Map 2 Hibernia-Scadinavia Compiled by A. Bursche (eastern Europe) and R. Warner (), 1996

Introduction

Eastern Europe The knowledge shown by ancient geographers and historians (in particular, Pliny, , Ptolemy, Cassius Dio) derives particularly from permanent trade contacts developed in the first two centuries A.D., linking the middle and (later) the lower Rhine and northern Pontic areas with the south Baltic coast, the main source of amber (Kolendo 1981; 1983; 1985; 1990; 1993; Godłowski 1985; Nowakowski 1983; 1996; Wolters 1990). The region between the lower and Neman (ancient Roudon) rivers was probably the best known area in all of more remote “barbaricum” territory (Strzelczyk 1980; Kolendo 1981b; 1984; 1985; 1987a; 1992; Wołągiewicz 1986; Nowakowski 1990; 1992; 1996, 109-16; Bierbrauer 1994, 72-75). According to Pliny (NH 37.45), trading in amber should be located here, or more precisely on the coast (cf. Kolendo 1981). As a result, many names of peoples and geographical features in this area are known. Archaeology makes a significant contribution too. One of the largest concentrations of Roman artifacts has been found in enormous cemeteries in East at the Vistula mouth (Eggers 1951; Wołągiewicz 1970; Kolendo 1981a; Godłowski 1985; Tempelmann-Mączynska 1985; Wielowiejski 1985). Other useful sources of information for ancient authors were Germanic captives, hostages, official visitors or envoys on the one hand, and on the other Roman intelligence agents (exploratores), as well as ransomed or rescued Roman captives (Volkmann 1964; Amirante 1969; Kolendo 1978; 1987; 1989; 1996, 146; 1996a; Lee 1993; Scardigli 1994). The naval expedition of A.D. 5, undertaken during Roman occupation of territory between the Rhine and the Elbe (ancient Albis), must have been especially informative (Kolendo 1981b; Kehne 1995, 27-28). In the Late Roman period there was considerable diplomatic contact with the peoples of “barbaricum” (Werner 1973; Kolendo 1981a; 1993; 1995; Krüger 1983; Whittaker 1994, 132-91; Bursche 1996). In addition, during the third and fourth centuries A.D. the Danish islands of Fyn, Zealand and Bornholm played a major role in the region as redistribution centers for Roman artifacts (Lund Hansen 1987; Hedeager 1992). Some information about north-east Europe certainly reached fifth and sixth century authors (in particular, Cassiodorus, Iordanes, Procopius) by way of Germanic tribes settled in territory of the Western Empire who maintained contacts with their homeland; among these were , , and Heruls (cf. Werner 1949; Fagerlie 1967, 163-74; Wagner 1967, 193-99; Svennung 1972; Kolendo 1986; 1992, 187; 1993a; Heather 1991; Bursche 1996, 122). Although many names of peoples and geographical features are known, plenty are attested only once, and in general precise locations are usually very doubtful or completely obscure (Schmidt 1934; Kolendo 1981b; 1987a); thus only the better attested names appear on the map. Large-scale tribal migrations are difficult to show here. Several of the Germanic tribes living in north-central Europe during the pre-Roman or Roman periods came to play a major role in incursions into the Roman world, and eventually contributed to the destruction of the western empire (Demougeot 1969; Thompson 1982; Demandt 1989; Wolfram 1990; Heather 1991; Kazansky 1991; Godłowski 1992; Mączyńska 1993; Bierbrauer 1994, 134-71; Whittaker 1993; 1994, 192-278; Kolendo 1993; 1995). It should be noted, too, that from the end of the fifth century onwards the area between the middle Danube, Elbe and south Baltic coast was increasingly settled by the (Godłowski 1979; 1983; Parczewski 1993, 132-44). Ptolemy’s testimony is not specific enough to permit the placement of any of the toponyms he mentions north of the Carpathians, despite various attempts to do so (Svennung 1974; Kolendo 1981b). The same applies to most of the tribes in Scandinavia mentioned by Iordanes ( 21-24, cf. Svennung 1967; Alonso-Nuñez 1988). The fact that the eastern part of the map largely lies outside the has influenced the choice of sites marked. Preference has been given to native settlements and cemeteries where there is evidence of extensive 18 MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA

Roman contacts indicated by the presence of many Roman artifacts. Because of the scale, it has been necessary to select only the most significant and extensively excavated settlements, the larger cemeteries, and the most famous “chieftain graves.” In addition, some extraordinary hoards and votive-deposits (bog finds such as Ilkjær 1990) containing Roman goods have been marked. Ireland Irish contacts of a low order with the classical world can be demonstrated archaeologically and textually from the fifth century B.C. onwards, increasing somewhat with the Roman occupation of Britain (Kenney 1929, chap. 2; Warner 1991; Freeman 1995). Virtually all our information about toponyms comes from Ptolemy (O’Rahilly 1946, chap. 1; Pokorny 1954; Tierney 1976; Mac an Bhaird 1993). Despite demonstrable linguistic continuity, surprisingly few of these toponyms are now locatable. In compiling the map, I have given preference to the conservative views of O’Rahilly over the ingenious suggestions of Mac an Bhaird or Byrne (1984, 98). I have also rejected some etymologically and archaeologically tempting identifications–such as Isamnion with Navan (Irish Emain), or Manapia with Drumanagh (Irish Druim Monach)–which are at odds with Ptolemy’s locations. The status of native culture between the seventh and third centuries B.C. is little understood. A clearer impression, however, can be gained of the Iron Age (third century B.C. to fourth century A.D.), particularly its fine metalwork derived from continental La Tène traditions (Raftery 1994). It is agreed that Ireland never became a formal part of the Roman empire, but there is little consensus concerning the level of the relationship between the two (Ó’Ríordáin 1947; Bateson 1973; Killeen 1976; Warner 1976; Raftery 1994 chap. 9; Rankin 1996 appendix). The minimalist view allows only some trade and mutual plundering, while a recent opinion suggests far more substantial contacts, including Roman invasion and settlement in Ireland (Warner 1995). The only site of Hellenistic date marked, Navan, appears on the basis of a Barbary Ape skull, and the interpretation of later textual evidence (Warner 1996). For the Roman period, only those archaeological sites or finds whose Roman content suggests significant Roman or provincial (rather than native Romano-British) contact are shown.

Directory

Abbreviations

CRFEB R. Laser and H.-U. Voss (eds.), Corpus der römischen Funde im europäischen Barbaricum, Deutschland, vol.1: Bundesländer Brandenburg und Berlin, Bonn, 1994 LAGPW G.W.Bowersock,P.BrownandO.Grabar(eds.),Late antiquity: a guide to the postclassical world, Cambridge, MA, 1999 TIR BritSep Tabula Imperii Romani, Septentrionalis, London, 1987 TIR CastReg Tabula Imperii Romani M 33, Castra Regina–Vindobona–Carnuntum, Prague, 1986 TIR Condate Tabula Imperii Romani, Condate–Glevum–Londinium–Lutetia, London, 1983

Names

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

G2 Åby L SWE Fagerlie 1967, 191-92 (no. 99) F4 Aenus fl. AUS / GER See Map 12 H3 Aestii RL RUS Tac., Germ. 45; Nowakowski 1996, 109-16 E4 Agri Decumates GER See Map 12 F3 Albis fl. GER See Map 10 E3 Amisia fl. GER See Map 10 F4 Anisus fl. See Map 12 E3 Anreppen GER See Map 11 G4 Aquincum HUN See Map 20 E4 Arae Flaviae GER See Map 12 E4 Argentorate FRA See Map 11 MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA 19

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

G4 Arrabona HUN See Map 20 F4 Augusta Vindelicum GER See Map 12 H2 Aukštakiemiai, R formerly Oberhof LIT Bezzenberger 1892; Bolin 1922, 228-31; Palanga, Moora 1938; Tautavićius 1968; Šernai Michelbertas 1972, 118 (no. 45); Bursche 1996, 170-72, 178, 180-81 B3 Auteinoi R IRE Ptol. 2.2.4; O’Rahilly 1946, 10 D4 Autricum FRA See Map 11 E2 Avaldsnes RL NOR Slomann 1964; RGermAlt 1

