Kinesiology & Body Mechanics
• Kinesiology - study of motion or human movement • Anatomic kinesiology - study of human Chapter 1 musculoskeletal system & musculotendinous system Foundations of Structural Kinesiology • Biomechanics - application of mechanical physics to human motion Manual of Structural Kinesiology R.T. Floyd, EdD, ATC, CSCS
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Kinesiology & Body Mechanics Kinesiology & Body Mechanics
• Structural kinesiology - study of muscles as • Muscles vary greatly in size, shape, & they are involved in science of movement structure from one part of body to another • Both skeletal & muscular structures are • More than 600 muscles are found in human involved body • Bones are different sizes & shapes − particularly at the joints, which allow or limit movement
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Who needs Kinesiology? Why Kinesiology?
• Anatomists, coaches, strength and • should have an adequate knowledge & understanding of all large muscle groups to conditioning specialists, personal teach others how to strengthen, improve, & trainers, nurses, physical educators, maintain these parts of human body physical therapists, physicians, athletic • should not only know how & what to do in trainers, massage therapists & others in relation to conditioning & training but also know health-related fields why specific exercises are done in conditioning & training of athletes
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1 Why Kinesiology? Reference positions
• Through kinesiology & analysis of skills, • basis from which to describe joint physical educators can understand & improve movements specific aspects of physical conditioning – Anatomical position • Understanding aspects of exercise – Fundamental position physiology is also essential to coaches & physical educators
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Reference positions Reference Lines
• Anatomical position To further assist in understanding the location of – most widely used & accurate for all one body part in relation to another aspects of the body • Mid-axillary line – standing in an upright posture, facing – A line running vertically down the surface of the body straight ahead, feet parallel and close, passing through the apex of the axilla (armpit) & palms facing forward • Anterior axillary line • Fundamental position – A line that is parallel to the mid- axillary line and passes through the anterior axillary skinfold – is essentially same as anatomical position except arms are at the sides & • Posterior axillary line palms facing the body – A line that is parallel to the mid- axillary line and passes through the posterior axillary skinfold
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Reference Lines Anatomical directional terminology
To further assist in understanding the location of • Anterior one body part in relation to another – in front or in the front part • Mid-clavicular line • Anteroinferior – A line running vertically down the surface of the body – in front & below passing through the midpoint of the clavicle • Anterosuperior • Mid-inguinal point – in front & above – A point midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis
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2 Anatomical directional terminology Anatomical directional terminology
• Anterolateral • Posterior – in front & to the side, – behind, in back, or in the rear especially the outside • Posteroinferior • Anteromedial – behind & below; in back & below – in front & toward the • Posterolateral inner side or midline – behind & to one side, specifically • Anteroposterior to the outside – relating to both front & rear
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Anatomical directional terminology Anatomical directional terminology
• Posteromedial – behind & to the inner • Contralateral side – pertaining or relating to the opposite side • Posterosuperior – behind & at the upper • Ipsilateral part – on the same side • Bilateral – relating to the right and left sides of the body or of a body structure such as the right & left extremities Manual of Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-15 Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-16
Anatomical directional terminology Anatomical directional terminology
• Inferior (infra) • Inferolateral – below in relation to another – below & to the outside structure; caudal • Inferomedial • Superior (supra) – below & toward the midline or inside – above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic • Superolateral – above & to the outside • Superomedial – above & toward the midline or inside
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3 Anatomical directional terminology Anatomical directional terminology
• Deep • Caudal – beneath or below the surface; used to – below in relation to another structure; describe relative depth or location of inferior muscles or tissue • Cephalic • Superficial – above in relation to another structure; – near the surface; used to describe relative higher, superior depth or location of muscles or tissue
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Anatomical directional terminology Anatomical directional terminology
