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Map 2 Hibernia-Scadinavia Compiled by A Map 2 Hibernia-Scadinavia Compiled by A. Bursche (eastern Europe) and R. Warner (Ireland), 1996 Introduction Eastern Europe The knowledge shown by ancient geographers and historians (in particular, Pliny, Tacitus, Ptolemy, Cassius Dio) derives particularly from permanent trade contacts developed in the first two centuries A.D., linking the middle Danube and (later) the lower Rhine and northern Pontic areas with the south Baltic coast, the main source of amber (Kolendo 1981; 1983; 1985; 1990; 1993; Godłowski 1985; Nowakowski 1983; 1996; Wolters 1990). The region between the lower Vistula and Neman (ancient Roudon) rivers was probably the best known area in all of more remote “barbaricum” territory (Strzelczyk 1980; Kolendo 1981b; 1984; 1985; 1987a; 1992; Wołągiewicz 1986; Nowakowski 1990; 1992; 1996, 109-16; Bierbrauer 1994, 72-75). According to Pliny (NH 37.45), trading in amber should be located here, or more precisely on the coast (cf. Kolendo 1981). As a result, many names of peoples and geographical features in this area are known. Archaeology makes a significant contribution too. One of the largest concentrations of Roman artifacts has been found in enormous cemeteries in East Pomerania at the Vistula mouth (Eggers 1951; Wołągiewicz 1970; Kolendo 1981a; Godłowski 1985; Tempelmann-Mączynska 1985; Wielowiejski 1985). Other useful sources of information for ancient authors were Germanic captives, hostages, official visitors or envoys on the one hand, and on the other Roman intelligence agents (exploratores), as well as ransomed or rescued Roman captives (Volkmann 1964; Amirante 1969; Kolendo 1978; 1987; 1989; 1996, 146; 1996a; Lee 1993; Scardigli 1994). The naval expedition of A.D. 5, undertaken during Roman occupation of territory between the Rhine and the Elbe (ancient Albis), must have been especially informative (Kolendo 1981b; Kehne 1995, 27-28). In the Late Roman period there was considerable diplomatic contact with the peoples of “barbaricum” (Werner 1973; Kolendo 1981a; 1993; 1995; Krüger 1983; Whittaker 1994, 132-91; Bursche 1996). In addition, during the third and fourth centuries A.D. the Danish islands of Fyn, Zealand and Bornholm played a major role in the Baltic Sea region as redistribution centers for Roman artifacts (Lund Hansen 1987; Hedeager 1992). Some information about north-east Europe certainly reached fifth and sixth century authors (in particular, Cassiodorus, Iordanes, Procopius) by way of Germanic tribes settled in territory of the Western Empire who maintained contacts with their homeland; among these were Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Vandals and Heruls (cf. Werner 1949; Fagerlie 1967, 163-74; Wagner 1967, 193-99; Svennung 1972; Kolendo 1986; 1992, 187; 1993a; Heather 1991; Bursche 1996, 122). Although many names of peoples and geographical features are known, plenty are attested only once, and in general precise locations are usually very doubtful or completely obscure (Schmidt 1934; Kolendo 1981b; 1987a); thus only the better attested names appear on the map. Large-scale tribal migrations are difficult to show here. Several of the Germanic tribes living in north-central Europe during the pre-Roman or Roman periods came to play a major role in incursions into the Roman world, and eventually contributed to the destruction of the western empire (Demougeot 1969; Thompson 1982; Demandt 1989; Wolfram 1990; Heather 1991; Kazansky 1991; Godłowski 1992; Mączyńska 1993; Bierbrauer 1994, 134-71; Whittaker 1993; 1994, 192-278; Kolendo 1993; 1995). It should be noted, too, that from the end of the fifth century onwards the area between the middle Danube, Elbe and south Baltic coast was increasingly settled by the Slavs (Godłowski 1979; 1983; Parczewski 1993, 132-44). Ptolemy’s testimony is not specific enough to permit the placement of any of the toponyms he mentions north of the Carpathians, despite various attempts to do so (Svennung 1974; Kolendo 1981b). The same applies to most of the tribes in Scandinavia mentioned by Iordanes (Getica 21-24, cf. Svennung 1967; Alonso-Nuñez 1988). The fact that the eastern part of the map largely lies outside the Roman Empire has influenced the choice of sites marked. Preference has been given to native settlements and cemeteries where there is evidence of extensive 18 MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA Roman contacts indicated by the presence of many Roman artifacts. Because of the scale, it has been necessary to select only the most significant and extensively excavated settlements, the larger cemeteries, and the most famous “chieftain graves.” In addition, some extraordinary hoards and votive-deposits (bog finds such as Ilkjær 1990) containing Roman goods have been marked. Ireland Irish contacts of a low order with the classical world can be demonstrated archaeologically and textually from the fifth century B.C. onwards, increasing somewhat with the Roman occupation of Britain (Kenney 1929, chap. 2; Warner 1991; Freeman 1995). Virtually all our information about toponyms comes from Ptolemy (O’Rahilly 1946, chap. 1; Pokorny 1954; Tierney 1976; Mac an Bhaird 1993). Despite demonstrable linguistic continuity, surprisingly few of these toponyms are now locatable. In compiling the map, I have given preference to the conservative views of O’Rahilly over the ingenious suggestions of Mac an Bhaird or Byrne (1984, 98). I have also rejected some etymologically and archaeologically tempting identifications–such as Isamnion with Navan (Irish Emain), or Manapia with Drumanagh (Irish Druim Monach)–which are at odds with Ptolemy’s locations. The status of native culture between the seventh and third centuries B.C. is little understood. A clearer impression, however, can be gained of the Iron Age (third century B.C. to fourth century A.D.), particularly its fine metalwork derived from continental La Tène traditions (Raftery 1994). It is agreed that Ireland never became a formal part of the Roman empire, but there is little consensus concerning the level of the relationship between the two (Ó’Ríordáin 1947; Bateson 1973; Killeen 1976; Warner 1976; Raftery 1994 chap. 9; Rankin 1996 appendix). The minimalist view allows only some trade and mutual plundering, while a recent opinion suggests far more substantial contacts, including Roman invasion and settlement in Ireland (Warner 1995). The only site of Hellenistic date marked, Navan, appears on the basis of a Barbary Ape skull, and the interpretation of later textual evidence (Warner 1996). For the Roman period, only those archaeological sites or finds whose Roman content suggests significant Roman or provincial (rather than native Romano-British) contact are shown. Directory Abbreviations CRFEB R. Laser and H.-U. Voss (eds.), Corpus der römischen Funde im europäischen Barbaricum, Deutschland, vol.1: Bundesländer Brandenburg und Berlin, Bonn, 1994 LAGPW G.W.Bowersock,P.BrownandO.Grabar(eds.),Late antiquity: a guide to the postclassical world, Cambridge, MA, 1999 TIR BritSep Tabula Imperii Romani, Britannia Septentrionalis, London, 1987 TIR CastReg Tabula Imperii Romani M 33, Castra Regina–Vindobona–Carnuntum, Prague, 1986 TIR Condate Tabula Imperii Romani, Condate–Glevum–Londinium–Lutetia, London, 1983 Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference G2 Åby L SWE Fagerlie 1967, 191-92 (no. 99) F4 Aenus fl. AUS / GER See Map 12 H3 Aestii RL RUS Tac., Germ. 45; Nowakowski 1996, 109-16 E4 Agri Decumates GER See Map 12 F3 Albis fl. GER See Map 10 E3 Amisia fl. GER See Map 10 F4 Anisus fl. See Map 12 E3 Anreppen GER See Map 11 G4 Aquincum HUN See Map 20 E4 Arae Flaviae GER See Map 12 E4 Argentorate FRA See Map 11 MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA 19 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference G4 Arrabona HUN See Map 20 F4 Augusta Vindelicum GER See Map 12 H2 Aukštakiemiai, R formerly Oberhof LIT Bezzenberger 1892; Bolin 1922, 228-31; Palanga, Moora 1938; Tautavićius 1968; Šernai Michelbertas 1972, 118 (no. 45); Bursche 1996, 170-72, 178, 180-81 B3 Auteinoi R IRE Ptol. 2.2.4; O’Rahilly 1946, 10 D4 Autricum FRA See Map 11 E2 Avaldsnes RL NOR Slomann 1964; RGermAlt 1 H3 Babięta, R formerly Babienten POL Hollack 1904; Nowakowski 1983, 64-65 Machary, (nos. 2, 28, 29); Bursche 1996, 172, 176 Mojtyny B3 Balline L IRE Ó’Ríordáin 1947, 43-54 G3 Białęcino R formerly Balenthin POL Wielowiejski 1985, 308 (no. 327); Hahuła 1996 F3 Biesenbrow L GER Laser 1982, 106-10 B3 Birgos? fl. IRE See Map 8 G3 Biskupin A POL RGermAlt 3; Jaskanis 1991 E2 Bjergelide R DEN Lund Hansen 1987, 407 G2 Björnhovda L SWE Fagerlie 1967, 194 (no. 115) C2 Bodotria? Aestuarium UKG See Map 9 H3 Bogaczewo-Kula R formerly Bogatzewen- Okulicz 1958; Nowakowski 1983,64 Kullabrücke POL (no. 5) E3 Bonna GER See Map 11 G2 Botes L SWE Fagerlie 1967, 198-99 (no. 137) B3 Brigantes IRE See Map 8 G4 Brigetio HUN See Map 20 C2 Britannia Great Britain OCD Albion; Britain, Roman § Albion C4 Britannicum Mare R English Channel TIR Condate 47 E2 Byrsted R DEN RGermAlt 4; Lund Hansen 1987, 405 B2 Caledonia UKG See Map 9 C3 Calleva UKG See Map 8 G4 Carnuntum AUS See Map 13 F4 Castra Regina GER See Map 12 E3 Castra Vetera GER See Map 11 D4 Cenabum FRA See Map 14 E2 Chersonesos Kimbrike R DEN / GER Strabo 7.292; RE 12; RGermAlt Entdeckungsgeschichte H2 Chesinos fl. R LAT Ptol. 3.5.1; Kolendo 1992 H3 Chronos fl. R Pregolya RUS Ptol. 3.5.1; RGermAlt; Kolendo 1992 G3 Ciepłe RL formerly Warmhof POL Schmidt 1902; Wielowiejski 1985, 267 (no. 78) E3 Codanus Sinus? See Map 10 E4 Col. Augusta Treverorum GER See Map 11 D3 Col. Camulodunum UKG See Map 8 E3 Col. Claudia Ara GER See Map 11 Agrippinensium C3 Col. Glevum UKG See Map 8 C3 Col. Lindum UKG See Map 8 E3 Col. Ulpia Traiana GER See Map 11 C4 Condate Redonum FRA See Map 7 B3 ‘Dabrona’ fl. R Lee IRE Ptol. 2.2.5; O’Rahilly 1946, 4 F3 Damme R GER CRFEB 83 F2 Dani L DEN / SWE Iordanes, Getica 23; RGermAlt 5, 175-76 F4 Danuvius fl.
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