DOCSLIB.ORG

The Haiti Case Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Haiti Case Study THE HAITI CASE STUDY Working Paper of the collaborative NATO-Harvard project: TOWARDS A COMPREHENSIVE RESPONSE TO HEALTH SYSTEM STRENGTHENING HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL IN CRISIS-AFFECTED FRAGILE STATES NATO JOINT ANALYSIS AND DEPARTMENT OF GLOBAL HEALTH LESSONS LEARNED CENTRE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE 1 HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL NATO JOINT ANALYSIS AND DEPARTMENT OF GLOBAL HEALTH LESSONS LEARNED CENTRE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE THE HAITI CASE STUDY Working Paper of the collaborative NATO-Harvard project: Towards a Comprehensive Response to Health System Strengthening in Crisis-affected Fragile States This project was conducted jointly by researchers from Harvard Mecical School – Department of Global Health and Social Medicine and analysts from NATO’s Joint Analysis and Lessons Learned Centre under the sponsorship of NATO’s Allied Command Transformation. Additional funding for this case study was provided by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. © 2012, Harvard University and NATO Cover art by CDR Monica Allen Perin, US Navy artist with the Navy History and Heritage Command executed on commission for JALLC as US Navy reserve support to NATO © 2012 US Navy All rights are reserved. Images may not be reproduced without the permission of JALLC and the US Navy History and Heritage Command i THE HAITI CASE STUDY 27 June 2012 FOREWORD A joint study team from NATO's Joint Analysis and Lessons Learned Centre, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Humanitarian Initiative is engaged in an ongoing study project to infer elements of a strategic framework for health system strengthening in crisis-affected fragile states. The joint study team has adopted a multi-case study approach, and it is with great pleasure that we release this working paper documenting the findings from the subject of the first case study: Haiti after the January 2010 earthquake. The paper addresses four key themes: the impact of the earthquake and the subsequent cholera epidemic on Haiti's health system; security community participation in health system recovery and reconstruction; coordination mechanisms that facilitated or directed the security community's involvement; and the information generating and sharing mechanisms that allowed the security community to best participate in health system strengthening. Investigations into these four themes were focussed through the use of the three narratives given in the Annexes to this paper. The outcome of this first case study is a number of key takeaways and food for thought which will inform the research being undertaken by the joint project team as it carries out the subsequent case studies. We trust that this working paper is informative and we look forward to releasing the papers on the future case studies and the final report detailing the overall project findings and Vanessa Bradford Kerry, MD MSc Director of Global Public Policy and Social Change, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PROJECT TEAM Dr. Vanessa Bradford Kerry Cdr. Dr. Christian Haggenmiller Harvard Medical School, German Navy, NATO – JALLC Department of Global Health and Social Medicine Dr. Margaret Bourdeaux Cdr. Luigi Ceppodomo Division of Global Health Equity Brigham and Italian Navy, NATO – JALLC Women’s Hospital Mr. John Crowley LtCdr Andre Thouvenel Harvard Humanitarian Initiative French Navy, NATO – JALLC Capt. Brad Holt, US Navy NATO – Allied Command Transformation CUSTOMER REPRESENTATIVE NATO HQ Supreme Allied Commander Transformation Capability Development Joint Deployment and Sustainment, Medical Branch Col. Toby Rowland, British Army and Col. Dr. Valerie Denux, French Military Health Service ADVISORY BOARD H.E. Ambassador Michel Rentenaar, NATO – Civilian Advisor to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe Rear Adm. Bruce Doll, US Navy, NATO – Medical Advisor to the Supreme Allied Commander Transformation Brig. Gen. Peter Sonneby, Royal Danish Air Force, NATO – Commander JALLC Col. Karlheinz Nickel, German Air Force, NATO – JALLC Prof. Michael Reich, Harvard School of Public Health – Taro Takemi Professor of International Health Policy Dr. Jennifer Leaning, Harvard School of Public Health – Director, FXB Center for Health and Human Rights Dr. Michael Vanrooyen, Director – Harvard Humanitarian Initiative Dr. Frederick Burkle, Senior Fellow – Harvard Humanitarian Initiative Dr. Stewart Patrick, Council on Foreign Relations – Senior Fellow and Director of the International Institutions and Global Governance Program Dr. Stephen Morrison, Center for Strategic and International Studies – Director of the Center on Global Health Policy iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY An effective comprehensive response to health system strengthening in crisis-affected fragile states demands coherent action by all participating actors. A particularly complex challenge in this regard is coordinating the desired outcomes and the required actions of the humanitarian & development and security communities. A joint team from NATO's Joint Analysis and Lessons Learned Centre and Harvard Medical School is engaged in a study with the overarching aim to infer elements of a strategic framework for health system strengthening in crisis-affected fragile states focusing on optimal use of all global contributions. The approach adopted by the team to meet this aim relies predominantly on case study research. This report documents the results from investigation of the first case study: Haiti. Haiti met all three criteria established for case study selection: it is a fragile state whose