Kinesiology & Body Mechanics • Kinesiology - study of motion or human movement • Anatomic kinesiology - study of human Chapter 1 musculoskeletal system & musculotendinous system Foundations of Structural Kinesiology • Biomechanics - application of mechanical physics to human motion Manual of Structural Kinesiology R.T. Floyd, EdD, ATC, CSCS Manual of Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-1 Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-2 Kinesiology & Body Mechanics Kinesiology & Body Mechanics • Structural kinesiology - study of muscles as • Muscles vary greatly in size, shape, & they are involved in science of movement structure from one part of body to another • Both skeletal & muscular structures are • More than 600 muscles are found in human involved body • Bones are different sizes & shapes − particularly at the joints, which allow or limit movement Manual of Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-3 Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-4 Who needs Kinesiology? Why Kinesiology? • Anatomists, coaches, strength and • should have an adequate knowledge & understanding of all large muscle groups to conditioning specialists, personal teach others how to strengthen, improve, & trainers, nurses, physical educators, maintain these parts of human body physical therapists, physicians, athletic • should not only know how & what to do in trainers, massage therapists & others in relation to conditioning & training but also know health-related fields why specific exercises are done in conditioning & training of athletes Manual of Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-5 Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-6 1 Why Kinesiology? Reference positions • Through kinesiology & analysis of skills, • basis from which to describe joint physical educators can understand & improve movements specific aspects of physical conditioning – Anatomical position • Understanding aspects of exercise – Fundamental position physiology is also essential to coaches & physical educators Manual of Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-7 Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-8 Reference positions Reference Lines • Anatomical position To further assist in understanding the location of – most widely used & accurate for all one body part in relation to another aspects of the body • Mid-axillary line – standing in an upright posture, facing – A line running vertically down the surface of the body straight ahead, feet parallel and close, passing through the apex of the axilla (armpit) & palms facing forward • Anterior axillary line • Fundamental position – A line that is parallel to the mid- axillary line and passes through the anterior axillary skinfold – is essentially same as anatomical position except arms are at the sides & • Posterior axillary line palms facing the body – A line that is parallel to the mid- axillary line and passes through the posterior axillary skinfold Manual of Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-9 Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-10 Reference Lines Anatomical directional terminology To further assist in understanding the location of • Anterior one body part in relation to another – in front or in the front part • Mid-clavicular line • Anteroinferior – A line running vertically down the surface of the body – in front & below passing through the midpoint of the clavicle • Anterosuperior • Mid-inguinal point – in front & above – A point midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis Manual of Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-11 Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-12 2 Anatomical directional terminology Anatomical directional terminology • Anterolateral • Posterior – in front & to the side, – behind, in back, or in the rear especially the outside • Posteroinferior • Anteromedial – behind & below; in back & below – in front & toward the • Posterolateral inner side or midline – behind & to one side, specifically • Anteroposterior to the outside – relating to both front & rear Manual of Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-13 Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-14 Anatomical directional terminology Anatomical directional terminology • Posteromedial – behind & to the inner • Contralateral side – pertaining or relating to the opposite side • Posterosuperior – behind & at the upper • Ipsilateral part – on the same side • Bilateral – relating to the right and left sides of the body or of a body structure such as the right & left extremities Manual of Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-15 Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-16 Anatomical directional terminology Anatomical directional terminology • Inferior (infra) • Inferolateral – below in relation to another – below & to the outside structure; caudal • Inferomedial • Superior (supra) – below & toward the midline or inside – above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic • Superolateral – above & to the outside • Superomedial – above & toward the midline or inside Manual of Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-17 Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-18 3 Anatomical directional terminology Anatomical directional terminology • Deep • Caudal – beneath or below the surface; used to – below in relation to another structure; describe relative depth or location of inferior muscles or tissue • Cephalic • Superficial – above in relation to another structure; – near the surface; used to describe relative higher, superior depth or location of muscles or tissue Manual of Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-19 Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-20 Anatomical directional terminology Anatomical directional terminology • Distal • Lateral – situated away from the center or – on or to the side; outside, farther from midline of the body, or away from the median or midsagittal plane the point of origin • Medial • Proximal – relating to the middle or center; nearer to the medial or midsagittal – nearest the trunk or the point of plane origin • Median – Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the median or midsagittal plane Manual of Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-21 Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-22 Anatomical directional terminology Anatomical directional terminology • Dexter • Prone – relating to, or situated to the right or on the – the body lying face downward; stomach right side of something lying • Sinister • Supine – relating to, or situated to the left or on the – lying on the back; face upward position of left side of something the body Manual of Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-23 Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-24 4 Anatomical directional terminology Anatomical directional terminology • Dorsal • Palmar – relating to the back; being or located – relating to the palm or volar aspect of the near, on, or toward the back, posterior hand part, or upper surface of • Volar • Ventral – relating to palm of the hand or sole of the – relating to the belly or abdomen, on or foot toward the front, anterior part of • Plantar – relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot Manual of Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-25 Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-26 Body Regions Body regions • Axial – Cephalic (Head) – Cervical (Neck) – Trunk • Appendicular – Upper limbs – Lower limbs Manual of Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-27 Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-28 Body regions Body regions • Axial • Appendicular – Cephalic (Head) – Upper limbs • Cranium & Face • Shoulder, arm, forearm, & – Cervical (Neck) manual – Trunk – Lower limbs • Thoracic (Thorax), Dorsal • Thigh, leg, & pedal (Back), Abdominal (Abdomen), & Pelvic (Pelvis) Manual of Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-29 Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-30 5 Planes of Motion Cardinal planes of motion • Imaginary two-dimensional surface • 3 basic or traditional – in relation to the body, not in through which a limb or body segment relation to the earth is moved • Anteroposterior or Sagittal • Motion through a plane revolves around Plane an axis • Lateral or Frontal Plane • There is a ninety-degree relationship • Transverse or Horizontal between a plane of motion & its axis Plane Manual of Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-31 Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-32 Cardinal planes of motion Cardinal planes of motion • Sagittal or Anteroposterior • Frontal, Lateral or Plane (AP) Coronal Plane – divides body into equal, – divides the body bilateral segments into (front) – It bisects body into 2 equal anterior & (back) symmetrical halves or a right posterior halves & left half – Ex. Jumping – Ex. Sit-up Jacks Manual of Manual of Structural Kinesiology Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-33 Structural Kinesiology Foundations