History of the Goths Gothic – Introduction, Part 1 2 What is Gothic? . Gothic is the oldest attested language (mostly 4th c. CE) of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. It is the only substantially attested East Germanic language. Corpus consists largely of a translation (Greek-to-Gothic) of the biblical New Testament, attributed to the bishop Wulfila. Primary manuscript, the Codex Argenteus, accessible in published form since 1655. Grammatical Typology: broadly similar to other old Germanic languages (Old High German, Old English, Old Norse). External History: extensive contact with the Roman Empire from the 3rd c. CE (Romania, Ukraine); leading role in 4th / 5th c. wars; Gothic kingdoms in Italy, Iberia in 6th-8th c. Gothic – Introduction, Part 1 3 What Gothic is not... Gothic – Introduction, Part 1 4 Linguistic History of Gothic . Earliest substantively attested Germanic language. • Only well-attested East Germanic language. The language is a “snapshot” from the middle of the 4th c. CE. • Biblical translation was produced in the 4th c. CE. • Some shorter and fragmentary texts date to the 5th and 6th c. CE. Gothic was extinct in Western and Central Europe by the 8th c. CE, at latest. In the Ukraine, communities of Gothic speakers may have existed into the 17th or 18th century. • Vita of St. Cyril (9th c.) mentions Gothic as a liturgical language in the Crimea. • Wordlist of “Crimean Gothic” collected in the 16th c. -
Architecture, Style and Structure in the Early Iron Age in Central Europe
TOMASZ GRALAK ARCHITECTURE, STYLE AND STRUCTURE IN THE EARLY IRON AGE IN CENTRAL EUROPE Wrocław 2017 Reviewers: prof. dr hab. Danuta Minta-Tworzowska prof. dr hab. Andrzej P. Kowalski Technical preparation and computer layout: Natalia Sawicka Cover design: Tomasz Gralak, Nicole Lenkow Translated by Tomasz Borkowski Proofreading Agnes Kerrigan ISBN 978-83-61416-61-6 DOI 10.23734/22.17.001 Uniwersytet Wrocławski Instytut Archeologii © Copyright by Uniwersytet Wrocławski and author Wrocław 2017 Print run: 150 copies Printing and binding: "I-BIS" Usługi Komputerowe, Wydawnictwo S.C. Andrzej Bieroński, Przemysław Bieroński 50-984 Wrocław, ul. Sztabowa 32 Contents INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER I. THE HALLSTATT PERIOD 1. Construction and metrology in the Hallstatt period in Silesia .......................... 13 2. The koine of geometric ornaments ......................................................................... 49 3. Apollo’s journey to the land of the Hyperboreans ............................................... 61 4. The culture of the Hallstatt period or the great loom and scales ....................... 66 CHAPTER II. THE LA TÈNE PERIOD 1. Paradigms of the La Tène style ................................................................................ 71 2. Antigone and the Tyrannicides – the essence of ideological change ................. 101 3. The widespread nature of La Tène style ................................................................ -
Integrating Magna Dacia. a N Arrative Reappraisal Of
INTEGRATING MAGNA DACIA. A NARRATIVE REAPPRAISAL OF JORDANES OTÁVIO LUIZ VIEIRA PINTO SUBMITTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS SCHOOL OF HISTORY SEPTEMBER 2016 ii iii The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The right of Otávio Luiz Vieira Pinto to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. © 2016 The University of Leeds and Otávio Luiz Vieira Pinto iv Al contrario, rispondo, chi siamo noi, chi è ciascuno di noi se non una combinatoria d'esperienze, d'informazioni, di letture, d'immaginazioni? Ogni vita è un'enciclopedia, una biblioteca, un inventario d'oggetti, un campionario di stili, dove tutto può essere continuamente rimescolato e riordinato in tutti i modi possibili. Italo Calvino, Lezioni Americane. […] his own proper person was a riddle to unfold; a wondrous work in one volume; but whose mysteries not even himself could read, though his own live heart beat against them; and these mysteries were therefore destined in the end to moulder away with the living parchment whereon they were inscribed, and so be unsolved to the last. Herman Melville, Moby Dick. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS When I crossed the Atlantic to start my doctoral research, I had no real dimension of how much certain people in my life would be fundamental to the completion of this thesis – and to go through, with head held high, the 4-year long process that it entailed. -
In Search of the Dark Ages in Search of the Dark Ages