health system was threatened by a major earthquake followed by a major cholera outbreak; there was a global crisis response directed towards health system strengthening; and a multinational military force with a peace-keeping/peace-building or stabilization mandate was present. Four key themes are developed: the impact of the earthquake and the subsequent cholera epidemic on Haiti’s health system; security community participation in health system recovery and reconstruction; coordination mechanisms that facilitated or directed the security community’s involvement; and the information generating and sharing mechanisms that allowed the security community to best participate in health system strengthening. Investigations into these four themes were focussed through the use of the three narratives given in the Annexes to this paper. FINDINGS The Haitian government lost significant assets—personnel, infrastructure, communications, records and administrative systems—at a time when their citizens were in the greatest peril and counting on them the most. Additionally, the aid community, including the UN peacekeeping mission MINUSTAH, UN agencies, and aid organizations were also severely affected by the earthquake and were unable to offer robust support of the Haitian state. Nations responded principally by deploying military assets including logistics, security escorts, rubble clearance, engineering services, and tertiary care, all of which contributed significantly to the overall effort of the international community in responding to the earthquake; the US was the largest bilateral responder. A coordination architecture for the whole response existed at the strategic level (High Level Coordination Committee), the operational level (Coordination Support Committee), and at the tactical level (UN sector-based cluster system). The key military tactical level coordination mechanism was the Joint Operations and Tasking Center, formed by UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, MINUSTAH and other key partners, to orchestrate the use of military assets for relief purposes. The US military created the Humanitarian Assistance Coordination Centre to interface with the Coordination Support Committee and the Joint Operations and Tasking Centre. Coordination among donor nations, the government of Haiti, UN agencies, militaries and relief agencies was a complex web. Personal relationships and friendships among leaders of response entities were instrumental in facilitating coordination mechanisms. iv During both the earthquake and the cholera responses, there were difficulties and missed opportunities in processing and sharing important situation awareness information among all actors, despite considerable efforts to do so. However, new ways and means of collecting, processing and visualizing data—for example, social media, cell phone tracking data, Geographic Information Systems, etc.—show significant potential to improve shared situation awareness. All of the above lead to the overarching finding from this case study: coordination mechanisms and institutional arrangements necessary to undertake a disaster response of this size and magnitude remain underdeveloped and inefficient. TAKEAWAYS As this report represents the first in a series of case studies, no specific recommendations are made. But three takeaways have been identified for consideration by global crisis responders to develop future frameworks for strengthening state health systems: • In an overwhelming, chaotic, disaster situation the security community might be an appropriate contributor to strengthen some elements of the health system: securing the supply chain; contributing to the health service delivery in providing surge secondary and tertiary care to assist health organizations regain their pre-crisis levels of functioning; supporting local and international leadership by providing security to health stakeholders. • Coordination among the key actors from the humanitarian and security
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Slum Clearance in Havana in an Age of Revolution, 1930-65
    SLEEPING ON THE ASHES: SLUM CLEARANCE IN HAVANA IN AN AGE OF REVOLUTION, 1930-65 by Jesse Lewis Horst Bachelor of Arts, St. Olaf College, 2006 Master of Arts, University of Pittsburgh, 2012 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2016 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS & SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Jesse Horst It was defended on July 28, 2016 and approved by Scott Morgenstern, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science Edward Muller, Professor, Department of History Lara Putnam, Professor and Chair, Department of History Co-Chair: George Reid Andrews, Distinguished Professor, Department of History Co-Chair: Alejandro de la Fuente, Robert Woods Bliss Professor of Latin American History and Economics, Department of History, Harvard University ii Copyright © by Jesse Horst 2016 iii SLEEPING ON THE ASHES: SLUM CLEARANCE IN HAVANA IN AN AGE OF REVOLUTION, 1930-65 Jesse Horst, M.A., PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2016 This dissertation examines the relationship between poor, informally housed communities and the state in Havana, Cuba, from 1930 to 1965, before and after the first socialist revolution in the Western Hemisphere. It challenges the notion of a “great divide” between Republic and Revolution by tracing contentious interactions between technocrats, politicians, and financial elites on one hand, and mobilized, mostly-Afro-descended tenants and shantytown residents on the other hand. The dynamics of housing inequality in Havana not only reflected existing socio- racial hierarchies but also produced and reconfigured them in ways that have not been systematically researched.
