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Civil Society Promotion in Post-Communist Albania

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Civil Society Promotion in Post-Communist Albania Department of Political and Social Sciences Transnational Policies of Emancipation or Colonization? Civil society promotion in post-communist Albania Luisa Chiodi Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of Political and Social Sciences of the European University Institute Florence, April 2007 EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE Department of Political and Social Sciences Transnational Policies of Emancipation or Colonization?: civil society promotion in post-communist Albania Luisa Chiodi Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of Political and Social Sciences of the European University Institute Examining Board: Prof. Donatella Della Porta, (EUI Supervisor) Prof. Philippe Schmitter, EUI Prof. Stefano Bartolini, Università di Bologna Prof. Helena Flam, Universität Leipzig © 2007, Luisa Chiodi No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author Chiodi, Luisa (2007), Transnational Policies of Emancipation or Colonization?: civil society promotion in post-communist Albania European University Institute 10.2870/25233 Abstract The thesis discusses whether the western aid policy of Civil Society Promotion (CSP) in post- communist Albania constituted a policy of colonization with its direct penetration of the local public sphere or one of emancipation that pluralized the local and the international public spheres and created opportunities of transnational redistribution. It confronts the academic analysis of CSP with the debates emerged in the Albanian public sphere and looks at the reasons why the three different strands of denunciation of CSP as colonization identified (the problem of control, that of the technocracy and finally at the heuristic value of western categories) do not reflect the reception of the policy in the Albanian public sphere. The dissertation reconstructs the different phases of CSP’s policy making in Albania and discusses why, after the initial welcoming of the policy, its outcomes in terms of growth of local NGOs have been widely considered unsatisfactory. What emerged from my inquiry was that the main criticism towards CSP that was raised in the Albanian public sphere was that its real beneficiaries turned out to be local NGO representatives themselves while society at large did not really benefit from the foreign support in the field due to its standardized way of dealing with the recipient’s context. The thesis discusses the reformulation of the western policy making by local NGOs in connection to the post-communist troubled transformation. It confronts the different critiques to CSP with the efforts done by Albanian NGO to emerge and be recognized as civil society experts, civic innovators, and cultural mediators. The work concludes that CSP faces a circular problem: it requires a functioning local public sphere to be critically appropriated by the recipient public sphere but when it is mostly needed it is unlikely to work. 1 Chiodi, Luisa (2007), Transnational Policies of Emancipation or Colonization?: civil society promotion in post-communist Albania European University Institute 10.2870/25233 Acknowledgments The completion of this work would have been impossible without the help, the support, and the patience of several people that accompanied me through this long process. I would like to express my gratitude to: Philippe Schmitter who took case of me just like any of his students, encouraged me to finish my work and generously commented on its results; Donatella Della Porta who agreed to take me under her supervision well beyond every time limits and read hundreds of pages of a topic far from her academic interests; Jan Zielonka who was instrumental in the early stage of my work and respected my independence; Stefano Bianchini who gave me the occasion to regain in Bologna the self-confidence that I had totally lost in Florence; Helena Flam whose exacting and constructive comments helped me to improve my work to the extent possible. In my long years at the EUI, I benefited from the support from Maureen Lechleitner and Eva Breivik; I would also like to thank Nicky Owtram and Edurne Iraizoz for their language lessons and the cheerful time together. For their unconditional and unforgettable support and friendship during the various stages of my life at the IUE, I wish to thank: Giuseppe Lauricella; Luis Rodriguez-Piñero; Hans Van Der Veen; Augustina Di Mou; Sigfrido Ramirez-Perez; Artan Puto; Schrin Amir-Moazami; Senada Selo- Sabic; Jonahathan Wheatley, Mel Marquis; Arolda Elbasani; Natalia Karaggiannis; Eugenia Siapera; Alex Serot; Hakim Boulhares; Benoit Challand; Roland Erne. My gratitude also goes out to: Onofrio Romano, Rando Devole, Lino Zonzini, and with whom I became friends discussing Albania and, those like Tomas Miglierina, who confirmed their friendship and the shared intellectual interests; the ICS members who repeatedly hosted me in Tirana and shared with me their experiences in the field, especially Brunetti Tassan Viol; Claudio Bazzocchi; and Andrea Mainardi. A special thank goes to Cecilia Poda who gave me an invaluable hand with interviews during the hot summer of 2000 in Tirana. Let me thank as well my psychotherapist Antonio Cecconi who convinced me that my life should not be that of a people’s commissariat in some lost village in the Albanian mountains. I am indebted to all the people that in the last few years made my life after the IUE a nice one. In particular: Francesca Vanoni and Davide Sighele who gave me a shelter in Trentino in the latest stage of my work and with them all my colleagues of the Osservatorio sui Balcani who recently 2 Chiodi, Luisa (2007), Transnational Policies of Emancipation or Colonization?: civil society promotion in post-communist Albania European University Institute 10.2870/25233 convinced me to move over there and work together; and finally, the man of my life Carlo Gualini with whom I even survived all of my years at the EUI. This thesis is dedeicated to Idlir, Artan, Rando, e Arolda. Con tanto affetto e riconoscenza per avermi incuriosito, spiegato, ascoltato e fatto ridere in questi anni così strani e così difficili 3 Chiodi, Luisa (2007), Transnational Policies of Emancipation or Colonization?: civil society promotion in post-communist Albania European University Institute 10.2870/25233 Outline Introduction .................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 1: Debating Civil Society Promotion ........................................... 14 1.1 At the origins of CSP ...............................................................................................................14 1.2 The problem with mainstream approaches to CSP ..................................................................18 1.3 Post-communist civil society: a ‘false friend’?........................................................................22 1.4 CSP as transnational policy of emancipation or colonization?................................................25 1.4.1 The problem of control .....................................................................................................27 1.4.2 Politics or anti-politics ......................................................................................................30 1.4.3 Epistemological colonization............................................................................................34 1.5 False friends but friends? .........................................................................................................41 Chapter 2: Reformulating the analytical framework ................................. 45 2.1 Transnational arenas of communications.................................................................................45 2.2 The locality ..............................................................................................................................50 2.3 Ethnography of a transnational policy .....................................................................................55 1.3.1 Writing about the ‘other’?.................................................................................................62 2.4 Mapping civil society promotion in Albania ...........................................................................65 Table 1: The map of the identifying explanations .....................................................................72 Part II.......................................................................................................... 73 Civil Society Promotion in Post-communist Albania................................ 73 Chapter 3: The locality and its transnational relations .............................. 74 3.1 The background........................................................................................................................75 3.1.1 The failed Albanian state ..................................................................................................83 3.1.2 We are European...............................................................................................................89 3.2 Welcoming CSP.......................................................................................................................96 3.2.1 CSP enters.........................................................................................................................99 3.2.2 Emancipation or colonization?........................................................................................109
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