H3 Babięta, R formerly Babienten POL Hollack 1904; Nowakowski 1983, 64-65 Machary, (nos. 2, 28, 29); Bursche 1996, 172, 176 Mojtyny B3 Balline L IRE Ó’Ríordáin 1947, 43-54 G3 Białęcino R formerly Balenthin POL Wielowiejski 1985, 308 (no. 327); Hahuła 1996 F3 Biesenbrow L GER Laser 1982, 106-10 B3 Birgos? fl. IRE See Map 8 G3 Biskupin A POL RGermAlt 3; Jaskanis 1991 E2 Bjergelide R DEN Lund Hansen 1987, 407 G2 Björnhovda L SWE Fagerlie 1967, 194 (no. 115) C2 Bodotria? Aestuarium UKG See Map 9 H3 Bogaczewo-Kula R formerly Bogatzewen- Okulicz 1958; Nowakowski 1983,64 Kullabrücke POL (no. 5) E3 Bonna GER See Map 11 G2 Botes L SWE Fagerlie 1967, 198-99 (no. 137) B3 Brigantes IRE See Map 8 G4 Brigetio HUN See Map 20 C2 Britannia OCD ; Britain, Roman § Albion C4 Britannicum Mare R English Channel TIR Condate 47 E2 Byrsted R DEN RGermAlt 4; Lund Hansen 1987, 405

B2 UKG See Map 9 C3 Calleva UKG See Map 8 G4 Carnuntum AUS See Map 13 F4 Castra Regina GER See Map 12 E3 Castra Vetera GER See Map 11 D4 Cenabum FRA See Map 14 E2 Chersonesos Kimbrike R DEN / GER Strabo 7.292; RE 12; RGermAlt Entdeckungsgeschichte H2 Chesinos fl. R LAT Ptol. 3.5.1; Kolendo 1992 H3 Chronos fl. R Pregolya RUS Ptol. 3.5.1; RGermAlt; Kolendo 1992 G3 Ciepłe RL formerly Warmhof POL Schmidt 1902; Wielowiejski 1985, 267 (no. 78) E3 Codanus Sinus? See Map 10 E4 Col. Augusta Treverorum GER See Map 11 D3 Col. Camulodunum UKG See Map 8 E3 Col. Claudia Ara GER See Map 11 Agrippinensium C3 Col. Glevum UKG See Map 8 C3 Col. Lindum UKG See Map 8 E3 Col. Ulpia Traiana GER See Map 11 C4 Condate Redonum FRA See Map 7

B3 ‘Dabrona’ fl. R Lee IRE Ptol. 2.2.5; O’Rahilly 1946, 4 F3 Damme R GER CRFEB 83 F2 Dani L DEN / SWE Iordanes, Getica 23; RGermAlt 5, 175-76 F4 Danuvius fl. See Map 23 G3 Dębczyno RL POL Machajewski 1992; 1993, 13-61 C3 Deva UKG See Map 8 20 MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

Douekaledonios Okeanos = Hyperboreios Okeanos G4 Duriafl. SVK SeeMap20 D4 Durocortorum FRA See Map 11 B2 Dytikos Okeanos R Ptol. 7.5.2; 8.13.2

C3 Eburacum UKG See Map 9 G2 Eketorp L SWE Näsman 1984; 1989 G2 Enekrogen, R DEN Klindt-Jensen 1978; Lund Kannikegård, Hansen 1987, 418 Slamrebjerg, Slusegård B3 Erdinoi R IRE / UKG Ptol. 2.2.4 § Erpeditanoi

F1 Farmen RL NOR Lund Hansen 1987, 432 E3 Flevum L. NET See Map 10 D3 Fretum Gallicum See Map 8 E3 GER / NET See Map 10 G3 Frombork, L formerly Frauenburg POL Peiser 1914; Bolin 1922, 207-208; Młoteczno, Bott 1976 Trąbki Małe