IN SEARCH OF THE DARK AGES IN SEARCH OF THE DARK AGES Michael Wood Facts On File Publications New York, New York Oxford, England For my mother and father IN SEARCH OF THE DARK AGES Copyright © 1987 by Michael Wood All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the pub lisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wood, Michael. In search of the Dark Ages. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Great Britain—History—To 1066. 2. England— Civilization—To 1066. 3. Anglo-Saxons. I. Title. DA135.W83 1987 942.01 86-19839 ISBN 0-8160-1686-0 Printed in the United States of America 10 987654321 CONTENTS Acknowledgements 6 Introduction 7 Genealogy Table 10 CHAPTER 1 13 Boadicea CHAPTER 2 37 King Arthur CHAPTER 3 61 The Sutton Hoo Man CHAPTER 4 77 Offa CHAPTER 5 104 Alfred the Great CHAPTER 6 126 Atheistan CHAPTER 7 151 Eric Bloodaxe CHAPTER 8 177 Ethelred the Unready CHAPTER 9 204 William the Conqueror Postscript 237 Book List 243 Picture Credits 244 Index 245 Acknowledgements I must first thank the staffs of the following libraries for their kindness and helpfulness, without which this book would not have been possible: Corpus Christi College Cambridge, Jesus College Oxford, the Bodleian Library Oxford, the Cathedral Library Durham, the British Library, Worcester Cathedral Library, the Public Record Office, and the British Museum Coin Room. I am indebted to Bob Meeson at Tamworth, Robin Brown at Saham Toney and Paul Sealey at Colchester Museum, who were all kind enough to let me use their unpublished researches. -
Name Date Range Greater Tribal Group Conjectural Regularized
Conjectural Conjectural regularized Conjectural original Conjectural original secondary Name Date range Greater Tribal group regularized M/F Notes primary element primary element element secondary Achiulf/Agiulf 3rd/4th C. Amali agi/achi ulf ulf - wolf M Aidoingus ? Amali M M Aithanarid 500 Aithan(a) rid aiths-oath From Proto-Germanic "alaną" meaning to grow or M Alaric 4th C - 6th C. Visigoth ala ric breed? reiks - "Lord of People" From Proto-Germanic "alaną" meaning to grow or M Alatheus 376-378 Greutungi ala theus breed? thius - servant From Proto-Germanic "alaną" meaning to grow or M Alaviv 376 Tervingi ala viv breed? From Proto-Germanic "alaną" meaning to grow or M Alla 476 Visigoth Ala breed? From the tribal name F Amalaberga 6th C Amali/Ostrogoth amala berga "Amali"? From the tribal name F Amalafrida 6th C Amali/Ostrogoth amala frida "Amali"? From the tribal name Daughter of F Amalafrida Theodenanda 6th C. Ostrogoth amala frida "Amali"? Theodehad From the tribal name M Amalafridas 6th C. Amali amala fridas "Amali"? From the tribal name M Amalaric 6th C Amali/Ostrogoth amala ric "Amali"? reiks - "Lord of People" From the tribal name From proto-Germanic "swinþaz" F Amalasuintha 6th C Amali/Ostrogoth amala suintha "Amali"? meaning strong or strength? Andagis ? Amali an dagis M Andela ? Amali an dela M Ansila Amali/Ostrogoth M maybe legendary Aoric 4th C ? Tervingi M Apanhida ? ? apan hida ? M Ardaric 5th C. Gepids ard(a) ric reiks - "Lord of People" M Argaith 3rd C. ? M Ariaric 4th C. Tervingi Ari ric reiks - "Lord of People" M From proto-Germanic "mēraz" M Arimir 4th C. -
Viktor Rydberg's
Viktor Rydberg’s Investigations into Germanic Mythology Vol. II Translated by William P. Reaves © 2004 BRISINGAMEN’S SMITHS The myth concerning Brisingamen is an inheritance from the Proto-Indo- European era. In the treatise regarding the age of the Germanic myths, I have presented evidence that Heimdall "the whitest of the Aesir" is the god of the holy fire and as such is identical to the Indo-European fire-god Agni-Atar-Sraosha. I ask that I may be allowed to repeat the following statement here, which pertains to the myth about Brisingamen: "In Avesta (Yasht 19),1 it is said that Atar fought with a serpent-demon named Aji over kavaêm qarenô, a glorious piece of jewelry, shining far over the earth, which at that time was located in the sea. The demon lost the ornament. An aquatic animal, Makara, which is thought to be a dolphin, is sacred to Agni, who once, according to an Indian legend, had transformed himself into an aquatic animal."2 It is known that Heimdall in the shape of a seal struggled with Loki on a skerry for the wonderful necklace Brisingamen, which was then found in the sea and thus received the epithet fagrt hafnýra3 (Prose Edda, Skáldskaparmál 16). Traces of this myth, inherited from the Proto-Indo-European time, have been preserved among all the Germanic branches of which the mythology and literature in the mythic tradition have an opportunity to provide us testimony. It is futile to attempt to revive and give scientific credence to Simrock's4 opinion that Brisingamen originally meant "the necklace of Breisach" and therefore that the myth about this treasure is not actually a myth, but rather a local tale that arose in the region of Breisach and propagated itself from Germany to England and from there to Iceland where it was changed into a divine myth in the final days of Heathenism. -
