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Referee Academy

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International Esports Referee Academy 1 CONTENTS

01 Common Subjects

007 Game Genres 024 Careers in Esports 02 International Referee

036 Theory of Referee - Background Information of the Referee - Rights and Responsibilities of the Referee - Technical Commissioners (TD, JURY, IR)

045 Technical Elements - Understanding Computer Settings and Network of Competition - Tournament Methods - Record of Result - Handling Emergencies - Attire and Attitude of Referee

072 Match Operation - Checklist before, During and After the Event - Position and Duties of the Referee During the match - Post-match measures of the referee

080 Media and Referee - The media after competition (Interview, Social Media) 03 Ethics

085 Application - Referee Ethics - Fairness of Referee - Code of conduct (Global Etiquettes)

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International Esports Referee Academy

Common Subjects 01 Game Genres

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A Common Subjects

International Esports Referee Academy 7 Game Genres

There are conflicting points of view concerning the classification of the current game genres. It’s mainly because game genres have developed through a variety of platforms, and in the process, new hybrid genres like the RPG have emerged. When classifying any game, the name of the genre makes users expect a certain kind of experience. A specific genre also has an affinity with a specific fiction making approach to make the classifications meaningful. Generally, developers come to face real challenges in an effort to keep the balance between innovation and imitation. On the other hand, players accept new games, on the basis of the games they already know. This TIONAL E means that the accessibility NandA commitment of usersS Pincrease in accordance with the familiarity they have withR the game. Along with the advancementO of technology, E R digital games have innovatedT and developed from a single genreT to hybrid genres, referring and combiningN the characteristics of multiple genres.S In order to design or I figure out the current digital games, it is important to understand the main play of

the single genres and the composition of hybrid genres, and also to think about the

directions it will take in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to see how the genres

have gone through different changes with the advancement of technology. What

constitutes a game genre? This section reviews the components and summarizes

the major types of genres in accordance with the current game culture. So far, the

game genre study has lacked consistency and unity. AccordingR to the classification in Y

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GameWiki, genres include action,M adventure, platform, racing, flying, rhythm action,

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E A puzzle, strategy, role- playing, shooting, fighting,E sports, etc. (GameWiki, 2014). C

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8 Game Genres Arcade Action

Arcade action game genre mainly refers to games in which the player controls the basic operation buttons or joysticks in order to move the characters and make them battle obstacles in the flow of time. Currently, action games, which are implanted in other games keeping the characteristics of the arcade game, are also included in the category. The following is a summary of what goals are given and operated in traditional arcade platform.

- The goal is OclearlyNA delivered. ATI L E - TheN goal is dual-faceted: theSP character must propel R O Eforwards, and earn a high score. R - T Players who do not try to arrive at Tthe goal are strongly N S I punished.

- Because of the enhanced target, a player has no choice

but to adopt a narrow range of play style.

If we call this an action genre, the key play of the players depends on how far they go

forwards and how high their score is. The main requirements ofR skill for an arcade action Y

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game are speed, flashy action,M fast eyes, and nimble hands. In summary, the main

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E purpose of the game is to progress eachA game-specific action skill. In this respect, the

E C key play of the arcade action game belongs toA the first type of learning play as mentioned before. Sub-types under this genre include puzzles, platform, and rhythm action.

There are pure puzzle games, such as “find the hidden picture”, jigsaw, “find differences in the pictures”, Minesweeper, and abstract forms of puzzle games such as the falling blocks like . is a kind of time management action, which requires the player to fit the blocks in the appropriate space in a given time. This has transformed into the matching tiles action game, a sub-type of the puzzle game, in which the player controls the game to remove all the tiles in accordance with the rules. Jasper Yule mentioned that, the game ‘Match-Three’ in particular was so popular that it could have been labeled as its own genre, but it still remains just a

International Esports Referee Academy 9 sub-type of the matching tiles action game. Rhythm action also belongs to the arcade action game genre and it requires the player to perform a certain behavior to the rhythm over time. which was a popular arcade game console and the marble-shooting game combining puzzle and action, both belong to a typical arcade action genre. These games were also very popular on the PC platform. Both are typical examples of the arcade action genre, which have now been developed into a complex genre, from platform action shooting, fighting and puzzle.

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10 Game Genres Simulation Games

Simulation games refers to games that implement conditions resembling reality on the computer, and experimenting with what can actually happen under given conditions and circumstances. A control simulation or operating device simulation provides players the opportunity to go through physical experiences such as flying an airplane or parachuting. This enables the experience of reality in a virtual space, a screen or operation unit. Simulation games allow players to have control over any environment, which may be too tough, dangerous or expensive in real life. The operating device simulation is different from the arcade action game in that it offers the opportunity TIONAL E for experience, and it is differentNA from nurturing simulationSP or strategy simulation in that learning is the key play.R Nurturing simulation game Oprovides an opportunity to E R create communities or Tcharacters imitating reality. isT a typical example of a successful mixture ofN nurturing simulation and management Ssimulation.

Maker> is the most famous nurturing simulation, known to train characters on the

PC platform. RPG and nurturing simulation seem to be similar apparently in that they

share ‘growing characters’, but different in that the characters are in first- person in

RPG but in third-person in nurturing simulation. In RPG, players gain a vicarious

experience through first-person characters, while in nurturing simulation players

become the caregivers and creators to third-person characters. In case of

which is the first nurturing simulation game produced by Maxis,R gamers freely make Y E

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choices in inaccessible reality,M allowing for growth in their values and handling

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E frustrations in separation from reality. C

Including the Facebook game ,A many mobile games such as , , , , , , etc. manage and expand certain spaces, such as farms, estates, ranches, planets and city villages. These games of space management simulation form a different genre from nurturing simulation. If it becomes a MMO game, social play becomes the second key play. In the case of farm management simulation, when it becomes a social play as an MMO game, the focal play becomes an experience without a particular goal and virtual consumption of items. This is clearly distinguishable from , which mainly manages communities on the PC platform. has the main theme called ‘The navigation into the new world’, but does not lack a goal and has many elements of conflict. It has the