    [Show full text]
  • Haiti: Developments and U.S. Policy Since 1991 and Current Congressional Concerns
    Order Code RL32294 Haiti: Developments and U.S. Policy Since 1991 and Current Congressional Concerns Updated January 25, 2008 Maureen Taft-Morales Specialist in Latin American Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Clare Ribando Seelke Analyst in Latin American Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Haiti: Developments and U.S. Policy Since 1991 and Current Congressional Concerns Summary Following the first free and fair elections in Haiti’s history, Jean-Bertrand Aristide first became Haitian President in February 1991. He was overthrown by a military coup in September 1991. For over three years, the military regime resisted international demands that Aristide be restored to office. In September 1994, after a U.S. military intervention had been launched, the military regime agreed to Aristide’s return, the immediate, unopposed entry of U.S. troops, and the resignation of its leadership. President Aristide returned to Haiti in October 1994 under the protection of some 20,000 U.S. troops, and disbanded the Haitian army. U.S. aid helped train a civilian police force. Subsequently, critics charged Aristide with politicizing that force and engaging in corrupt practices. Elections held under Aristide and his successor, René Préval (1996-2000), including the one in which Aristide was reelected in 2000, were marred by alleged irregularities, low voter turnout, and opposition boycotts. Efforts to negotiate a resolution to the electoral dispute frustrated the international community for years. Tension and violence continued throughout Aristide’s second term, culminating in his departure from office in February 2004, after the opposition repeatedly refused to negotiate a political solution and armed groups took control of half the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade, War and Empire: British Merchants in Cuba, 1762-17961
    Nikolaus Böttcher Trade, War and Empire: British Merchants in Cuba, 1762-17961 In the late afternoon of 4 March 1762 the British war fleet left the port of Spithead near Portsmouth with the order to attack and conquer “the Havanah”, Spain’s main port in the Caribbean. The decision for the conquest was taken after the new Spanish King, Charles III, had signed the Bourbon family pact with France in the summer of 1761. George III declared war on Spain on 2 January of the following year. The initiative for the campaign against Havana had been promoted by the British Prime Minister William Pitt, the idea, however, was not new. During the “long eighteenth century” from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the Napoleonic era Great Britain was in war during 87 out of 127 years. Europe’s history stood under the sign of Britain’s aggres­ sion and determined struggle for hegemony. The main enemy was France, but Spain became her major ally, after the Bourbons had obtained the Spanish Crown in the War of the Spanish Succession. It was in this period, that America became an arena for the conflict between Spain, France and England for the political leadership in Europe and economic predominance in the colonial markets. In this conflict, Cuba played a decisive role due to its geographic location and commercial significance. To the Spaniards, the island was the “key of the Indies”, which served as the entry to their mainland colonies with their rich resources of precious metals and as the meeting-point for the Spanish homeward-bound fleet.