• Distal • Lateral – situated away from the center or – on or to the side; outside, farther from midline of the body, or away from the median or midsagittal plane the point of origin • Medial • Proximal – relating to the middle or center; nearer to the medial or midsagittal – nearest the trunk or the point of plane origin • Median – Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the median or midsagittal plane
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Anatomical directional terminology Anatomical directional terminology
• Dexter • Prone – relating to, or situated to the right or on the – the body lying face downward; stomach right side of something lying • Sinister • Supine – relating to, or situated to the left or on the – lying on the back; face upward position of left side of something the body
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4 Anatomical directional terminology Anatomical directional terminology
• Dorsal • Palmar – relating to the back; being or located – relating to the palm or volar aspect of the near, on, or toward the back, posterior hand part, or upper surface of • Volar • Ventral – relating to palm of the hand or sole of the – relating to the belly or abdomen, on or foot toward the front, anterior part of • Plantar – relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot
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Body Regions Body regions
• Axial – Cephalic (Head) – Cervical (Neck) – Trunk • Appendicular – Upper limbs – Lower limbs
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Body regions Body regions
• Axial • Appendicular – Cephalic (Head) – Upper limbs • Cranium & Face • Shoulder, arm, forearm, & – Cervical (Neck) manual – Trunk – Lower limbs • Thoracic (Thorax), Dorsal • Thigh, leg, & pedal (Back), Abdominal (Abdomen), & Pelvic (Pelvis)
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5 Planes of Motion Cardinal planes of motion
• Imaginary two-dimensional surface • 3 basic or traditional – in relation to the body, not in through which a limb or body segment relation to the earth is moved • Anteroposterior or Sagittal • Motion through a plane revolves around Plane an axis • Lateral or Frontal Plane • There is a ninety-degree relationship • Transverse or Horizontal between a plane of motion & its axis Plane
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Cardinal planes of motion Cardinal planes of motion
• Sagittal or Anteroposterior • Frontal, Lateral or Plane (AP) Coronal Plane – divides body into equal, – divides the body bilateral segments into (front) – It bisects body into 2 equal anterior & (back) symmetrical halves or a right posterior halves & left half – Ex. Jumping – Ex. Sit-up Jacks
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Cardinal planes of motion Diagonal Planes of Motion
• Transverse, Axial or • High Diagonal Horizontal Plane • Low Diagonal – divides body into (top) • Low Diagonal superior & (bottom) inferior halves when the individual is in anatomic position – Ex. Spinal rotation to left or right
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6 Diagonal Planes of Motion Diagonal Planes of Motion
• High Diagonal • Low Diagonal – Upper limbs at shoulder joints – Upper limbs at shoulder joints – Overhand skills – Underhand skills – EX. Baseball Pitch – EX. Discus Thrower • Low Diagonal – Lower limbs at the hip joints – EX. Kickers & Punters
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Axes of rotation Axes of rotation
• For movement to occur in a plane, it • Frontal, coronal, lateral or must turn or rotate about an axis as mediolateral axis referred to previously – Has same orientation as frontal plane of motion & runs from side to side at • The axes are named in relation to their a right angle to sagittal plane of orientation motion – Runs medial / lateral – Commonly includes flexion, extension movements
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Axes of rotation Axes of rotation
• Sagittal or anteroposterior • Vertical, long or axis longitudinal axis – Has same orientation as – Runs straight down through top sagittal plane of motion & runs of head & is at a right angle to from front to back at a right transverse plane of motion angle to frontal plane of motion – Runs superior/ inferior – Runs anterior / posterior – Commonly includes internal – Commonly includes abduction, rotation, external rotation adduction movements movements
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7 Axes of rotation Skeletal System
• Diagonal or oblique axis – also known as the oblique axis – runs at a right angle to the diagonal plane
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Osteology Skeletal Functions
• Adult skeleton 1. Protection of heart, lungs, brain, etc. • 206 bones 2. Support to maintain posture 3. Movement by serving as points of – Axial skeleton attachment for muscles and acting as levers • 80 bones 4. Mineral storage such as calcium & – Appendicular phosphorus • 126 bones 5. Hemopoiesis – in vertebral bodies, femurs, • occasional variations humerus, ribs, & sternum – process of blood cell formation in the red bone marrow
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Types of bones Types of bones
• Long bones - humerus, fibula • Long bones • Short bones - carpals, tarsals – Composed of a long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, • Flat bones - skull, scapula protruding ends • Irregular bones - pelvis, ethmoid, ear – shaft contains the medullary ossicles canal • Sesamoid bones - patella – Ex. phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, & humerus
