Jurnal Akuakultur 17 (2), 104–112 (2018)

Original article DOI: 10.19027/jai.17.2.104-112 Growth performance and survival of striata juvenile with different stocking density reared in recirculation system

Kinerja pertumbuhan dan sintasan benih ikan gabus dengan padat tebar yang berbeda pada sistem resirkulasi

Adang Saputra1*, Tatag Budiardi2, Reza Samsudin1, Naufal Dwi Rahmadya2

1Institute of Research and Development for Freshwater and Fisheries Extention, Jalan Sempur No 1 Bogor 16445 Indonesia 2Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680 Indonesia *Email: [email protected]

(Received March 29, 2017; Accepted July 16, 2018)

ABSTRACT

Snakehead Channa striata is a local specific and has high economic value. Until now the production of snakehead still relies on the catch of nature because cultivation of snakehead is still underdeveloped. The main constraint in snakehead is high mortality on snakehead juvenile rearing phase. This study was conducted to determine the best stocking density on snakehead juvenile rearing to achieve optimal production. The treatments used in this study were stocking density of 1 juvenile/L, 2 juveniles/L, and 3 juveniles/L. Snakehead juveniles with a body length of 3.41 ± 0.39 cm and weight 0.28 ± 0.07 g, were reared for 42 days in the aquarium sized 40×40×40 cm with a volume of 40 L. were fed by bloodworms in ad libitum method. The result showed that the treatments did not affect the survival, growth, and the ratio of RNA/DNA of snakehead juvenile. Survival of juvenile snakehead ranged from 92.5–94.58% (P>0.05). The result of water quality measurement showed that it was on optimum condition to support snakehead growth at 3 juveniles/L stocking density. Furthermore, recirculation can be used to maintain water quality for optimum condition. Thus, the rearing of snakehead fish juvenile in the recirculation system could use a stocking density of 3 juveniles/L and the recirculation system could maintain the water quality in good condition.

Keywords: growth, recirculation system, snakehead fish, stocking density, survival rate.

ABSTRAK

Ikan gabus Channa striata merupakan ikan spesifik lokal dan mempunyai nilai ekonomis tinggi. Sampai saat ini produksi ikan gabus masih mengandalkan tangkapan dari alam karena kegiatan budidaya ikan gabus masih belum banyak berkembang. Kendala utama dalam budidaya ikan gabus adalah tingginya mortalitas pada fase pemeliharaan benih. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan padat tebar terbaik dalam upaya memperoleh pertumbuhan dan sintasan terbaik. Perlakuan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah padat tebar 1 ekor/L, 2 ekor/L, dan 3 ekor/L. Benih ikan gabus dengan panjang rata-rata 3,41± 0,39 cm dan bobot rata-rata 0,28 ± 0,07 g dipelihara selama 42 hari di dalam akuarium berukuran 40×40×40 cm dengan volume air 40 L. Benih ikan gabus diberikan pakan berupa cacing sutera secara ad libitum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan padat penebaran yang berbeda tidak memengaruhi sintasan dan pertumbuhan serta rasio RNA/DNA benih ikan gabus (P>0,05). Sintasan benih ikan gabus pada akhir pemeliharaan berkisar antara 92,5–94,58%. Hasil pengukuran terhadap kualitas air pada kepadatan 3 ekor/L masih dalam kondisi optimum untuk mendukung pertumbuhan benih ikan gabus sehingga sistem resirkulasi yang digunakan dapat mempertahankan kualitas air dengan baik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemeliharaan benih ikan gabus pada sistem resirkulasi, sebaiknya menggunakan padat tebar 3 ekor/L dengan sistem resirkulasi sehingga dapat mempertahankan kualitas air dalam kondisi baik.