H3 Galindai RL POL Ptol. 3.5.9; Kolendo 1984; Nowakowski 1995 C4 Gallia FRA See Map 1 B3 Ganganoi R IRE Ptol. 2.2.4 G3 Gepidi? RL POL Iordanes, Getica 96; Wolfram 1990, 49, 97; Bierbrauer 1994, 72, 96-98 E3 HRL RESuppl.3Germani3;RGermAlt 7, 357-62, 370-72, 374-89 §Barbaricum Sarnowski 1991 D2 Germanicum Mare R North Sea Ptol. 2.3.4; KlPauly Nordsee G2 Gödåker R SWE Lund Hansen 1987, 443 G3 Gorszewice APOL Pieczyński 1953 G3 Gothi POL See Map 13 G3 R POL Iordanes, Getica 26, 95; Wolfram 1990, 33, 47-52, 381 (n. 36) G3 Gronowo R formerly Gross-Grünow Wołągiewicz 1976; POL Wielowiejski 1985, 272-73, 304 G3 Grudziądz-Rządz HR formerly Rondsen POL Anger 1890; Hachmann 1972; Wielowiejski 1985, 254, 306 F2 Gudme DEN See Map 10 E2 Gundestrup H DEN Klindt-Jensen 1961; Kaul 1991 F3 Gustow GER See Map 10

E3 Haltern GER See Map 11 E3 Hanau GER See Map 12 G2 Havor RL SWE Lund Hansen 1987, 446-47 E2 Hedegård R DEN Madsen 1992 G2 Helgö L SWE Holmquist 1961 C4 Herios fl. FRA See Map 14 F2 ? DEN / SWE See Map 10 B3 Hibernia Ireland IRE / UKG LAGPW Ireland F3 Hohendorf L GER Eggers 1951, 105 (no. 678); Laser 1982, 53 B1 Hyperboreios/ RL North Atlantic TIR BritSep 59 Douekaledonios Okeanos

D4 Icauna fl. FRA See Map 11 E2 Illerup Ådal R DEN Ilkjær 1990 B3 Iouernikos Okeanos R Irish Sea Ptol. 2.3.2; TIR BritSep 45 § Hibernikos Okeanos MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA 21

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

B3 Iouernoi R IRE Ptol. 2.2.6; O’Rahilly 1946, 9 D4 Isara fl. FRA See Map 11 C3 Isca UKG See Map 8 E2 [Iutae] RL DEN Schmidt 1938, 118; Bierbrauer 1994, 72-74 F4 Iuvavum AUS See Map 19 F4 Ivarus? fl. See Map 12

F3 Kablow R GER CRFEB 31-33 E3 Kalkriese GER See Map 10 G2 Känne R Stavgard SWE Lund Hansen 1987, 446 Kannikegård = Enekrogen H2 Karbones R LAT / LIT Ptol. 3.4.10; Kolendo 1992 G3 L formerly Körlin POL Żak 1962, 49-51; Machajewski 1984, 79 G4 Karpates Oros See Map 1 B3 Kaukoi R IRE TIR BritSep 21 F2 Kirkebakkegård R DEN Lund Hansen 1987, 409 F3 Klein Köris RL GER CRFEB 33-36; Gustavs 1994 G3 Konarzew L POL Petersen 1939, 74 H3 Kotelnikovo R formerly Warengen RUS Peiser 1919; Nowakowski 1996 H3 Kovrovo R formerly Dollkeim RUS Bolin 1922, 211; Nowakowski 1996 G3 Krosno, R formerly Crossen POL Blume 1912; Eggers 1964; Połowite, Wielowiejski 1985, 270, 297; Weklice Andrzejowski 1987; Okulicz 1989; Okulicz-Kozaryn 1992 G3 Krusza Zamkowa R POL Cofta-Broniewska 1979 G1 Kungsgården R SWE Lund Hansen 1987, 452 H2 Kurmaičiai R LIT Kulikauskas 1968; Michelbertas 1972, 115 (no. 26)

G3 Lachmirowice R POL Zielonka 1953; Wielowiejski 1985, 259, 300 F4 Lauriacum AUS See Map 12 G3 Łęg Piekarski RPOL Jażdżewski 1981; Wielowiejski 1985, 257, 306 G3 Leśno R POL Wielowiejski 1985, 269, 271; Walenta 1992 F3 Lemovii? R GER Tac., Germ. 44; Schmidt 1934, 118; Bierbrauer 1994, 72-74 F4 Licca fl. AUS / GER See Map 12 F2 Lilla Jored R SWE Lund Hansen 1987, 450 G2 Lilla Sojvide R SWE Lund Hansen 1987, 448-49 D3 Litus Saxonicum BGM / NET See Map 11 B3 Logia fl. UKG See Map 9 C3 Londinium UKG See Map 8 G3 Łubiana LPOL Mączyńska 1994 G3 Lubieszewo R formerly Ladekopp, Blume 1912; Wielowiejski 1985, 272, 297 E Vistula fl. POL G3 Lubieszewo R formerly Lübsow POL Eggers 1950; Wielowiejski 1985, 257, 304 G3 R Tac., Germ. 43.2; RE; TIR CastReg 53-54; Bierbrauer 1994, 72-73 C3 Luguvalium UKG See Map 9 E2 Lunde RL NOR Lund Hansen 1987, 436 E3 Lupia fl. GER See Map 11