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8 Types of bones Types of bones
• Short bones • Flat bones – Small, cubical shaped, solid – Usually have a curved surface bones that usually have a & vary from thick where proportionally large articular tendons attach to very thin surface in order to articulate – Ex. ilium, ribs, sternum, with more than one bone clavicle, & scapula – Ex. are carpals & tarsals
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Types of bones Typical Bony Features
• Irregular bones • Diaphysis – long cylindrical – Include bones shaft throughout entire • Cortex - hard, dense spine & ischium, compact bone forming pubis, & maxilla walls of diaphysis • Sesamoid bones • Periosteum - dense, – Patella, 1st fibrous membrane metatarsophalangeal covering outer surface of diaphysis
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Typical Bony Features Typical Bony Features
• Endosteum - fibrous • Epiphysis – ends of membrane that lines the long bones formed from inside of the cortex cancelleous (spongy or trabecular) bone • Medullary (marrow) cavity • Epiphyseal plate - – between walls of (growth plate) thin diaphysis, containing cartilage plate yellow or fatty marrow separates diaphysis & epiphyses
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9 Typical Bony Features Bone Growth • Endochondral bones • Articular (hyaline) cartilage – covering the – develop from hyaline cartilage epiphysis to provide – hyaline cartilage masses at embryonic stage cushioning effect & reduce friction
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Bone Growth Bone Growth • Endochondral bones – grow rapidly into structures shaped similar to • Longitudinal growth continues as long as the bones which they will eventually become epiphyseal plates are open – growth continues and gradually undergoes • Shortly after adolescence, plates significant change to develop into long bone disappear & close
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Bone Growth Bone Growth
• Most close by age 18, but some may be • Internal layer of periosteum builds new present until 25 concentric layers on old layers • Growth in diameter continues • Simultaneously, bone around sides of throughout life the medullary cavity is resorbed so that diameter is continually increased • Osteoblasts - cells that form new bone • Osteoclasts - cells that resorb old bone
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10 Bone Properties Bone Properties
• Composed of calcium carbonate, • Most outer bone is cortical with cancellous calcium phosphate, collagen, & water underneath – 60-70% of bone weight - calcium • Cortical bone – low porosity, 5 to 30% carbonate & calcium phosphate nonmineralized tissue – 25-30% of bone weight - water • Cancellous – spongy, high porosity, 30 to 90% • Collagen provides some flexibility & • Cortical is stiffer & can withstand greater strength in resisting tension stress, but less strain than cancellous • Aging causes progressive loss of • Cancellous is spongier & can undergo greater collagen & increases brittleness strain before fracturing
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Bone Properties Bone Markings
• Bone size & shape are influenced by • Processes (including the direction & magnitude of forces that elevations & projections) are habitually applied to them – Processes that form • Bones reshape themselves based upon joints the stresses placed upon them • Condyle • Facet • Bone mass increases over time with • Head increased stress
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Bone Markings Bone Markings
• Processes (elevations & projections) • Cavities (depressions) - including opening & – Processes to which ligaments, muscles or tendons attach grooves • Crest • Epicondyle – Facet • Line – Foramen • Process – Fossa • Spine (spinous process) • Suture – Fovea • Trochanter – Meatus • Tubercle – Sinus • Tuberosity – Sulcus (groove)
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11 Classification of Joints Classification of Joints
Structural classification • Articulation - connection of bones at a Fibrous Cartilagenous Synovial joint usually to allow movement Gomphosis Synarthrodial ------between surfaces of bones Suture Amphiarthrodial Symphysis Syndesmosis ----- • 3 major classifications according to Synchondrosis structure & movement characteristics Functional Arthrodial classification Condyloidal – Synarthrodial Enarthrodial Diarthrodial ------Ginglymus – Amphiarthrodial Sellar – Diarthrodial Trochoidal
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Synarthrodial Amphiarthrodial
• immovable joints • slightly movable joints • Suture such as Skull • allow a slight amount of motion to occur sutures – Syndesmosis • Gomphosis such as teeth – Synchondrosis fitting into mandible or – Symphysis maxilla
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Amphiarthrodial Amphiarthrodial
• Syndesmosis • Synchondrosis – Two bones joined together by a – Type of joint separated by hyaline strong ligament or an interosseus cartilage that allows very slight membrane that allows minimal movement between the bones movement between the bones – Ex. costochondral joints of the ribs – Bones may or may not touch each with the sternum other at the actual joint – Ex. Coracoclavicular joint, distal tibiofibular jt.