International Esports Referee Academy 11 element of strategy learning play, requiring higher level of strategies than in its multi-ending and important selections. This explains why many of strategy simulation have the play elements of early nurturing simulation games. Although strategy simulation game genre is a hybrid genre integrating strategy simulation and role-playing nurturing play, it’s quite particular today that it can even be seen as genres of their own. There are mainly two types: turn-based strategy simulation game, and RTS in which players can engage in strategic play with opponents in real-time where order and action takes place simultaneously. The typical example of the former is , and of the latter is . The RTS type starting from has evolved so much and has created AOS and MOBA genres that belong to the multi strategy simulation genre. TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T T N S I

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Source: Blizzard A

12 Game Genres Fighting Games

Fighting Game is a typical type of competitive game. From the beginning, the war- type fighting game was based on competitive play even when it was a single play. What is more common is the fighting games with battling opponents. The player gets to fight with the opponents one-to-one in proximity. Either the computer can provide the opponent or another player can control the other character. Traditionally, the fighting game involves fighting without any weapons such as guns or other modern tools. What differentiated the similar arcade shooting game was whether weapons are used or not. The result of the fighting is either death or an obvious TIONAL E defeat of one side. NA SP R O E R T T N S I

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Source: Bandai Namco

International Esports Referee Academy 13 Sports Games

Another type of competitive play, sports games are tinged with the characteristics of simulation strategy games in that they make players construct strategies. The nature of the games can be a variety of individual or team sports. Players may also play as a member in a team and move the entire team. In this case, strategies are required as well as agile operation. There are many cases in which capability of sports athletes are imbued in order to give realism. Major sports organizations and athletes are allowing licenses to the names to be used in games. In this case, the players are even provided with the role-playing experience. In addition, the nurturing play element TIONAL E can also be involved to fosterN one’sA character and teamS Pwhen they take on the role of real players. In other words,R it has multi-play characteristicsO even though it’s a single E R genre. T T is a typical exampleN of sports genre. is anotherS example which has I been transplanted into the PC successfully starting from a console. There are also

and .

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Source: PES

14 Game Genres Racing Games

Previously racing games were mostly limited to car racing. Car racing games were a type of arcade action game when it ran on the arcade platform with operating units like a steering wheel and a break. And it also had characteristics of operating device simulation games. Even presently, racing games demonstrate aspects of strong competition play in the MO (Multiple Operation) mode as well as that of learning play in the single play mode. In racing games, players get scores by passing through rough and dangerous routes, or they race against other competitors in the course during a limited time in MO. In the past, every detail, such as the speed of TIONAL E the racing, the sense of controlNA of cars and label designSP have been portrayed very elaborately so that it can evokeR the sense of real racing. OHowever, moving onto the E R PC platform, the gameT has proven that it can be interesting Tenough with feedback, reward, competition, Nand nurturing elements rather than realisticS descriptions. The I cart in video games is already an imaginary ‘vehicle’ with a shape similar to a car

rather than a real car.

However, the most typical vehicle in racing games are automobiles even today.

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Source: Electronic Arts

International Esports Referee Academy 15 Shooting Games

Shooting games literally means games where players shoot at a target. The target may be an enemy character or objects. Players fight with multiple enemies, and expose themselves to their enemy at the same time, but they are usually given extra chances to play again at different stages even though they die in the middle of the game. When it belonged to a type of the arcade action game, players used to shoot with a controller shaped like a real gun, but it had no operating device simulation element. The key play ‘shoot and hit’ has a characteristic as a single-play. This characteristic is a first-person shooting game (FPS), so the players see the situation from the TIONAL E first-person point of view andN Acan only see the weaponSP they hold without seeing themselves on the screen. EvenR in the case of third-person,O players can only see a bit E R of their own shoulders. TThey are same in terms of representingT what’s in the range of vision. Shooting gamesN attempt to show players what’s there asS if they could actually I see it. However, CSGO is one of the most typical shooting games out of Esports.

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Source: Digital Games and Contemporary Society / Noh Gi-young et al / Communication Books / 2015 Source: Valve - CSGO

16 Game Genres MOBA (Multiplayer Online Battle Arena)

Multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA), also known as action real-time strategy (ARTS), is a subgenre of strategy video games that originated as a subgenre of real- time strategy, in which a player controls a single character in a team who compete versus another team of players. Often the objective is to destroy the opposing team’s main structure with the assistance of periodically-spawned computer-controlled units that march forward along set paths; MOBA games can have other goals, like defeating every player on the enemy team. Player characters typically have abilities that improve over the course of a game and that contribute to a team’s overall strategy. TIONAL E MOBAs are a fusion of actionNA games, role-playing SgamesP and real-time strategy games, though MOBA playersR usually do not construct buildingsO or units and there E R are examples of MOBAT games that cannot be considered RTST at all (Smite, Paragon). N S I

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Source: www.arstechnica.com

International Esports Referee Academy 17 TCG (Trading Card Game)

A collectible card game (CCG), also called a trading card game (TCG), among other names, is a strategy card game created in 1993 and consists of specially designed sets of playing cards. These cards use proprietary artwork or images to embellish the card. CCGs may depict anything from fantasy or science fiction genres, horror themes, cartoons, or even sports. Game text is also on the card and is used to interact with the other cards in a strategic fashion. Games are commonly played between two players, though multiplayer formats are also common. Players may also use dice, counters, card sleeves, or play mats to complement their gameplay. CCGs can be TIONAL E played with or collected, andN oftenA both. Generally, aS CCGP is initially played using a starter deck. This deck mayR be modified by adding cards Ofrom booster packs, which E R contain around 8 to 15 randomT cards. As a player obtains moreT cards, they may create new decks from scratch.N When enough players have been established,S tournaments I are formed to compete for prizes.

Successful CCGs typically have thousands of unique cards, often extended through

expansion sets that add new mechanics. Magic: The Gathering has over 19,000

distinct cards. By the end of 1994, Magic: The Gathering had sold over 1 billion cards,

and grew in popularity between the time period of 2008 to 2016 when it sold over 20

billion. Other successful CCGs include Yu-Gi-Oh! which soldR over 25 billion cards as Y

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of March 2011, and PokémonM which has sold over 27 billion cards as of March 2019.

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Other notable CCGs have come and gone, includingE Legend of the Five Rings, Star C

Wars, Lord of the Rings, Vampire: The EternalA Struggle, and World of Warcraft. Many other CCGs were produced but had little or no commercial success.

18 Game Genres Recently, digital collectible card games (DCCGs) have gained popularity, spurred by the success of Hearthstone. DCCGs do not use physical cards and instead use digital representations, with newer DCCGs foregoing card images altogether by using basic icons.