Kata kunci: ikan gabus, pertumbuhan, padat tebar, sintasan, sistem resirkulasi. Adang Saputra et al. / Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 17 (2), 104–112 (2018) 105

INTRODUCTION feeding, and suboptimal stocking density. Larvae to juvenile phase is a development and grow Snakehead Channa striata is one of the phase when the optimal feeding is definetely economically high-value species, traditional food needed. Live feed (Tubifex sp.) is used in larvae source from South Sumatera (Muthmainnah, rearing due to the complete nutrition content. The 2013), and it potentially acts as a post-surgery snakehead juvenile from natural habitat sized in wound healing property (Hannifa et al., 2014; 0.03 g/ind was rearing in a 0.5×0.5×0.5 m net with Wahab et al., 2015; Romadhoni et al., 2016). stocking density 10 ind/container. Live feed was The major market demand towards snakehead given (Daphnia, Tubifex sp., and mosquito larvae) fish is still fulfilled by nature catch, though the at satiation, three times a day in two months of aquaculture activity in snakehead rearing has rearing. The study resulted in the survival rate been started, one of them is in South Sumatera of 30‒100% and the juvenile grew to 0.13‒0.3 g (Muthmainnah, 2013). However, the extinct treat (Muslim & Syaefudin, 2012). of snakehead has already predictable because The sustainability of aquaculture is confronted of the decline of population due to the over- to water supply, land, and labour problems exploitation and environmental destruction. (Siikavuopio et al., 2009; Bosma & Verdegem, The supply of snakehead juvenile for grow- 2011; Mungkung et al., 2013; Feucht & Zander, out rearing and restock in their habitat through 2015). These problems will also be faced by natural or semi-natural spawning showed a great freshwater aquaculture which is land-based result, but a massive juvenile production still aquaculture, include snakehead culture. Several constrained by low survival rate (War et al., 2011; studies showed that the recirculation system is Siriyappagouder et al., 2014). The low survival a solution for water supply, land, and labour rate was caused by the unestablished nursery problems. Those studies were also proved that rearing system, lack of nutritional information, recirculation system was effective to be applied in and high in cannibalism at the nursery phase aquaculture activity (Akunwole & Faturoti, 2007; (Qin & Fast, 1996). An optimal rearing system Siikavuopio et al., 2009; Cancino‒Madariaga of snakehead is definitely required to increase et al., 2011; Davidson et al., 2016). There is juvenile production and survival rate. no study about the application of recirculation An optimal stocking density resulted in a system in snakehead culture using different greater chance to increase the production. There stocking density so far, so that this study aimed were several studies about fish nursery phase; to determine the optimal stocking density in order neon tetra Paracheirodon innesi (Budiardi et al., to achieve greater growth and survival rate in 2007), common (Karakatsouli et al., 2010), snakehead juvenile rearing using recirculation seabass (Lupatsch et al., 2010), Senegalese system. sole (Salas‒Leiton et al., 2012), spotted sea trout (Manley et al., 2014), Siamese catfish MATERIALS AND METHODS Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Darmawan et al., 2016), and rainbow trout (Timalsina et al., 2017). Experimental design The optimal stocking density in snakehead larvae This study was conducted for 42 days at rearing has been known (50 juveniles/L) (War et Wet Laboratory, Institute of Research and al., 2011), however, there wasn’t any scientific Development for Freshwater Aquaculture and information about snakehead juvenile rearing yet. Fisheries Extension, Bogor, West Java. The study Cannibalism was the problem when it comes to a used a complete randomized design with three controlled system of snakehead juvenile nursery different stocking density treatments and it was due to its carnivorous nature instinct (Qin & repeated three times for each treatment. The Fast, 1996; War et al., 2011; Amornsakun et al., treatments were 1 juvenile/L, 2 juveniles/L, and 3 2011). It was indicated by a part and or a whole juveniles/L of stocking density. individual predation in a population (Folkvord, 1997), especially at larvae and juvenile phase The rearing of experimental fish and data which experienced a high growth rate (Baras et collection al., 2010). The rearing containers were nine aquariums The cannibalism between the individual in a size in 40×x40×40 cm. The containers were population potentially occurs when the overall size disinfected and rinsed using water and dried. All of each individual was differ greatly, uncontrolled the containers were equipped with an aeration 106 Adang Saputra et al. / Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 17 (2), 104–112 (2018) system and filled with 40 L of water and then quality sample were analyzed in Environment set aside for 24 hours. To adjust the natural and Toxicology Laboratory, Institute of Research environment of snakehead, three dried tropical and Development for Freshwater Aquaculture and almond Terminalia catappa leaves were used. Fisheries Extension, Bogor, West Java. The leaves were replaced every three days. The recirculation system (water debit 1.200 mL/ Experimental parameter minute) and mechanical heater (capacity 100 L) Survival rate were also set into the container. Zeolite, matala The survival rate (SR) is a percentage of the filter mat, chemical filter, and biological filter were final population alive at the end of the study. applied in the recirculation system (Nurhidayat et Survival rate was calculated using a formulation: al., 2012; Diansari et al., 2013). The experimental fish was 20-day-old snakehead juvenile with the average body length of 3.41 ± 0.39 cm and weight of 0.28 ± 0.07 g. The Note : snakehead juvenile was got from a middleman Nt = Final population (individual) in Parung, Bogor, West Java. Before exposed by No = Initial population (individual) the treatment, all the snakehead juvenile were adapted to the environment for three days. Before Absolute growth rate the snakehead juvenile was put into the aquarium, Absolute length and weight growth rate they were sampled randomly and measured the (growth rate, GR) is an increase of body weight/ weight and length, after that they were stocked length during the period of study. GR was in the aquarium with 40, 80, and 120 of stocking calculated using a formulation (Huisman, 1987): density. The snakehead juveniles were reared for 42 days. The total mortality was calculated and weighed each day. The weight and length of the Note : juveniles were sampled every seven days using 30 Wt = Final length or weight (g) fries/aquarium randomly. The ruler with 0.1 cm Wo = Initial length or weight (g) of precision was used to measure the body length, t = Period of study (day) while the digital balance with 0.01 g of precision was used to measure body weight. At the end of Feed conversion ratio the study, four fishes per aquarium were sampled Feed conversion ratio (FCR) is the amount to measure the RNA/DNA ratio using Sambrook of feed to produce 1 kg of fish. The FCR was and Russell (2001) method. calculated using a formulation (Huisman, 1987) : The feeding kind for the snakehead juveniles was Tubifex sp. The Tubifex sp. was rinsed using clean water before feeding to the juvenile. The feeding method was ad libitum. Before and after Note : feeding, the amount of feed was weighed using a F = Amount of feed (g) digital balance. Wt = Final biomass (g) D = Deceased fish biomass (g) Water quality management Bo = Initial biomass (g) The water quality management was done using siphon technique to clean the uneaten Data analysis feed and metabolism waste on the bottom of All of the data were tabulated and calculated the aquarium. The water quality consisted of for further analysis. Analysis of variance in water temperature (measured using a mercury- 95% confidence level was used to determine in-glass thermometer), pH (measured using the significant effect of the treatment towards pH meter with a precision of two decimal), the parameters. When there was a significant dissolved oxygen (measured using Horiba DO difference, further analysis was conducted using meter with a precision of two decimal), and Tukey test. Descriptive analysis was applied to alkalinity measured using titration method. The survival rate, total length/weight accretion, and nitrite parameter was measured referred to SNI water quality parameters. Data analysis was 06‒6989.9-2005, while the ammonia referred conducted using Microsoft Office Excel 2010 and SNI 06‒6989.30-2005 method. All the water SPSS 20.0. Adang Saputra et al. / Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 17 (2), 104–112 (2018) 107