Machary = Babięta B3 ‘Magnatai’ R IRE Ptol. 2.2.4 §Nagnatai G3 Malbork-Wielbark RL POL Schindler 1940; Andrzejowski 1996 F3 CZE / GER See Map 12 F4 Marktbreit GER See Map 12 G4 Marus fl. See Map 13 D4 Matrona fl. FRA See Map 11 C4 Meduana? fl. FRA See Map 14 Młoteczno = Frombork 22 MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

E4 Moenus fl. GER See Map 11 E3 Mogontiacum GER See Map 11 Mojtyny = Babięta H3 Morshanskoe R formerly Schreitlacken Bolin 1922, 217-18 RUS E3 Mosa fl. See Map 11 E4 Mosella fl. FRA / GER See Map 11 G3 Mrzezino L formerly Bresin POL Bolin 1926 (102)

B3 Navan UKG See Map 9 H3 Netta L POL Okulicz 1955; Kaczyński 1991 E4 Nicer fl. GER See Map 11 E3 Novaesium GER See Map 11 E3 Noviomagus NET See Map 10 F2 Nyrup L DEN Lund Hansen 1987, 410

E3 Oberaden GER See Map 11 G3 Odry RPOL Kmieciński 1968 C2 Orcades Inss. UKG See Map 9 F2 Öremölla R SWE Lund Hansen 1987, 449 H2 Osioi? R LIT Ptol. 3.5.10; Kolendo 1984; Nowakowski 1992 G3 Ouenedikos Kolpos R Ptol. 3.5.1-10; Kolendo 1984 B3 Ouenniknioi R IRE Ptol. 2.2.2; TIR BritSep 78; Mac an Bhaird 1993, 3 B3 Ouergionios Okeanos See Map 8 G3 Ouiadoua? fl. R TIR CastReg 85 F4 Ovilava AUS See Map 12 F1 Øvre Stabu R NOR Shetelig 1914

Palanga = Aukštakiemiai H4 Pathissus fl. See Map 21 G3 Piła R formerly Schneidemühl Wefels 1921; Bursche 1996, 216-17 (no. 11) POL Połowite = Krosno H3 Povarovka R formerly Kirpehnen RUS Bolin 1922, 214; Nowakowski 1996, 150 (no. 38) D3 Praetorium Agrippinae NET See Map 10 G3 Pruszcz Gdański RL formerly Praust POL Pietrzak 1988; 1996

G4 CZE / SVK See Map 13

F4 See Map 19 E3 Rhenus fl. See Map 11 H2 Roudon fl. R Neman LIT Ptol. 3.5.1; Kolendo 1992

D3 Sabis? fl. See Map 11 C3 Sabrina fl. UKG See Map 8 F3 Salas? fl. GER See Map 12 D3 Samara fl. See Map 11 D4 Samarobriva Ambianorum FRA See Map 11 H2 Sargenai R LIT Puzinas 1950, 193; Nowakowski 1983, 64-65 (no. 40) G2 Sarmaticus Oceanus R Ptol. 3.5.1; RE Ostsee E1 Scadinavia/ L NOR / SWE Iordanes, Getica 16-25, 94, 121; Svennung 1963; 1967; 1974; Alonso-Nuñez 1988 D3 Scaldis fl. BGM / NET See Map 11 Scandza = Scadinavia G4 Scarbantia HUN See Map 20 F2 Sejlflod R DEN Lund Hansen 1987, 427 B3 Senos fl. R Shannon estuary IRE Ptol. 2.2.3; O’Rahilly 1946, 4; Mac an Bhaird 1993, 4 MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA 23