TIONAL E NA SP R O E Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectible_card_gameR T T N S I

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International Esports Referee Academy 19 Battle Royale Game

A battle royale game is an online multiplayer video game genre that blends the survival, exploration, and scavenging elements of a survival game with last-man- standing gameplay. Battle royale games involve dozens to hundreds of players, that start with minimal equipment who then must eliminate all other opponents while avoiding being trapped outside of a shrinking “safe area”, with the winner being the last player or team alive. The name for the genre is taken from the 2000 Japanese film Battle Royale, which presents a similar theme of a last-man-standing competition in a shrinking play zone. TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T T N S I

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Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_royale_game Source: www.mineski.net/news/the-hype-of-battle-royale-games-as-esports

20 Game Genres Rhythm Game

Rhythm game, or rhythm action, is a subgenre of action game that challenges a player’s sense of rhythm. The genre includes dance games such as Dance Dance Revolution and music-based games such as Donkey Konga and Guitar Hero. Games in the genre challenge the player to press buttons at precise times: the screen shows which button the player is required to press, and the game awards points both for accuracy and for synchronization with the beat. The genre also includes games that measure rhythm and pitch, in order to test a player’s singing ability, and games that challenge the player to control their volume by measuring how hard they press TIONAL E each button. While songs canN beA sight read, players usuallySP practice to master more difficult songs and settings.R Certain rhythm games offer aO challenge similar to that of E R Simon says, in that theT player must watch, remember, and repeatT complex sequences of button-presses. Rhythm-actionN can take a minigame formatS with some games I blending rhythm with other genres or entirely comprising minigame collections.

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Source: www.spritesanddice.com/2016/01/amplitude-just-rhythm-game-and-thats-awesome

International Esports Referee Academy 21 In some rhythm games, the screen displays an avatar who performs in reaction to the player’s controller inputs. However, these graphical responses are usually in the background, and the avatar is more important to spectators than it is to the player. In single-player modes, the player’s avatar competes against a computer-controlled opponent, while multiplayer modes allow two player-controlled avatars to compete head-to-head. The popularity of rhythm games has created a market for speciality input devices. These include controllers that emulate musical instruments, such as guitars, drums, or maracas. A dance mat, for use in dancing games, requires the player to step on pressure-sensitive pads. However, most rhythm games also support more conventional input devices, such as control pads. Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_game

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22 Game Genres TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T T N S I

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International Esports Referee Academy 23 02 Careers in Esports

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A Common Subjects

24 Careers in Esports Competitions

- Competition planner Hosting Esports - competitions Regulations producer - Refereeing / Training referees - Event Organizer - Broadcast expert (online/offline) - Sales for Sponsorships - Website management TIONAL E NA SP R O E R - Pro-gamers (by type of game) Pro-Game Team T T N - Coaches S I - Team manager

- Front office personnel

- Game PD, AD, FD, and Writer

Game Media

- R Y Game caster and commentator E

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International Esports Referee Academy 25 Game & Esports Associations and Federations

- Game balance manager Game Producing - Companies Game operation manager (service maintenance) - Esports committee (competition planning and management)

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26 Careers in Esports Esports Ecosystem

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Source: medium.com/humble-ventures/the-2017-Esports-ecosystem-explained-in-one-chart-ef6fc48b779e

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International Esports Referee Academy 27 TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T T N S I

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28 Careers in Esports TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T T N S I

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N P R O E R T T InternationalN Esports RefereeS Academy I

International Referee

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International Esports Referee Academy 29 01 Theory of Referee

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A International Referee

30 Background Information of the Referee

Birth of Modern Sports and Referees

bourgeoisie, which experienced rapid developments through the industrial revolution after the 19th century. With money and time on their side, the bourgeois class, which was formed centering on industrial capitalists, had brought into theirNA lives leisure, which was the exclusive propertyT IofO aristocrats.L E And so the sports culture NA SP Rsuch as golf, horseback riding,O rowing, tennis, which Esymbolized the privilege of socialR status rapidly diffused T T to the bourgeoisie class, which shifted the recognition and N S I paradigm of sports.

The expansion of participants casually led to the demand for

fair conditions, and the insistence of rational and uniform

rules for fair competition. Such demands and needs led to

the establishment of modern sports organizations. Before

the British Football Association was founded in 1863, the

size of balls, rules of the game,R and the size of pitches

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EstablishmentD of unified rules and official organizations E

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were essential forA the games become a competition, and this is called ‘institutionalization’, an essential component of modern sports. The compelling power of rules does not emerge by itself but is enabled by the being which supervises the rules. The existence of referees is another name of authority which executes the force of this rule. Rules define the actions to be or not to be performed in a sport, and this is where the grounds for the existence of referees are generated. Referee is a subject which executes the compelling force of rules, and represents the official authority of the association/federation.

International Esports Referee Academy 31 Difference Between Esports Referee and General Sports Referee

Electronic Device - The biggest difference between Esports and other sports Based is that the competition between the counterparts occurs in a virtual electronic atmosphere.

- Generally, an electronic device consists of hardware, software, networks, and external devices, and so an Esports referee should have general information and expertise on electronic devices.

- General sportsION refereesAL are classified on each sport such Diversity of Events AT E asN soccer, baseball, or basketball,SP but Esports referees R O E generally have to deal with variousR events, categorized T into genres. T N S I

- However, as events may change any time, the contents of

games may be updated due to needs of game providers,

or the games may be upgraded through patches or

extension packs, the referees should be aware of every

aspect of each game through constant engagement with

the games.

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- As E an event may disappear depending on the situations of

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game providersA or host/sponsors of gaming competitions, constant studying of new events is also needed.

32 Theory of Referee Esports referees in Korea

The KeSPA has maintained a referee system since 2003. The referees are classified into grades 1, 2, and 3.

Main events Similar events

Official Authorized Unauthorized Official Authorized Unauthorized

Chief Chief Chief X X X Grade 1 Referee Referee Referee

Assistant Chief Assistant Assistant Grade 2 Referee Referee X X Referee Referee TIONAL AssistantA Chief ES Assistant X N X P X Grade 3 RefereeR Referee O Referee E R T T N S I

IESF international referees

- Since 2013, IESF has selected Esports international referees through its own

member nations and proceeded with IESF World Championship.R

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The cultivation of international Esports refereesE started in earnest in 2016, as C

the curriculum was developed to enhanceA professionalism of international Esports referees and e-learning system was introduced for the referees to go through online and offline training at the same time, and as the referees were sent to the World Championship to test their practical skills.