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Total weight growth of snakehead during the study was shown in Figure 4. The weight body Result of snakehead juveniles was increased from the The stocking density difference did not affect beginning of the study until the end of the study. the survival rate and there was no cannibalism The total weight of snakehead juveniles was during the study (P>0.05), but the stocking ranged from 5.30‒6.3 g. density affected the feed conversion ratio. The Water quality parameter result was presented growth performance of snakehead juveniles with in Table 2. The water temperature was maintained different stocking density was shown in Table 1. around 29–30°C, and the pH parameter was Survival and growth rates were not significantly maintained around 5.25–6.31. The dissolved different (P>0.05) (Table 1). Feed conversion ratio oxygen was ranged from 2.94‒6.14 mg/L. The of 3 fish/L stocking density treatment showed a alkalinity was quite high, ranged from 86.43– higher value (P<0.05), while two other treatment 101.84 mg/L, while nitrite was considered low showed no significant difference (P>0.05). 0.017–0.12 mg/L. Hence, the water quality was The survival rate of snakehead juveniles during still in the snakehead tolerance level to support the study was presented in Figure 1. The survival its growth. rate of snakehead juveniles was decreased from the beginning of the study until at the end of Discussion the study. However, the survival rate was still Cannibalism is predation between individual in a certain population, either some parts of or considered as high 92.5‒94.58%. Different stocking density on snakead juveniles the whole part of the body (Folkvord, 1997). rearing in a recirculation system did not affect the Cannibalism in fish population is getting serious RNA/DNA ratio (P>0.05). The RNA/DNA ratio attention because it potentially affects aquaculture production. Cannibalism in snakehead juveniles was ranged from 2.15‒2.26 (Figure 2). Absolute length growth of the snakehead rearing was affected by feeding kind, feed was shown in Figure 3. The absolute length of supply, and different size between individuals in snakehead was increased at each treatment from the population (War et al., 2014). A snakehead the beginning until at the end of the study. The juvenile could prey the other smaller species even its own kind, when the size variance was 60–80% total length of snakehead ranged from 4.88‒5.22 cm. (Srivastava et al., 2011). It means when the size