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12 Amphiarthrodial Diarthrodial Joints
• Symphysis • known as – Joint separated by a synovial joints fibrocartilage pad that allows • freely movable very slight movement between • composed of the bones sleevelike joint – Ex. Symphysis Pubis & capsule intervertebral discs • secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint cavity
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Diarthrodial Joints Diarthrodial Joints
• capsule • Articular or hyaline cartilage covers the thickenings form articular surface ends of the bones inside the joint cavity tough, nonelastic – absorbs shock ligaments that – protect the bone provide additional • slowly absorbs synovial fluid during joint support against unloading or distraction abnormal • secretes synovial fluid during subsequent movement or weight bearing & compression • some diarthrodial joints have specialized joint opening fibrocartilage disks Manual of Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-75 Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-76
Diarthrodial Joints Diarthrodial Joints
• Diarthrodial joints have motion possible • six types in one or more planes • each has a different type of bony • Degrees of freedom arrangement – motion in 1 plane = 1 degree of freedom – Arthrodial – Condyloid – motion in 2 planes = 2 degrees of freedom – Ginglymus – Enarthrodial – motion in 3 planes = 3 degrees of freedom – Trochoid – Sellar
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13 Diarthrodial Joints Diarthrodial Joints
• Arthrodial (Gliding) joints • Arthrodial (Gliding) joints – 2 plane or flat bony surfaces which – Ex. Vertebral facets in spinal butt against each other column, intercarpal & intertarsal joints – Little motion possible in any 1 joint – Motions are flexion, articulation extension, abduction, – Usually work together in series of adduction, diagonal articulations abduction & adduction, & rotation, (circumduction)
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Diarthrodial Joints Diarthrodial Joints
• Ginglymus (Hinge) joint • Trochoid (Pivot) joint – a uniaxial articulation – also uniaxial articulation – articular surfaces allow motion – Ex. atlantoaxial joint - in only one plane odontoid which turns in a – Ex. Elbow, knee, talocrural bony ring, proximal & distal (ankle) radio-ulnar joints
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Diarthrodial Joints Diarthrodial Joints
• Condyloid (Knuckle Joint) • Condyloid (Knuckle Joint) – biaxial ball & socket joint – EX. 2nd, 3rd, 4th, & 5th – one bone with an oval metacarpophalangeal or concave surface received knuckles joints, wrist by another bone with an articulation between oval convex surface carpals & radius – flexion, extension, abduction & adduction (circumduction)
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14 Diarthrodial Joints Diarthrodial Joints
• Enarthrodial • Sellar (Saddle) Joint – Multiaxial or triaxial ball & socket – unique triaxial joint joint – 2 reciprocally concave & – Bony rounded head fitting into a convex articular surfaces concave articular surface – Only example is 1 st – Ex. Hip & shoulder joint carpometacarpal joint at – Motions are flexion, extension, thumb abduction, adduction, diagonal – Flexion, extension, adduction abduction & adduction, rotation, & abduction, circumduction & and circumduction slight rotation
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Movements in Joints Range of Motion
• Some joints permit only • area through which a joint may normally be flexion & extension freely and painlessly moved • Others permit a wide • measurable degree of movement potential in range of movements, a joint or joints depending largely on the joint structure • measured with a goniometer in degrees 0 0 to 0 • Goniometer is used to 360 measure amount of movement in a joint or measure joint angles
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Movements in Joints Movements in Joints
• Goniometer axis is placed even with the axis • Terms are used to describe actual of rotation at the joint line change in position of bones relative to • As joint is moved, goniometer arms are held each other in place either along or parallel to long axis of bones on either side of joint • Angles between bones change • Joint angle is then read from goniometer • Movement occurs between articular • Normal range of motion for a surfaces of joint particular joint varies in people – “Flexing the knee” results in leg moving closer to thigh – “flexion of the leg” = flexion of the knee
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15 Movements in Joints Movements in Joints