Constantius and the Visigothic Settlement in Gaul George Andrew Sole Southern Illinois University Carbondale
Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Honors Theses University Honors Program 5-1999 Constantius and the Visigothic Settlement in Gaul George Andrew Sole Southern Illinois University Carbondale Follow this and additional works at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/uhp_theses Recommended Citation Sole, George Andrew, "Constantius and the Visigothic Settlement in Gaul" (1999). Honors Theses. Paper 126. This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the University Honors Program at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CONSTANTIUS and the VISIGOTHIC SETTLEMENT in GAUL Senior History Thesis Independent Study of Antique Gaul under Dr. Stocking Spring Semester 1999 Andy Sole After the death ofTheodosius the Great in A.D.395 there were a string of seventeen emperors in the Western Roman Empire, beginning with Theodosius's son Honorius, and ending with the last Roman emperor Romulus, who was deposed by the Germanic general Odoacer in 476. The longest reign of any single emperor was thirty years, a record held by Valentinian III (A.D. 425-455). The next runner up was Honorius with twenty-eight years (A.D. 395-423). These two emperors were the exception, however, for the average reign of any western emperor between the times of Honorius and the ascension ofOdoacer was two and one-half years. This great number of rulers within a period of eighty-one years leaves one wondering just what the problem may have been; why could a single person or family not retain power? Moreover, many of these emperors' reigns overlap, creating a further mystery as to how two western Augusti could rule at the same time. -
Twilight Empress
TWILIGHT EMPRESS FAITH L. JUSTICE RAGGEDY MOON BOOKS TWILIGHT EMPRESS Copyright © 2017 Faith L. Justice All rights reserved. 2017 Raggedy Moon Books raggedymoonbooks.com Cover design by Jennifer Quinlan historicaleditorial.com ISBN-13: 978-0692460511 ISBN-10: 0692460519 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016931966 All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the author and publisher except for the use of brief quotations for use in reviews. This is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places, and incidents are either the product of the author’s imagination or are used fictitiously. To Gordon Rothman, without whom I couldn’t write about love. “The decline of Rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness.” Edward Gibbon The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire CONteNTS Genealogy xiii Note on Titles and Place Names xv Characters xvi Part One: Princess 1 Part Two: Queen 100 Part Three: Empress 169 Part Four: Dowager Empress 307 Epilog 344 Author’s Note 349 Reader’s Letter 357 Glossary 358 Acknowledgements 365 About the Author 367 xi xiii NOTE ON IMPERIAL TITLES AND PLACE NAMES Imperial titles evolved over time. The title AUGUSTUS (Latin for “majestic”, “the increaser”, or “venerable”) is the equivalent of the modern Emperor and was conferred on the first emperor Octavian (great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar) by the senate in 27 BC. Every emperor after held the title of Augustus, which always followed the family name. The first emperor conferred the title AUGUSTA on his wife Livia in his will. -
Granholm Genealogy