International Esports Referee Academy 33 IESF International Referee Level

- IESF has been operating the referee rating system since 2019, and the international referees are divided into grades 1, 2, and 3.

REFEREE LEVEL International Esports Referee Academy

Level 3 (White) Level 2 (Red) Level 1 (Black)

Regional Competitions Regional and Continental ALL COMPETITIONS Referee Coverage (EMEA, South East Asia, Competitions (at regional, continental and etc.) (America, Oceania Asia) international level)

National Referees’ Level 3 Referee License Level 2 Referee License Minimum Education & License 1 Refresher Course 1 Refresher Course Requirement of 1 Refresher Course every 3 year certified by every 4 year certified by Education Criteria every 2 year certified by ONAL TI IESF Referee AcademyE IESF Referee Academy IESF RefereeNA Academy SP O 3-5 games per year Minimum R (any level) 3-5 games per year E2-3 games per year R + Requirement of (Regional/Continental) Experience T 2T-3 games per year (international level) N S I ※ Refresher Course are offered to make sure referee expertise level is ensured.

* IESF Referee Standard Sheet (based on 2019)

IESF Esports referees academy

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- For the Esports academy toE proceed in earnest, IESF held International Esports

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Referee Workshop & Seminar in 2018 toA build the foundation for the academy.

- In 2019, IESF held Esports Referee Academy Workshop to accelerate the development of the academy curriculum that is ever more systematical than before.

34 Theory of Referee Rights and Responsibilities of the Referee

Rights of the referee

- If there occurs any violation of the regulation during the game, the referee may stop, suspend, or terminate the game at one’s own discretion.

- If there is the possibility of any problem happening due to outside interference during the game, the referee may stop, suspend, or terminate the game. TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T T N S Responsibilities of theI referee

01 The referee should proceed the game with fairness and

without delay according to IESF Competition Regulation.

The referee should be well-acquainted with the regulations

of the game, as well as manage and supervise the

competition site so that the playersR could play the best

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02 The referee has theA responsibility to ensure the safety of the players, officials, coach staff, the persons concerned, and the audience, and need to get rid of the factors in advance that could be of any disturbance to the game. In the event of the players getting injured or any unfortunate situations occurring during the game, the referee should maintain the order of the game through prompt management.

03 Continuous observation is required of the referee to perceive the problems during the game, and the referee should remain within the designated position without moving to other places.

International Esports Referee Academy 35 04 The referee should manage and supervise the equipment in the site in advance so that the players could play the game smoothly and record the results of the game after it ends.

Technical Commissioners (TD, JURY, IR)

TD (Technical Delegate) TIONAL E NA SP R O Technical Delegate is responsibleE for all of the following: R T T N S I

- The TD has the final authority for technical aspects, and is responsible for

developing and regulating various technologies related to the matches with other

TDs, delegates, and federations by leveraging his or her expertise.

- The TD serves as the technical head in the organizing committee and must help

the technical committee members with all their needs. The TD shall prepare

for tournaments in accordance with Esports federation regulationsR and event Y E

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manual, submit a written M report to the organizing committee, and cooperate

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with the committee members. A

JURY

Juries are responsible for resolving disputes between member states, and shall submit in writing the reports on the resolution efforts to the tournament organizing committee.

36 Theory of Referee IR (International Referee)

The International Referee shall carry out and supervise the tournament in accordance with the federation’s regulations. The IR is someone certified to serve as a referee in international matches. In order to become a referee, the candidate must complete the Esports international referee course at the International Esports Academy upon the recommendation of the respective member state.

* These contents are the model of IESF

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International Esports Referee Academy 37 TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T T N S I

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38 Theory of Referee 02 Technical Elements of Competition

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A International Referee

International Esports Referee Academy 39 Understanding Computer Settings and Network

Setting Process

1. Language

Start -> Settings -> Time & Language -> Language -> Add a preferred language * English shall be the official for the international competition

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40 Technical Elements of Competition 2. Windows Update

Windows Settings -> Update & Security -> Advanced Options -> All Off

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International Esports Referee Academy 41 3. Windows Defender Firewall

Control Panel -> Windows Defender Firewall -> Turn Windows Defender Firewall on or off -> Turn off

TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T T N S I

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42 Technical Elements of Competition 4. Sticky Keys

Control Panel -> Ease of Access Center -> Make the keyboard easier to -> All off

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International Esports Referee Academy 43 TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T T N S I

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44 Technical Elements of Competition 5. Sound

Control Panel -> Sound

When you check the “Playback” tap of “Sound”, the “Default Device” is usually set up as the basic speaker or headset in the places for competition.

As one can see on the upper side, the “Default Device” in the example case is set as 24EA53 monitor. TIONAL E NA SP R Make a rightO click on the wanted E device and Rselect “Set as Default T T N Device”. S I

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International Esports Referee Academy 45 Make a right click on the Mic device to use from “Recording” tap, and select “Properties”.

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46 Technical Elements of Competition Check the sound balance of the Mic device at “Levels” tap.

TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T T N S I

If the sound is not clearly heard or no

sound comes out even after having

all the right settings, it is definitely

the problem of “Communication”

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Y tap, unless it is about the connection E

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M problem or any issue of the hardware. E

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A In the case of having selected “Mute all the other sounds”, in-game sounds do not work. It is needed to be checked at “Communications”.

When you use a voice chat like “Discord”, check those options. Selecting “Do nothing” is the best option.

International Esports Referee Academy 47 6. Voice Chat

* Example of Discord

Once you get to Discord, go to “User Settings”.

TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T Select “Voice T& Video” then make N S I sure you set the right Input & Output

device .

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48 Technical Elements of Competition HUB

HUB refers to a device connecting telecommunication devices like computers to a network when establishing LAN which is a short distance communications network. In general, the device supports computer/printer-to-network connection, network- to-network connection and network device (Ex. Router)-to-network connection. Furthermore, the device may be used to check network status or used to amplify signal(s).

