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Marriage and Alliance in the Merovingian Kingdoms, 481-639

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Marriage and Alliance in the Merovingian Kingdoms, 481-639 MARRIAGE AND ALLIANCE IN THE MEROVINGIAN KINGDOMS, 481-639 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Ryan Patrick Crisp, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2003 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Joseph H. Lynch, Adviser Professor Barbara A. Hanawalt _______________________ Adviser Professor Frank T. Coulson History Department ABSTRACT The sources for studying the early Middle Ages make it clear that many saw kinship, both by blood and marriage, as an important and meaningful connection to others which should regulate one’s behavior. In examining more closely the history of the relations between kinsmen, however, it becomes quite evident that theory did not always meet practice. In fact, while no one necessarily denied the demands of kinship, other considerations often took precedence. What resulted was as much bloodshed and animosity between kinsmen as cooperation, and nowhere is this made more clear than in the Merovingian Frankish kingdoms of the sixth century. An explanation of the meaning, motives and practical implications of the kinship connections of the Merovingians, both those by blood and those made through marriage to other royal families, is rooted in the particular nature of the Merovingian kingdoms and Frankish kingship. For most of the sixth century, there was more than one ruling Frankish king at a time. This created a situation, therefore, where the resources of the Frankish kingdom were divided among multiple kings. These kings, who were also close kinsmen, fought with each other, both directly and indirectly, for control over a greater portion of the wealth, land, and leudes (sworn followers) of the kingdom. ii This dissertation offers a narrative interpretation of Merovingian history from the reign of Clovis I (r. 481-511) through the reign of Dagobert I (r. 629-639). The narrative focuses on the competitive nature of the Merovingian kingdoms and the role that foreign marriages could play in that competition. The Merovingians made alliances without reference to kinship when they needed military or political support, or sought opportunities for plunder and expansion. Good relations with their neighbors could lead to a marriage between them, but marriage was not the precursor to peace and cooperation. Rather, marriage with prestigious foreign kings, princes and princesses served to enhance the royal status of the Merovingians. This is why discussions of the foreign marriages of the Merovingians in the sources reveal a strong emphasis on wealth, status, royal blood, character and beauty rather than alliances, treaties, and peace. iii Dedicated to my wife, Elizabeth iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my adviser, Dr. Joseph Lynch, for all of his advice and support over my entire graduate career, and especially on this dissertation. One could not ask for a better adviser. I thank Dr. Hanawalt for her insightful comments, particularly on the Introduction, which helped me to focus and clarify my argument. I thank Dr. Coulson for agreeing to serve on my committee on such short notice, and then for his thoughtful comments on the draft. I thank Dave Defries for all of our stimulating discussions about my dissertation, and for reading early drafts of some chapters. His thoughts led me down paths of thought I would not have otherwise taken. I am grateful to Dr. Martin Heinzelmann for meeting with me at the Deutsche Institute in Paris, and for informing me about the existence of a concordance of Gregory of Tours. v VITA December 28, 1973 . Born - Phoenix, Arizona 1997 . B.A. History, Brigham Young University 1999 . M.A. History, The Ohio State University 1997 - present . Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Medieval History vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ii Dedication ......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. v Vita .................................................................................................................................... vi Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... x Chapters: 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Frankish Kingship and Rivalry .............................................................................. 3 The Expectations of Kinship .................................................................................10 Considerations in Marriage .................................................................................. 24 Family ...................................................................................................... 25 Wealth ...................................................................................................... 29 Beauty ...................................................................................................... 31 Character .................................................................................................. 31 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 32 2. The Reign of Clovis, 481-511 ..................................................................................... 37 Syagrius ................................................................................................................ 39 Frankish Rivals .................................................................................................... 41 Audofleda and Theodoric the Great ..................................................................... 48 Clovis and Clotild ................................................................................................ 58 The Burgundian Civil War ................................................................................... 71 Alamans ............................................................................................................... 74 The Battle of Vouillé ........................................................................................... 77 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 83 vii 3. The Heirs of Clovis, 511-561 ..................................................................................... 85 Inheritance ............................................................................................................ 86 The Marriages of Clovis’ Heirs ........................................................................... 88 The Burgundian Campaigns ................................................................................. 91 Thuringian War .................................................................................................... 97 Clotild the Younger and Amalaric ....................................................................... 99 The Final Conquest of Burgundy ....................................................................... 109 Theudebert ......................................................................................................... 113 Theudebert and Wisigard ................................................................................... 117 Chlothar I and Radegund ................................................................................... 123 Theudechild and Hermegisclus .......................................................................... 127 Theudebald and Wuldetrada .............................................................................. 135 Childebert vs. Chlothar ...................................................................................... 138 Chlothsinda and Alboin ..................................................................................... 141 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 143 4. The Heirs of Chlothar I, 561-592 .............................................................................. 146 Inheritance .......................................................................................................... 147 Sigibert I and Brunichild .................................................................................... 154 Chilperic and Galsuintha .................................................................................... 161 Chilperic vs. Sigibert vs. Gunthramnn ............................................................... 167 Gunthramn vs. Chilperic vs. Childebert ........................................................... 174 Ingund and Hermenegild .................................................................................... 180 Rigunth and Reccared ........................................................................................ 185 Childebert Rex ................................................................................................... 195 Chlodosind’s Engagements ................................................................................ 199 Bertha and Aethelbert .......................................................................................
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