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Haiti
    Coor din ates: 1 9 °00′N 7 2 °2 5 ′W Haiti Haiti (/ heɪti/ ( listen); French: Haïti [a.iti]; Haitian ˈ Republic of Haiti Creole: Ayiti [ajiti]), officially the Republic of Haiti (French: République d'Haïti; Haitian Creole: Repiblik République d'Haïti (French) [8] [note 1] Ayiti) and formerly called Hayti, is a Repiblik Ayiti (Haitian Creole) sovereign state located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island, which it shares with the Dominican Republic.[11][12] Haiti is 27 ,7 50 square kilometres (10,7 14 sq mi) in Flag Coat of arms size and has an estimated 10.8 million people,[4] making it the most populous country in the Caribbean Motto: "Liberté, égalité, fraternité" (French)[1] Community (CARICOM) and the second-most "Libète, Egalite, Fratènite" (Haitian Creole) populous country in the Caribbean as a whole. The "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" region was originally inhabited by the indigenous Motto on traditional coat of arms: Taíno people. Spain landed on the island on 5 "L'union fait la force" (French) [2] December 1492 during the first voyage of Christopher "Inite se fòs" (Haitian Creole) Columbus across the Atlantic. When Columbus "Union makes strength" initially landed in Haiti, he had thought he had found Anthem: La Dessalinienne (French) [13] India or China. On Christmas Day 1492, Columbus' Desalinyèn (Haitian Creole) flagship the Santa Maria ran aground north of what is "The Dessalines Song" 0:00 MENU now Limonade.[14][15][16][17] As a consequence, Columbus ordered his men to salvage what they could from the ship, and he created the first European settlement in the Americas, naming it La Navidad after the day the ship was destroyed.
    [Show full text]
  • 'A Very Hell of Horrors'? the Haitian Revolution and the Early Transatlantic Haitian Gothic Raphael Hoermann Published Onlin
    Article ‘A Very Hell of Horrors’? The Haitian Revolution and the Early Transatlantic Haitian Gothic Hoermann, Raphael Available at http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/13535/ Hoermann, Raphael ORCID: 0000-0001-6156-8431 (2015) ‘A Very Hell of Horrors’? The Haitian Revolution and the Early Transatlantic Haitian Gothic. Slavery & Abolition: A journal of slave and post-slave studies, 37 (1). pp. 183- 205. ISSN 0144-039X It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2015.1086083 For more information about UCLan’s research in this area go to http://www.uclan.ac.uk/researchgroups/ and search for <name of research Group>. For information about Research generally at UCLan please go to http://www.uclan.ac.uk/research/ All outputs in CLoK are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including Copyright law. Copyright, IPR and Moral Rights for the works on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the policies page. CLoK Central Lancashire online Knowledge www.clok.uclan.ac.uk ‘A Very Hell of Horrors’? The Haitian Revolution and the Early Transatlantic Haitian Gothic Raphael Hoermann Ascription: Raphael Hoermann is the Marie Curie Intra-European Fellow at the Institute of Black Atlantic Research, School of Language, Literature and International Studies, University of Central Lancashire, Harrington 248, Preston PR1 2HE, U.K. Email: [email protected] Published online (24/9/2015) in Slavery & Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2015.1086083 1 Abstract: This article explores the Gothicisation of the Haitian Revolution in the transatlantic discourse during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Clearing the Road to Havana: Settling Legally Questionable Terrorism Judgments to Ensure Normalization of Relations Between the United States and Cuba
    \\jciprod01\productn\N\NYU\91-2\NYU206.txt unknown Seq: 1 28-APR-16 17:15 CLEARING THE ROAD TO HAVANA: SETTLING LEGALLY QUESTIONABLE TERRORISM JUDGMENTS TO ENSURE NORMALIZATION OF RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CUBA ANDREW LYUBARSKY* The Obama Administration has acted decisively to cure a long-standing wound the United States has inherited from the Cold War by seeking to normalize relations with Cuba. However, prospects for full normalization are currently impeded by over four billion dollars in judgments levied against Cuba by politically motivated state courts in Florida under the state sponsor of terrorism (SST) exception to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act. These judgments create a serious obstacle and impede Cuba and its companies from transferring any assets into the United States. Because these judgments purport to punish Cuba for acts occurring during and immediately after the Cuban Revolution and Cuba was only placed on the SST list in 1982 for supporting insurgent movements elsewhere in Latin America, the courts manifestly exceeded their subject matter jurisdiction in issuing them. Nevertheless, several federal courts have afforded them full faith and credit and begun to enforce them against Cuba’s existing assets in the United States. This Note therefore argues that the President can and should exercise his power to espouse and settle international claims to resolve these judgments pursuant to a sole executive agreement, whether or not he is able to secure congressional acquiescence for his actions. In doing so, the President can lean on a long record of historical practice affirmed repeatedly by the Supreme Court and buttressed by recent settle- ments of terrorism claims with Iraq and Libya.