Table 1. Growth performance of snakehead juveniles Channa striata with different stocking density for 42 days using recirculation system. Stocking density (fish/liter water) Parameter 1 2 3 Survival rate (%) 94.17 ± 6.29a 94.58 ± 1.91a 92.5 ± 3.00a Absolute length growth rate (cm/day) 0.12 ± 0.010a 0.12 ± 0.004a 0.12 ± 0.005a Absolute weight growth rate (g/day) 0.14 ± 0.001a 0.14 ± 0.001a 0.13 ± 0.003a Feed conversion ratio 3.90 ± 0.31a 3.94 ± 0.31a 4.77 ± 0.04b Note : The same superscript letter in the same row indicated no significant difference on significant level 5% (Tukey test) Table 2. Water quality of snakehead juveniles rearing in different stocking density for 42 days using a recirculation system. Treatment Parameter Optimal level 1 juvenile/L 2 juveniles/L 3 juveniles/L

a Temperature (°C) 29‒30.9 29.6‒30.6 29.6‒30.1 27.8‒32.5 a pH 5.36‒5.57 5.25‒5.78 5.4‒6.31 4‒6.3 a DO (mg/L) 3.62‒6.14 3.13‒5.23 2.94‒4.89 0.5‒7.4 b Alkalinity (mg/L) 94.86‒96.97 92.75‒94.86 86.43‒101.84 30‒100 b Nitrite (mg/L) 0.002‒0.585 0.003‒0.8 0.051‒0.540 0.5‒5 b Ammonia (mg/L) 0.021‒0.081 0.017‒0.1 0.017‒0.120 <0.1 Note : a: BPBAT Mandiangin (2014); b: Boyd (1982) 108 Adang Saputra et al. / Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 17 (2), 104–112 (2018)

Figure 1. Survival rate of snakehead juveniles Channa striata.

Figure 2. RNA/DNA ratio of snakehead in different stocking density.

Figure 3. Total length growth of snakehead Channa striata.