GRANHOLM GENEALOGY GOTHS ROYAL ANCESTRY INTRODUCTION The Goths ancestry is unique in how it originates in Sweden and for a few hundred years was an important part of the history of Europe. It ties into our ancestors in the dynasties of the Franks and Hungarians with Attila the Hun (48th great grandfather) , see the books Frank Royal Ancestry and Hungarian Royal Ancestry. Below is a brief description of the Goths followed by ancestry listings with highlighted persons, who are further described. The historian Jordanes claims that the Goths originated in semi-legendary Scandza, believed to be located somewhere in modern Götaland (Sweden), and that a Gothic population crossed the Baltic Sea before the 2nd century. Jordanes also states that the Goths gave their name to the region they colonized, Gothiscandza, which is believed to be the lower Vistula region in Poland. From the middle of the 2nd century onward, groups of Goths migrated to the southeast along the River Vistula. They eventually reached the Black Sea in Ukraine, Romania and Moldova, where they left their archaeological traces in the Chernyakhov culture. The Goths are believed to have crossed the Baltic Sea sometime between the end of this period (ca 300 BC) and AD 100. Early archaeological evidence in the Swedish province of Östergötland suggests a general depopulation during this period. The settlement in today's Poland may correspond to the introduction of Scandinavian burial traditions, such as the stone circles and the stelae especially common on the island of Gotland and other parts of southern Sweden. In the 5th and 6th centuries, the Goths separated into two tribes, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths. -
Settling the Wandering Kingdom: the Establishment of the Visigothic Kingship Under Ataulf
Kennon 1 Settling the Wandering Kingdom: The Establishment of the Visigothic Kingship under Ataulf Drakeford Kennon Classics Honors Thesis University of Colorado at Boulder Advisor: Andy Cain, Department of Classics Defense Committee: Scott Bruce, Department of History Diane Conlin, Department of Classics Kennon 2 In this thesis, I argue that Alaric was not the first king of the Visigoths, at least not in the way in which scholars traditionally have envisaged him as being. This title of first king, I argue, belongs instead to Ataulf who was the one to settle the Visigoths in Hispania and pass on a style of rule that was not based on purely military might. Alaric certainly had a decisive role to play in the formation of the incipient Visigothic kingdom but his role had more to do with laying the groundwork for the development within Visigothic society for the idea of a permanent king and royal succession. Kennon 3 Table of Contents Succession of Visigothic Kings....……………………………………… 4 Introduction……………………………………………………………... 5 Chapter 1: Alaric………………………………………………………... 8 Chapter 2: Ataulf………………………………………………………....32 Chapter 3: Wallia…………………………………………………………43 Conclusion………………………………………………………………...47 Kennon 4 Balthi dynasty of Visigothic kings - 1. Alaric I (395–410) 2. Athaulf (410–415) 3. Sigeric (415) • Possibly not a Balthi 4. Wallia (415–419) 5. Theodoric I (419–451) 6. Thorismund (451–453) 7. Theodoric II (453–466) 8. Euric (466–484) 9. Alaric II (484–507) 10. Gesalec (507–511) 11. Theoderic the Great (511–526), regent for Amalaric 12. Amalaric (526–531) Kennon 5 Introduction: Some figures stand large in history overshadowing and even hiding completely from sight those after their death. -
Historical Dictionary of the Vikings
112722 pb cover 11/7/03 3:48 PM Page 1 Holman History • Ancient • General Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras, No. 11 Rarely has an era evoked the same sense of adventure as the Viking age. For more than three centuries, small but intrepid bands of Scandinavians used Historical longships to launch lightning raids on their European neighbors to colonize new lands in the east and west and exchange furs for wine, spices, and silver. Dictionary Historical Significant changes also occurred at home, as the local kings extended their power, Norse paganism lost ground to Christianity, and new towns and ports Dictionary thrived as a result of increased contact with the world. And this new world was amazingly vast, stretching over the British Isles, much of continental Europe, into the far reaches of Russia and the Middle East, and to an undetermined extent, even North America. of the There were so many expeditions, under so many leaders, to so many places, and for so many purposes that it is difficult to track events. Moreover, much of the information is shrouded in mystery because few archaeological remains Vikings and even fewer written documents corroborate the sagas. This Historical Dictionary of the Vikings helps fill the void by providing information on major historical figures, important battles and treaties, key works, and archae- ological finds. This dictionary not only presents the big picture, but also examines the everday aspects of how people lived and worked. A chronology, detailed and annotated bibliographies for different themes and geographical locations, and an introduction discussing the major events and developments of the Viking age are also included.