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International Esports Referee Academy 49 Tournament Methods

Round-Robin Tournament

The term round-robin is derived from the French term ruban, meaning “ribbon”. Over a long period of time, the term was corrupted and idiomized to robin] In a single round-robin schedule, each participant plays every other participant once. If each participant plays all others twice, this is frequently called a double round- robin. The term is rarely used when OallN participantsA play one another more than twice, and is never used when oneT IparticipantL plays E others an unequal number of NA SP times (as is the case in almostR all of the major UnitedO States professional sports leagues. E R T T In the United Kingdom,N a round-robin tournament is often called anS American tournament I in sports such as tennis or billiards which usually have knockout tournaments. In

Italian it is called girone all’italiana (literally “Italian-style circuit”). In Serbian it is

called the Berger system (Бергеров систем, Bergerov sistem), after chess player Johann

Berger. A round-robin tournament with four players is sometimes called “quad” or

“foursome”.

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Example of IESF Bracket System with 16 Teams

Entry List Group A Group B Group C Group D

A1 Australia B1 Iran C1 Pilippines D1 South Africa A2 China B2 Israel C2 Romania D2 Switzerland A3 Chinese Taipei B3 Korea (South) C3 Russia D3 Thailand A4 Indonesia B4 Mongolia C4 Serbia D4 Tu n i s ia

50 Technical Elements of Competition Group “A” Preliminary

Round 1 Round 2 Round 3

A1 Australia A2 China A1 Australia M1 M3 M5 A2 China A4 Indonesia A4 Indonesia

A3 Chinese Taipei A1 Australia A2 China M2 M4 M6 A4 Indonesia A3 Chinese Taipei A3 Chinese Taipei

Group “B” Preliminary

Round 1 IRoundONA 2 L Round 3 AT ES B1 Iran N B2 Israel P B1 Iran M1 R M3 OM5 B2 Israel E B4 Mongolia R B4 Mongolia T T N S B3 Korea (South)I B1 Iran B 2 Israel M2 M4 M6

B4 Mongolia B3 Korea (South) B3 Korea (South)

Single Elimination

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A single-elimination tournamentM - also called an Olympic system tournament,

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A a knockout (or, knock-out), single penetration,E or sudden death tournament - is a type C of elimination tournament where the loserA of each bracket is immediately eliminated from winning the championship or first prize in the event. This does not always mean that the defeated competitor will not participate further in the tournament; in some such tournaments, consolation or “classification” contests are subsequently held among those already defeated to determine the awarding of lesser places, for example, a third-place playoff. Where more than two competitors can play in each match, such as in a shootout poker tournament, players are removed when they can no longer play until one player remains from the group. This player moves on to the next round. Some competitions are held with a pure single-elimination tournament system. Others have many phases, with the last being a single-elimination final stage called playoffs.

International Esports Referee Academy 51 Single Elimination

Entry List

Country Team Name

01 Serbia Serbia Team 02 Israel Israel Te a m 03 Switzerland Switzerland Te a m 04 Thailand Thailand Te a m

05 China China Te a m 06 Romania Romania Te a m 07 Korea (South) ONA Korea (South) Te a m ATI L E 08 RussiaN SP Russia Te a m R O E R T T N S I

Tournament Bracket

Round 1 Round 2 Round 3

1 Serbia Team 2

M1

4 Thailand Team 3

4 Thailand Team 1

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A M7 5 China Team 2 3 Switzerland Team 0 M1 8 Russia Team 3 8 Russia Te a m 0 M6 2 Israel Team 1 3 Korea(South) Team 5 4 Thailand Team 5 M2 3rd 3 Switzerland Team 4 8 Russia Team 0

52 Technical Elements of Competition Double Elimination

A double-elimination tournament is a type of elimination tournament competition in which a participant ceases to be eligible to win the tournament’s championship upon having lost two games or matches. It stands in contrast to a single-elimination tournament, in which only one defeat results in elimination. One method of arranging a double-elimination tournament is to break the competitors into two sets of brackets, the winners bracket and losers bracket (W and L brackets for short; also sometimes upper bracket and lower bracket, respectively) after the first round. The first-round winners proceed into the W bracket and the losers proceed into the L bracket. The W bracket is conducted in the same manner as a single- elimination tournament, except that theO losersNA of each round “drop down” into the L bracket. Another method of double-eliminationTI Ltournament E management is the Draw NA SP and Process. R O E R T T N S I

Example of IESF Bracket System with 8 Teams

Entry List

Country Team Name

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03 Belgium A Belgium Te a m 04 Bangladesh Bangladesh Te a m 05 Brazil Brazil Te a m 06 Bulgaria Bulgaria Te a m 07 Switzerland Switzerland Te a m 08 China China Te a m

International Esports Referee Academy 53 Tournament Bracket

Winner Bracket Round 1 Round 2 Round 3

1 Austria Team 5 M1 8 China Team 0 1 Thailand Team 0 M7 4 Bangladesh Team 0 5 Korea(South) Team 5 M2 5 Brazil Team 5 5 Brazil Team 2 M12 2 Azerbaijan Team 4 2 Azerbaijan Team 3 M3 7 Switzerland Team 1 2 RussiaON TeA a m L 3 M8ATI E 3 Belgium Team 2 N 6 Korea(South) Team 2SP 4 Thailand Team 5 M4 R O 3rd 6 Bulgaria Team 3 E R 8 Russia Team 0 T T N S I

Loser Bracket

Round 1 Round 2 Round 3

6 Bulgaria Team 3

M10

8 China Team 4 8 China Team 2 R Y

M5 E

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4 Bangladesh Team 1 M

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E 6 Bulgaria Team 1

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A 3 Belgium Team 4

1 Austria Team 2 M9 7 Switzerland Team 0 3 Belgium Team 3 M6 3 Belgium Team 5

54 Technical Elements of Competition Round 4 Round 5

2 Azerbaijan Team 4 M14 M15 5 Brazil Team 1 Loser of M14

TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T T N S I

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3 Belgium Team 1 A

International Esports Referee Academy 55 Swiss-system tournament

A Swiss-system tournament is a non-eliminating tournament format that features a set number of rounds of competition, but considerably fewer than that of a round- robin tournament. In a Swiss tournament, each competitor (team or individual) does not necessarily play all other entrants. Competitors meet one-on-one in each round and are paired using a set of rules designed to ensure that each competitor plays opponents with a similar running score, but not the same opponent more than once. The winner is the competitor with the highest aggregate points earned in all rounds. All competitors play in each round unless there is an odd number of players.