• Movement terms describe movement – Ex. 2 begin with knee in 90 degrees occurring throughout the full range of of flexion & then flex it 30 degrees motion or through a very small range which results in a knee flexion angle – Ex. 1 flex knee through full range by of 120 degrees, even though the knee beginning in full knee extension (zero only flexed 30 degrees degrees of knee flexion) & flex it fully so – In both ex. 1 & 2 knee is in different that the heel comes in contact with buttocks, which is approximately 140 degrees of flexion degrees of flexion
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Movements in Joints Movements in Joints
– Ex. 3 begin with knee in 90 degrees • Some movement terms describe motion of flexion and extend it 40 degrees, at several joints throughout body which would result in a flexion angle • Some terms are relatively specific to a of 50 degrees joint or group of joints – Additionally, prefixes may be combined – Even though the knee extended, it is with these terms to emphasize excessive still flexed or reduced motion • hyper - or hypo - – Hyperextension is the most commonly used
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GENERAL Movement Terminology • Abduction – Lateral movement away from midline of trunk in lateral plane – raising arms or legs to side horizontally
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16 GENERAL GENERAL
• Adduction • Flexion – Movement medially toward – Bending movement that results in a midline of trunk in lateral plane ▼ of angle in joint by bringing bones – lowering arm to side or thigh together, usually in sagittal plane back to anatomical position – elbow joint when hand is drawn to shoulder
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GENERAL GENERAL
• Extension • Circumduction – Straightening movement that results – Circular movement of a limb that in an ▲ of angle in joint by moving delineates an arc or describes a cone bones apart, usually in sagittal plane – combination of flexion, extension, – elbow joint when hand moves away abduction, & adduction from shoulder – when shoulder joint & hip joint move in a circular fashion around a fixed point – also referred to as circumflexion
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GENERAL GENERAL
• Diagonal abduction • External rotation – Movement by a limb through a diagonal plane away from midline of body – Rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone • Diagonal adduction away from midline of body – Movement by a limb through a diagonal – Occurs in transverse plane plane toward & across midline of body – a.k.a. rotation laterally, outward rotation, & lateral rotation
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17 GENERAL ANKLE & FOOT
• Eversion • Internal rotation – Turning sole of foot outward or laterally – Rotary movement around – standing with weight on inner edge of foot longitudinal axis of a bone • Inversion toward midline of body – Turning sole of foot inward or medially – Occurs in transverse plane – standing with weight on outer edge of foot – a.k.a. rotation medially, inward rotation, & medial rotation
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ANKLE & FOOT ANKLE & FOOT
• Dorsal flexion • Pronation – Flexion movement of ankle that – A combination of ankle dorsiflexion, results in top of foot moving toward subtalar eversion, and forefoot anterior tibia bone abduction (toe-out) • Plantar flexion • Supination – Extension movement of ankle that – A combination of ankle plantar results in foot moving away from flexion, subtalar inversion, and body forefoot adduction (toe-in)
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RADIOULNAR JOINT SHOULDER GIRDLE
• Pronation • Depression – Internally rotating radius where – Inferior movement of shoulder girdle it lies diagonally across ulna, – returning to normal position from a resulting in palm-down position shoulder shrug of forearm • Elevation • Supination – Superior movement of shoulder girdle – Externally rotating radius where – shrugging the shoulders it lies parallel to ulna, resulting in palm-up position of forearm
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18 SHOULDER GIRDLE SHOULDER GIRDLE
• Protraction • Rotation downward – Forward movement of shoulder girdle away – Rotary movement of scapula with inferior from spine angle of scapula moving medially & – Abduction of the scapula downward • Retraction • Rotation upward – Backward movement of shoulder girdle – Rotary movement of scapula with inferior toward spine angle of scapula moving laterally & upward – Adduction of the scapula
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SHOULDER JOINT SPINE
• Horizontal abduction • Lateral flexion (side bending) – Movement of humerus in horizontal plane – Movement of head and / or trunk laterally away from midline of body away from midline – also known as horizontal extension or – Abduction of spine transverse abduction • Horizontal adduction • Reduction – Movement of humerus in horizontal plane – Return of spinal column to anatomic toward midline of body position from lateral flexion – also known as horizontal flexion or – Adduction of spine transverse adduction