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

D4 Sequana fl. FRA See Map 11 Šernai = Aukštakiemiai G2 Sindarve R SWE Lind 1981, 53-69 H2 Sitones? R EST Tac., Germ. 45; Svennung 1963; Pekkanen 1968, 59-117; Kolendo 1996 G2 Skedemosse R SWE Hagberg 1967 Slamrebjerg = Enekrogen Slusegård = Enekrogen F2 Smørenge L DEN Kromann 1984 E2 Snartemo L NOR Hougen 1935 G2 Soldatergård L DEN Fagerlie 1967, 211 (no. 219) G2 Sörby-Störlinge R SWE Lund Hansen 1987, 444-45; Sjöberg 1987, 418-33 G2 Sorte Muld RL DEN Watt 1991 H3 Soudinoi RL LIT Ptol. 3.5.9; Nowakowski 1992, 229; 1995, 85 B3 Stoneyford R IRE Bourke 1989 E2 Store Kongshøj R DEN Lund Hansen 1987, 427 F2 Store-Dal R NOR Petersen 1916; Lund Hansen 1987, 431 F3 See Map 10 F3 Suebicum Mare R Baltic Sea Tac., Germ. 45 F2 Suiones? R SWE Tac., Germ. 44; Malone 1925; Alonso-Nuñez 1988 H3 Szwajcaria L POL Antoniewicz 1958; 1963

C3 Tamesis fl. UKG See Map 8 B3 Tara IRE See Map 8 C1 ? Inss. R UKG Svennung 1974, 7-9; OCD H2 Tourountes? fl. R LAT Ptol. 3.5.1; Kolendo 1992 Trąbki Małe = Frombork C3 Trisantona fl. UKG See Map 8 G2 Tuna R SWE Lund Hansen 1987, 451

F3 (Ulme) GER See Map 10 Ulpia Traiana = Col. Ulpia Traiana

G2 Vallhagar L SWE Stenberger 1955 G3 Vandali RL POL Pliny, NH 4.99; Schmidt 1942; Bierbrauer 1994, 72-73 H3 Venedi R RUS Ptol. 3.5.7-9; Kolendo 1984; Nowakowski 1990, 384, 392-402; 1992 G3 Vidivarii L POL Iordanes, Getica 96; Wolfram 1990, 33, 49, 97, 326; Bierbrauer 1994, 97 G4 Vindobona AUS See Map 13 C3 *Viroconium UKG See Map 8 G3 Vistula fl. HRL Wisła / San POL Pliny, NH 4.100; Ptol. 3.5.1, 8; RE E3 Visurgis? fl. GER See Map 10 E2 Vrangstrup R DEN Lund Hansen 1987, 428

G3 Węsiory RPOL Kmieciński 1966 Weklice = Krosno G3 Wesółki HR POL Dąbrowska 1967 F3 Wilhelmsaue R GER CRFEB 79-82 F3 Witaszkowo H formerly Veterssfelde Bukowski 1977 POL H3 Wyszembork R POL Nowakowski 1995

H3 Zgliczyn-Pobodzy R POL Wielowiejski 1985, 255, 288 24 MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA

Walls

Grid Name / Location Period Reference

C2 so-called “Antonine Wall” See Map 9 C3 so-called “’s Wall” See Map 9

Unlocated Toponyms (See also Maps 8 and 9)

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Ausoba R W coast Ireland Ptol. 2.2.3

Boreion Akron R NW Ireland Ptol. 2.2.1

Dour fl. R SW Ireland Ptol. 2.2.3

Iernos fl. R SW Ireland Ptol. 2.2.3 Iouernis R near Iouernioi? IRE Ptol. 2.2.9

Libnios fl. R W Ireland Ptol. 2.2.3 Luceni L near Shannon IRE Orosius 1.2

Magnata R near Nagnatai IRE Ptol. 2.2.3 Makolikon R W Ireland Ptol. 2.2.9

Notion Akron R SW Ireland Ptol. 2.2.3

Ouellaboroi/ RL near Shannon IRE Ptol. 2.2.4; Orosius 1.2; O’Rahilly 1946, 9 Velabri Ouenniknion Akron R N Ireland Ptol. 2.2.1 Ousdiai R S Ireland Ptol. 2.2.6

Raiba R near Lough Ree? IRE Ptol. 2.2.9 Raouios fl. R NW Ireland Ptol. 2.2.3 Regia R central Ireland Ptol. 2.2.9

Velabri = Ouellaboroi

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