A Swiss system is used for competitionsO inN whichA the number of entrants is considered too large for a full round-robin to beT feasible,I andL eliminating E any competitors before NA SP the end of the tournamentR is undesirable. Round-robin Opairings are suitable for a small number of competitorsE and rounds, as most or all playersR will play each other; T T the underlying assumptionN is that the player who has played allS possible opponents I and ends with the highest score must be the winner. Single-elimination (knockout)

pairings rapidly reduce the number of competitors, but they may not necessarily

result in the best possible competitor winning, as good competitors might have a bad

day or eliminate and exhaust each other if they meet in early rounds. Swiss systems

intend to provide a clear winner with a limited number of rounds and a potentially

unlimited number of opponents. A Swiss system draw should result in a clear winner,

without having to play all opponents as in round robin, andR without a single bad

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result terminating participation. F

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The system was first employed at a chessA tournament in Zurich in 1895, hence the name “Swiss system”. Swiss systems are commonly used in chess, Go, bridge, Scrabble and many other games.

Mind Sports South Africa, the national body for eSports in South Africa, uses a Swiss system for all its tournaments. For its Swiss implementations, players receive three points for a win and only one for a draw and no player can play against another player more than once. There is the further provision that no player may play against another player from the same club in the first round as long as no one club has 40% of the entrants.

56 Technical Elements of Competition On June 1, 2016 ESL announced that it would be using the Swiss system for its ESL One Cologne 2016 offline qualifier tournament. ELEAGUE also adopted this system for the ELEAGUE Major 2017 qualifier and the ELEAGUE Major itself. The format has been used for every following Counter-Strike: Global Offensive major tournament since its initial usage. The format was also used for the Dota 2 Kiev Major tournament in 2017. Overwatch Open Division also makes use of the Swiss system, as well as the Hearthstone Global Games tournament.

Entry List

Country Team Name

01 Austria Austria Team 02 Azerbaijan ONA Azerbaijan Te a m ATI L E 03 BelgiumN SP Belgium Te a m R O 04 BangladeshE BangladeshR Te a m T T 05 Brazil Brazil Te a m N S I 06 Bulgaria Bulgaria Te a m

07 Switzerland Switzerland Te a m

08 China China Te a m

Swiss-system tournament

Round 1 Round 2 R Round 3

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A1 Australia E Loser of M2 Loser of M7

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M1 M5 E M9 A E C

A5 Brazil LoserA of M4 Winner of M5

A2 Azerbaijan Loser of M1 Loser of M8 M2 M6 M10 A6 Bulgaria Loser of M3 Winner of M6

A3 Belgium Winner of M2 Loser of M5 M3 M7 M11 A7 Switzerland Winner of M4 Loser of M6

A4 Bangladesh Winner of M1 Winner of M8 M4 M8 M12 A8 China Winner of M3 Winner of M7

International Esports Referee Academy 57 Record of Result

Sample of Result form – DOTA2 Result Form (Main Match)

The 11th Esports World Championship Seoul 2019 Dota2 Result Form (Main Match)

Place Date/Time TD ONAInt’ Referee ATI L E Match Quarter-FinalN Semi-FinalS 3rd-PlaceP Match Final R O Team1 Name E R T T Team2 Name N S I

Team1 Team2 Win Lose Play Time

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Note

58 Technical Elements of Competition Sample of Result form – Tekken 7 Result Form (Preliminary)

The 11th Esports World Championship Seoul 2019 Tekken 7 Result Form (Preliminary)

Place Date/Time Int’ Referee National Referee Group A B C D E F G H Participants

Player (A) PlayerON (B)A Win Lose Play Time ATI L E 1 N SP R O 2 E R T T 3 N S I

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1st 2nd Result 3rd 4th 1st 2nd Sign 3rd 4th Note

International Esports Referee Academy 59 Sample of Result form – Tekken 7 Result Form (Main Match)

The 11th Esports World Championship Seoul 2019 Tekken 7 Result Form (Main Match)

Place Date/Time TD Int’ Referee Group Quarter-Final Semi-Final 3rd-Place Match Final Team1 Name Team2 Name ONA ATI L E Player A N Player B SWinP Lose Play Time R O 1 E R T T 2 N S I

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60 Technical Elements of Competition Sample of Result form – PES 2020 Result Form (Preliminary)

The 11th Esports World Championship Seoul 2019 PES 2020 Result Form (Preliminary)

Place Date/Time Int’ Referee National Referee Group A B C D E F G H Participants

Player (A) PlayerON (B)A Win Lose Draw ATI L E 1 N SP R O 2 E R T T 3 N S I

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1st 2nd Result 3rd 4th 1st 2nd Sign 3rd 4th Note

International Esports Referee Academy 61 Sample of Result form – PES 2020 Result Form (Main Match)

The 11th Esports World Championship Seoul 2019 PES 2020 Result Form (Main Match)

Place Date/Time TD Int’ Referee Group Quarter-Final Semi-Final 3rd-Place Match Final Team1 Name Team2 Name ONA ATI L E Player A N Player B SWinP Lose Play Time R O 1 E R T T 2 N S I

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62 Technical Elements of Competition Handling Emergencies

First Aid Process

Outbreak of Emergency

Radio communication Moved to medical room TIONAL E NA SP R O E Diagnosis R T T N S I

Treatment and medication

Continued Resolved

Report to Transferred to Match

situation room local hospital resumed R

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In case of emergencies, the referee only getsA involved in the first and last steps.

Referee needs to know the location of the “First Aid Station”, and the referee should not start the game if there is no station for it.

International Esports Referee Academy 63 Attire and Attitude of Referee

IESF made it a rule for referees to wear black suit, and the Organizing Committee in each event has been providing uniforms to the referees and technical advisors. Referees should be fully aware of the following contents and shall act with care so that their actions may not hinder authority and status of referees.

01 Referees should wear black suit.

02 RefereesT shouldION wearAL white E dress shirt if possible. NA SP R O 03 EReferees should avoid white socksR and should wear socks T that matches well with his or her suit.T N S I

04 Referees should avoid primary colors for his or her shoes

and should wear comfortable shoes in accordance with his

or her shoe size.

Referees should keep his or her hair style neatly. 05

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07 Referees shouldA always wear an accessory that represents his or her status as a referee during a match.