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WRIST & HAND WRIST & HAND
• Palmar flexion • Radial flexion (radial deviation) – Flexion movement of wrist with volar or – Abduction movement at wrist of anterior side of hand moving toward thumb side of hand toward anterior side of forearm forearm • Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion) • Ulnar flexion (ulnar deviation) – Extension movement of wrist in the sagittal – Adduction movement at wrist of plane with dorsal or posterior side of hand little finger side of hand toward moving toward posterior side of forearm forearm
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19 WRIST & HAND Movement Icons
• Opposition of the thumb Shoulder girdle – Diagonal movement of thumb across palmar surface of hand to make contact with the hand and/or fingers • Reposition of the thumb – Diagonal movement of the thumb as it Scapula Scapula Scapula Scapula Scapula Scapula elevation depression abduction adduction upward downward returns to the anatomical position from rotation rotation opposition with the hand and/or fingers
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Movement Icons Movement Icons
Glenohumeral Elbow Radioulnar joints
Shoulder Shoulder Shoulder Shoulder Shoulder Shoulder Shoulder Shoulder horizontal horizontal external internal Elbow flexion Elbow Radioulnar Radioulnar flexion extension abduction adduction abduction adduction rotation rotation extension supination pronation
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Movement Icons Movement Icons
Thumb carpometacarpal Thumb Thumb joint metacarpophalangeal interphalangeal Elbow Radioulnar joints joint joint
Thumb Thumb Thumb Thumb MCP Thumb MCP Thumb IP Thumb IP Wrist Wrist flexion Wrist Wrist CMC CMC CMC flexion extension flexion extension extension abduction adduction flexion extension abduction
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20 Movement Icons Movement Icons 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 2nd, 3rd, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th 2nd, 3rd, 2nd, 3rd, 5th MCP, PIP, & 4th, and metacarpophalangeal 4th, and 4th, and Hip DIP joints 5th MCP joints 5th PIP 5th DIP & PIP joints joints joints
Hip Hip Hip Hip Hip Hip internal 2-5th 2-5th 2-5th MCP 2-5th MCP 2-5th MCP 2-5th PIP 2-5th DIP flexion extension abduction adduction external rotation MCP, MCP, & PIP flexion extension flexion flexion PIP, PIP, flexion rotation & DIP & DIP flexion extension
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Movement Icons Movement Icons
Knee Transverse tarsal and Ankle subtalar joint
Knee flexion Knee Knee external Knee internal extension rotation rotation Ankle plantar Ankle dorsal Transverse Transverse flexion flexion tarsal & tarsal & subtalar subtalar inversion eversion
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Movement Icons Movement Icons
2-5th Cervical spine Great toe metatarsophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal proximal and interphalangeal interphalangeal, and joints distal interphalangeal joints
Cervical Cervical Cervical Cervical flexion extension lateral flexion rotation unilaterally
Great toe Great toe MTP 2-5th MTP, 2-5th MTP, MTP & IP & IP PIP & DIP PIP & DIP flexion extension flexion extension
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21 Physiological movements vs. accessory Movement Icons motions Lumbar spine • Physiological movements - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, & rotation
Lumbar Lumbar Lumbar lateral Lumbar – occur by bones moving through planes of flexion extension flexion rotation motion about an axis of rotation at joint unilaterally • Osteokinematic motion - resulting motion of bones relative to 3 cardinal planes from these physiological
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Physiological movements vs. accessory Physiological movements vs. accessory motions motions • For osteokinematic motions to • 3 specific types of accessory occur there must be movement motion between the joint articular surfaces – Spin • Arthrokinematics - motion between – Roll articular surfaces – Glide
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Physiological movements vs. accessory Physiological movements vs. accessory motions motions • If accessory motion is prevented from • Ex. 1 as a person stands from occurring, then physiological motion a squatted position the femur cannot occur to any substantial degree must roll forward and other than by joint compression or simultaneously slide backward distraction on the tibia for the knee to • Due to most diarthrodial joints being extend composed of a concave surface – If not for the slide the femur articulating with a convex surface roll would roll off the front of the tibia and glide must occur together to some – If not for the roll, the femur would degree slide off the back of the tibia Manual of Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-131 Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-132