    [Show full text]
  • Action Plan in Haiti
    Action plan for national recovery and development of Haiti Table of contents Action Plan for National Recovery and Development of Haiti PREFACE .................................................................................................3 1. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................5 2. THE SITUATION: PDNA SUMMARY .............................................................6 2.1 The disaster and its impacts ...........................................................................6 2.2 Damage, losses and requirements .....................................................................7 3. VISION AND APPROACH FOR HAITI’S REBUILDING ........................................8 4. IMMEDIATE ACTIONS FOR THE FUTURE ..................................................... 10 4.1 TERRITORIAL REBUILDING ................................................................... 12 4.1.1 Reconstruction of devastated zones ............................................................12 4.1.2 National transport network ........................................................................13 4.1.3 Preparation for the hurricane season and disaster risk management ..................15 4.1.4 Regional development centres and urban renovation ......................................16 4.1.5 National planning and local development .....................................................18 4.1.6 Watershed management .............................................................................19 4.2 ECONOMIC
    [Show full text]
  • Haiti: the Relationship Between Political Instability and Post-Disaster Response Ashly Brun Clark University, [email protected]
    Clark University Clark Digital Commons International Development, Community and Master’s Papers Environment (IDCE) 3-2018 Haiti: The Relationship Between Political Instability and Post-Disaster Response Ashly Brun Clark University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.clarku.edu/idce_masters_papers Part of the History Commons, and the Latin American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Brun, Ashly, "Haiti: The Relationship Between Political Instability and Post-Disaster Response" (2018). International Development, Community and Environment (IDCE). 197. https://commons.clarku.edu/idce_masters_papers/197 This Research Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Master’s Papers at Clark Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Development, Community and Environment (IDCE) by an authorized administrator of Clark Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Brun 1 Haiti: The Relationship Between Political Instability and Post-Disaster Response Submitted by Ashly Brun March 2018 A Masters paper Submitted to the faculty of the International Development and Social Change Department of Clark University, Worcester Massachusetts In fulfillment of the requirements for the International Development and Social Change Accelerated B.A. / M.A. program And accepted on the recommendation of professor Anita Fabos, Ph.D., Chief instructor Brun 2 Table of Contents Abstract .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Decisions Adopted by the World Heritage Committee at Its 37Th Session (Phnom Penh, 2013)
    World Heritage 37 COM WHC-13/37.COM/20 Paris, 5 July 2013 Original: English / French UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE World Heritage Committee Thirty-seventh session Phnom Penh, Cambodia 16 - 27 June 2013 DECISIONS ADOPTED BY THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE AT ITS 37TH SESSION (PHNOM PENH, 2013) Table of content 2. Requests for Observer status ................................................................................ 3 3A. Provisional Agenda of the 37th session of the World Heritage Committee (Phnom Penh, 2013) ......................................................................................................... 3 3B. Provisional Timetable of the 37th session of the World Heritage Committee (Phnom Penh, 2013) ......................................................................................................... 3 5A. Report of the World Heritage Centre on its activities and the implementation of the World Heritage Committee’s Decisions ................................................................... 4 5B. Reports of the Advisory Bodies ................................................................................. 5 5C. Summary and Follow-up of the Director General’s meeting on “The World Heritage Convention: Thinking Ahead” (UNESCO HQs, 2-3 October 2012) ............................. 5 5D. Revised PACT Initiative Strategy............................................................................ 6 5E. Report on
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Haiti, 'Failed Justice Or Rule of Law?'
    ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS OEA/Ser/L/V/II.123 doc.6 rev 1 26 October 2005 Original: English HAITI: FAILED JUSTICE OR THE RULE OF LAW? CHALLENGES AHEAD FOR HAITI AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY GENERAL SECRETARIAT ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES WASHINGTON D.C. 2006 2006 http://www.cidh.org OAS Cataloging-in-Publication Data Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Haiti: Failed Justice or the Rule of Law? Challenges Ahead for Haiti and the International Community 2005 / Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. p. ; cm. (OAS Official Records Series. OEA Ser.L/V/II.123) ISBN 0-8270-4927-7 1. Justice, Administration of--Haiti. 2. Human rights--Haiti. 3. Civil rights--Haiti. I. Title. II Series. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.123 (E) HAITI: FAILED JUSTICE OR THE RULE OF LAW? CHALLENGES AHEAD FOR HAITI AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................. v I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................5 II. BACKGROUND ..............................................................................6 A. Events in Haiti, 2003-2005 ..................................................6 B. Sources of Information in Preparing the Report ..................... 11 C. Processing and Approval of the Report................................. 14 III. ANALYSIS OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE IN HAITI ............ 17 A. Context for Analysis .......................................................... 17
    [Show full text]
  • The Afro-Portuguese Maritime World and The
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ETD - Electronic Theses & Dissertations THE AFRO-PORTUGUESE MARITIME WORLD AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF SPANISH CARIBBEAN SOCIETY, 1570-1640 By David Wheat Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree in DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History August, 2009 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Jane G. Landers Marshall C. Eakin Daniel H. Usner, Jr. David J. Wasserstein William R. Fowler Copyright © 2009 by John David Wheat All Rights Reserved For Sheila iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation could not have been completed without support from a variety of institutions over the past eight years. As a graduate student assistant for the preservation project “Ecclesiastical Sources for Slave Societies,” I traveled to Cuba twice, in Summer 2004 and in Spring 2005. In addition to digitizing late-sixteenth-century sacramental records housed in the Cathedral of Havana during these trips, I was fortunate to visit the Archivo Nacional de Cuba. The bulk of my dissertation research was conducted in Seville, Spain, primarily in the Archivo General de Indias, over a period of twenty months in 2005 and 2006. This extended research stay was made possible by three generous sources of funding: a Summer Research Award from Vanderbilt’s College of Arts and Sciences in 2005, a Fulbright-IIE fellowship for the academic year 2005-2006, and the Conference on Latin American History’s Lydia Cabrera Award for Cuban Historical Studies in Fall 2006. Vanderbilt’s Department of History contributed to my research in Seville by allowing me one semester of service-free funding.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Cubism and the Predatory State of Haiti
    TRAUMATIZED SOCIETIES: SOCIAL CUBISM AND THE PREDATORY STATE OF HAITI Karen Jenkins, M.A.* I. INTRODUCTION ..................................... 901 II. HAITI: AN OVERVIEW OF A TURBULENT HISTORY .......... 904 I. DEMOGRAPHICS: THE LAY OF THE LAND ................. 908 IV. THE PREDATORY STATE: POLITICAL STRUCTURES IN HAITI ... 910 V. ECONOMIC STRUCTURE: WILL IT EVER ADD UP? .......... 912 VI. PSYCHOCULTURAL FACTORS: CREATING A COHESIVE COMMUNITY ........................................ 914 VII. RELIGION IN HAITI: VOODOO OR CATHOLICISM- MUST THERE BE A CHOICE? . 917 VIH. CONCLUSION ....................................... 918 I. INTRODUCTION The end of the twentieth century has seen an increase in societies devastated and traumatized by mass violence. Traumatized societies develop when severe inter-ethnic conflicts cause drastic shared losses, humiliation by the enemy, and helplessness that prevents positive adaptation to the situation.' We see examples of this resulting from the genocide in Rwanda and Bosnia, the brutal militarism in Haiti, and the ongoing clashes between Palestinians and Israelis in the Middle East. While many of these societies no longer appear traumatized on the surface, these events may still affect societal processes.2 For more than 200 years, Haiti has suffered such traumas. Slavery and colonization, a succession of predatory dictatorships, and economic sanctions and international isolation continue to plague Haiti. In this post-Cold War setting, the daunting challenge for conflict resolution scholars and practitioners, government officials, and non-state actors is to develop multi-modal and multidimensional mechanisms for dealing with failed states and traumatized societies. This chapter will examine the effectiveness of social cubism as an analytical framework for dealing with the multifaceted conflict in Haiti. According to Byrne and Carter, studies of ethno-territorial politics typically examine political and economic structures, to emphasize the competing interests * Ph.D.
    [Show full text]