64 Technical Elements of Competition TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T T N S I

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International Esports Referee Academy 65 03 Match Operation

TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T T N S I

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A International Referee

66 Check list Before, During and After the Event

International Esports referees should check the task cooperation system with the groups necessary for the game proceedings before the game including the competition organization committee, the technical committee, and the all-source situation room, and inspect the game devices and peripheral devices for the players to play the game smoothly. Moreover, the referee has the obligation to be aware of and check the right time for the players to arrive at the arena. The following is about the situations to check after the referee arrives at the arena: TIONAL E NA SP R O Before the event E R T T N S 01 I View the referee list and check for the arrival

02 Have a meeting with other referees / dividing duties and

roles

03 Check the cooperation system with the organization

committee, the all-source situation room, and the medical R

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04 Send the informationalA package to the referees about the tournament to remind the duties

05 Prepare Player Printout (information on players)

International Esports Referee Academy 67 During the event (Physical checking, one day before)

01 Check the tournament zone, the main stage, and the gaming booths

02 Check the lightings and sound disturbances of the site

03 Make oneself understand the locations of the cameras within the arena, their movements, and any possibilities for disturbances

04 Check for any abnormalities in the competition devices (PC and/orTI Onetwork)NAL E NA SP 05 CheckR the game time and the playersO list E R T T Before the match N S I

01 Check if the players have entered the arena on time

02 Draw the map / match (if needed)

03 Inspect the belongings of the playerR and lead them to take

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04 Check for any requirementsA made by the players before the game preparation

05 Prepare competition device

After the tournament

01 Gather all for reply, screenshot and upload playing to unify the result

68 Match Operation Position and Duties of the Referee During the match

According to the number of people during the match, there are cases where there is only the chief referee, and where there are the chief and the assistant referees taking charge of the game together. In the latter case, the chief should assign the duties to the assistant referee through the meeting before the game, such as the position of the referee and things to observe. In addition, the assistant referee should strictly obey the orders from the chief referee, and help the chief referee for the game to smoothly proceed.

TIONAL E NA SP R O Chief Referee E R T T N S I

- The chief referee should take charge of the entire match

and makes the final decisions about every situation in

regards of the match.

- The chief referee should record anything unusual having

occurred during the match.

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files of each match.A

International Esports Referee Academy 69 Assistant Referee

- The assistant referee should help with the decisions of the chief referee by checking on the match situations that cannot be judged by the chief referee.

- The assistant referee should give opinions at the time of the final decisions of the chief referee to secure the objectivity.

- The assistant referee should manage and supervise the game to fill in for the chief referee in case of emergency. TIONAL E NA SP R O Referee’s Position E R - Main Stage - T T N S I - As for the stage games, there shall be at least two referees

for the smooth proceedings. If the game is proceeded

with two referees, each referee should stand behind the

player to observe the game and make immediate actions if

any problem occurs.

- The game can proceed most smoothlyR if three referees

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are assigned to the game. TwoF of the referees shall stand M

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behind each player, andE the chief referee shall take charge A

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of the game by A placing the referee PC where (s)he could gain good visual access of the stage and make immediate judgement of the situation.

In case of 2 referees In case of 3 referees

70 Match Operation Referee’s Position - Tournament Area -

- As for the tournament area, at least one referee shall be assigned for each match for the game to run smoothly. If one referee is to take charge of one match, in case of the event where the observer option is possible, the referee should set up the referee PC on the side to directly observe the game and make immediate actions if any problem occurs.

- If two or more referees are assigned for a single match at a tournamentO area,NA each referee should observe the game behind TtheI players/team,L E and in case of any problems, the NA SP Rreferees of observing both teamsO shall come up with the Esolution together through discussion.R T T N S I

In case of 1 referees

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International Esports Referee Academy 71 Post-match measures of the referee

Post-match - Saving match replay file(s) Measure(s) - Recording match results on log sheet(s) - Checking unusual item(s) - Receiving signatures from players and teams regarding the match result(s) - Checking equipment and introducing the following match(s) ONA ATI L E Result - NReporting match results SandP specialties to the Reporting R O E technical delegate R T - Reporting match results and specialtiesT to the N Organizing Committee S I

- Registering match results (IESF Bracket System)

Winner Bracket

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1 Austria Team 0 A M1 32 Romania Team 5 32 Romania Team 1 M25 16 Greece Team 0 17 Indonesia Team 4 M2 17 Indonesia Team 5

8 China Team 1 M3 25 Sri Lanka Team 4 25 Sri Lanka Team 3 M26 9 Germany Team 4 9 Germany Team 2 M4 24 Kazakhstan Team 1

72 Match Operation TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T T N S I

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International Esports Referee Academy 73 04 Media and Referee

TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T T N S I

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A International Referee

74 The media after competition (Interview, Social Media)

Interviewing

It is highly rare for referees to do an interview with media service providers after competitions. However, there are cases when media service providers ask referees to do an interview depending on the situation. Interviewing is not an easy task. An interviewee should have the ability to understand the flow of the conversation in a delicate manner for the purpose of providingNA the right answer to the questions asked by the interviewer. Furthermore, intervieweeTIO shouldL E be able to provide witty answers NA SP to difficult questions. It isR wise for an interviewee to askO the characteristics of the questions in advance as Ethe interview may take unexpectedR turns. By asking such T T items in advance, referees may understand the purpose of the interview and prepare N S I the answers for specific questions in advance. Referees have no duty to provide

detailed information about the internal condition about the matches. However,

referees may provide all types of information at his or her own discretion unless the

information does not damage the player, team or nation. However, mistakes can be

made if an interviewee tries to answer the question hastily. If an interviewee is under

a bias towards certain player or nation, referees may have trouble as he or she may

become the topic of rumors on international community, media,R press and others.

Y

Therefore, referees should consider various things beforeE conducting an interview, F

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and thoroughly prepare in advanceD for the purpose preventing possible rumors. E

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Referees should sincerely and honestly respondA to a media interview, and should try hard to ease the tension. Furthermore, it is important for the referees to understand the intention of the questions.

Social Media (Facebook & Twitter)

- Referees should do the best not to be suspected of the fairness when exchanging ideas on social media with third parties who may possibly become a person related with

International Esports Referee Academy 75 the competition including but not limited to officials and players. If the fairness of referee is under suspicion by a third party, he or she should take necessary measures including but not limited to the discontinuance of exchange and reporting to the Organizing Committee and Referee Committee.