Figure 4. Total weight of snakehead juveniles Channa striata. Adang Saputra et al. / Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 17 (2), 104–112 (2018) 109 variance was higher than 20%, the cannibalism same growth rate possibility. It caused by raising would be possible. The result of the study was of RNA value as fish muscle former (protein) and in line with those previously reported by others. it described bigger growth potency in fish (Tanaka At the end of the study, the cannibalism was 0% et al., 2008). which means no cannibalism because the size Feed is a main factor in aquaculture. Feed variance was below 20%. It also showed that the conversion is described as the ability to convert stocking density treatment was applicable and the feed into biomass. The lower feed conversion tolerable by the snakehead juvenile. means fewer feed needed to gain 1 kg biomass. The Survival rate is percentage of final population result showed that FCR value was no significantly at the end of the study. The survival rate of different between 1 juvenile/L and 2 juveniles/L snakehead juveniles decreased in each treatment, (P>0.05) but those values were significantly from the beginning until the end of the study. different with 3 juveniles/L (P<0.05). The FCR Sarah et al. (2009) stated that a higher stocking value were 3.90, 3.94, and 4.77 respectively. It density would affect physiology process and fish was predicted that the increasing of stocking behavior towards its moving spaces. At the end of density acted as stress impulse to the juvenile. the story, it potentially downturn fish healthiness, Stress condition induced energy utilization which so that feed utilization, growth, and survival rate belongs to grow, so that feed efficiency was low. would be decline. However, the result of survival The feed conversion ratio of this study ranged rate was classified as high (92.5–94.58%). It was from 3.9–4.77. A stress-resistant population predicted that the stocking density treatment was would utilize the certain energy to deal with stress quite tolerable by the snakehead juveniles and the condition, but still have some sources of energy to feed amount was still sufficient for the snakehead maintain its daily need, such as antibody synthesis juveniles. process. Stress condition caused an escalation Growth is size (weight and length) added the glucocorticoid which caused blood glucose in a certain period of time. The length and increasing to deal with high energy demand weight of snakehead juveniles increased in each during stress condition (Costas et al., 2008). treatment from the beginning and the end of the Snakehead is a wild freshwater species lived study. However, the growth (weight and length) in the swamp area with low concentration of rate decrease in higher stocking density. It was dissolved oxygen and pH (Astria et al., 2013). predicted that the moving space of the population During the study, pH level was maintained in was getting narrower when the stocking density low level (acid) to adjust with the snakehead was higher, so that the population was fighting over natural habitat. The pH level adjustment used the feed and it caused stress. A stressful condition Terminalia catappa leaves. The dissolved oxygen caused hyperglycemia which interrupted the concentration during the study was also classified development process, or worst it potentially as low, but it was tolerable by the snakehead caused death (Yeh et al., 2010; Leland et al., because of the additional respiratory organ 2013; Pederzoli & Mola, 2016). In a stressful called diverticula owned by snakehead to utilized condition, there was a reallocate metabolic feed oxygen in the air for respiration (Muslim energy (such as growth and reproduction) turned & Syaefudin, 2012). The other water quality into homeostasis, such as respiration, movement, parameter, such as, temperature, alkalinity, hydromineral regulation, and tissues recovery nitrite, and ammonia during the study were still (Arifinet al., 2014). in the tolerable range to support growth and daily DNA/RNA ratio is supporting parameter maintenance. to predict the growth internally. DNA is more A great result of aquaculture depends on conservative, while RNA more fluctuative, so survival rate, growth, and stocking density. that RNA and DNA ratio can represent growth According to Sarah et al. (2009), a high internally (Mukherjee & Jana, 2007). The result of production would be achieved in high stocking this study showed that snakehead juvenile rearing density. Production in this term was the profil in different stocking density using recirculation from the aquaculture activity. If the optimal system did not affect DNA/RNA ratio. It was density was achieved, the facility and freshwater predicted that there was similar opportunity resource would be utilized efficiently, so that the in achieving growth on each treatment. It was production would be optimal (Budiardi et al., reflected that snakehead juvenile reared in 1 2007). An intensive rearing using high stocking juvenile/L, 2 juveniles/L, and 3 juveniles/L have density was conducted to achieve maximum daily 110 Adang Saputra et al. / Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 17 (2), 104–112 (2018) production. When the optimum production hasn’t Arifin MY, Supriyono E, Widanarni. 2014. been achieved, stocking density addition would Total hemosit, glucose, and survival rate possible, even though the fish growth tend to mantis shrimp Harpiosquilla raphidea post decrease (Shafrudin et al., 2006). In this study, transportation with two different system. survival rate and growth of each treatment were Jurnal Kelautan Nasional 9: 111‒119. classified as high. 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