22 Physiological movements vs. accessory Physiological movements vs. accessory motions motions • Spin may occur in isolation or in • Roll (rock) - a series of points on one combination with roll & glide articular surface contacts with a series of points on another articular surface • As the knee flexes & extends • Glide (slide) (translation) - a specific spin occurs to some degree point on one articulating surface – In Ex. 1, the femur spins medially comes in contact with a series of points on another surface or internally rotates as the knee reaches full extension
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Physiological movements vs. accessory Web Sites motions BBC Science & Nature • Spin - A single point on one www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_ 02/index.shtml?skeleton articular surface rotates about a – Allows interactive placement of bone and joint structures single point on another articular Skeletal system surface www.bio.psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm – Pictures of dissected bones and their anatomical landmarks – Motion occurs around some ExRx Articulations stationary longitudinal mechanical www.exrx.net/Lists/Articulations.html axis in either a clockwise or – Detailed common exercises demonstrating movements of counterclockwise direction each joint and listing the muscles involved Human Anatomy Online www.innerbody.com/image/skelfov.html – Interactive skeleton labeling
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Web Sites Web Sites
Radiographic Anatomy of the Skeleton Anatomy & Physiology Tutorials: www.rad.washington.edu/radanat/ www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/index.htm – X-rays with and without labels of bony landmarks BBC Science & Nature Virtual skeleton www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/skeleton_an www.uwyo.edu/RealLearning/4210qtvr.html atomy.shtml – A 3-dimensional human osteology with Quicktime movies of – Describes each bone and allows viewing of each from each bone different angles Forensic Anthropology BBC Science & Nature www-personal.une.edu.au/~pbrown3/skeleton.pdf www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/joints/ball_a nd_socket_joint.shtml – A detailed discussion of skeletal anthropology with excellent pictures of dissected bones – Describes each type of joint and allows viewing of how the joint moves within the body.
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23 Web Sites Web Sites
University of Michigan Learning Resource Center, Wireframe Skeleton Hypermuscle: Muscles in action www.2flashgames.com/f/f-220.htm www.med.umich.edu/lrc/Hypermuscle/Hyper.html#flex – Move around the skeleton's limbs arms legs body and make – Describes each motion and allows viewing of the motion it do funny things preformed. eSkeletons Project Articulations www.eskeletons.org/ http://basic-anatomy.net/ – An interactive site with a bone viewer showing the – A thorough discussion of the articulations morphology, origins, insertions, and articulations of each Foss Human Body bone http://sv.berkeley.edu/showcase/pages/bones.html Skeleton Shakedown – An interactive site which allows assembly of the skeleton www.harcourtschool.com/activity/skel/skel.html Functions of the Skeletal System – Help put a disarticulated skeleton back together http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit3_1_bone_ KLB Science Department Interactivities functions.html www.klbschool.org.uk/interactive/science/skeleton.htm – Several pages with information on bone tissue, bone – Skeleton labeling exercises development and growth, and the joints Manual of Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-139 Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-140
Web Sites
Introductory Anatomy: Joints www.leeds.ac.uk/chb/lectures/anatomy4.html – Notes on joint articulations The Interactive Skeleton www.pdh-odp.co.uk/skeleton.htm – Point and click to detailed skeletal illustrations Radiographic Anatomy of the Skeleton www.szote.u-szeged.hu/Radiology/Anatomy/skeleton.htm – X-rays with and without labels of bony landmarks Skeleton: The Joints www.zoology.ubc.ca/~biomania/tutorial/bonejt/outline.htm – Point and click to detailed joint illustrations TeachPE.com www.teachpe.com/Interactivelearning.htm – Interactive questions on bones, joints, muscles Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-141
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