- Referees should maintain his or her elegance based on self-discipline and balanced way of thinking if he or she expresses opinion on social and political issues on social meadia. Furthermore, referees should act carefully for the purpose of preventing the possibility of becoming - the centerT IofO socialNA issueL E and blocking possible suspicion towardNA the fairness of his orS Pher future judgment. R O E R T Posting of personal complaints regardingT the matches may N bring serious issues. It is wise for Sthe referees to solve I

internal problems through the Organizing Committee or

through the Referee Committee.

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76 Media and Referee TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T T N S I

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International Esports Referee Academy 77 TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T T N S I

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N P R O E R T T InternationalN Esports RefereeS Academy I

Ethics

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78 01 Application

TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T T N S I

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International Esports Referee Academy 79 Referee Ethics

Fairness is the most important virtue required of a referee. Biased decisions will win much criticism for referees. In no event should referees by swayed by their personal feelings.

Fairness and professionalism of referees

andN theA victory or defeat isS Palso decided by the referees, theR referees have a ethical responsibility.O The ethical E R T responsibility required of the refereesT are fairness or the N principles of justice. Referees must Streat all players with I

fairness and impartiality. In other words, the referee must

give equal consideration for the interests of all players. It

is not always easy for referees to be fair. This is because of

two reasons; first, fairness itself requires a high degree of

professional expertise. Fairness issues in sports often arise

in ambiguous situations. There is no need for fair judgment

as the sports matches are carriedR out by the referees and Y E

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theM victory or defeat is also decided by the referees,

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E the referees C have a ethical responsibility. The ethical

responsibility requiredA of the referees are fairness or the principles of justice. There is no need for fair judgment when the foul or fair play is clear. Ambiguity arises when the interest of both parties are at sharp disagreement with each other. For example, with player A having the upper hand, player B may suffer from a lag, leading to his defeat. In such event, the referee must determine whether the computer can provide evidence of the lag and how much of the evidence will be deemed valid with regard to overturning the match’s result. As such, the fairness of referees is dependent on their high level of expertise.

80 Application Referees and work ethic

If the referees’ knowledge, experience, and capability can provide a means of earning a living, running the matches gives a sense of fulfillment, and such activities means the fulfillment of the referees’ role in society, the referees may acquire the position as a vocation. The qualifications for operating the entire match requires high level of special expertise that only comes through in-depth understanding of the rules of the sport, knowledge of the game, repetitive training, and long period of experience. Such specialized fields of work are usually characterized by the four following factors.

01 The jobT requiresION Aa Lhigh E level of training and a certain degreeNA of qualifications. SP R O E R 02 T Public service is the main goal, andT the person becomes N responsible for using technology andS knowledge to benefit I

society.

Financial reward is not sought as the primary purpose, and

03

monetary gain is regarded as being unrelated to vocational

success.

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04 Y Freedom is considered an important factor of carrying out E

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theM responsibilities; in principle, autonomous responsibility

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is expected. A

All four of the above characteristics apply to refereeing. However, the expertise of referees is only a capability that they must have, and does not grant referees any special privilege. Being a referee itself does not grant them a special authority to elicit compliance from players; rather, it is when referees are fair and impartial they generate their authority to which players comply.

International Esports Referee Academy 81 Ethical Principles of Referee

The main objective of the ethical principles is to help the referee to understand those fundamental values which good, reliable and fair refereeing is built on. It is the duty of the referee to make sure that the match or competition is played by the rules and with spirit of fair play. The referee is the person in charge when it comes to fair play.

TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T T N S I

Fairness

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Fairness is the most importantY cornerstone of refereeing and present everywhere E

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M

within sports. E E

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A

82 Application Honesty

Honesty is an important part of fairness. The referee must be honest towards the sport, the competitors and oneself.

It is important to be honest with yourself. The referee shall be able to admit its flaw and may make wrong or bad decisions. The players and coaches respect and value a referee, who is able to admit one’s own mistakes. This kind of referee can also develop oneself, and the actions as it is a well-known wisdom that one of the best ways to improve yourself is to learn from your own mistakes.

TIONAL E NA SP R O E R Objectivity T T N S I

The referee shall be objective. This implies that the referee shall avoid those mental

and economical bonds to the players or the competition, which may compromise its

objectivity.

It is the duty of the referee to take care of the fairness of the match or competition.

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Y

If some gesture or action seems suspicious and not objective,E also the fairness is F

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E

E

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compromised. Successful leadershipD of the match requires communication with the E

A E C players, coaches and the organizer before,A during and after the match

International Esports Referee Academy 83 Independence

The result of the match or competition shall have no significance to the referee. It is crystal clear that the referee can not place a bet on the match the referee participates in. In fact, it would be the best for referee not to bet at all on the sport which referee involves.

Responsibility N The referee shall know the responsibilityTIO forA theL progressE of the match and for the NA SP safety of the players. The refereeR should also be able to takeO the circumstances, the age of the players, the levelE of play and the importance of the Rmatch into consideration. T T N S The referee shall rememberI that for the players the match is often the highlight

of the day or week so the referee should also respect the match. The responsible

referee needs to take education seriously and try to develop so that referee has the

possibility to be in control of all the refereeing tasks given to referee. Responsibility

also means commitment.

The referee shall prepare for the match carefully and arrive toR the match venue early

Y

enough. The referee shall know the rules of the sport and theE regulations concerning F

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E

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the safety and also obey the rulesD precisely. E

A E C

Referee must know the rules of the game A and understand the feature of the game.

Additionally, the referee must be able to read the game so that the safety of the players is not compromised and no-one gets advantage of breaking the rules. By reading the game correctly, the referee should maintain the order on the field.

The responsible referee is loyal towards the sport and the organizer of the competition as well as the participants and other referees. Referee can stick to the agreements and take care of the refereeing tasks which are given to referee.

84 Application Openness

The referee shall be open and constructive towards players, coaches, spectators and other referees. He shall admit his own mistakes and be able to take criticism.

TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T T N S I

Equality

The sport shall be open for everyone. Every person, regardless of his age, gender,

race or nationality, shall be given an equal opportunity to participate.

Equality is a part of fair play. It is the task of the referee toR make sure that fair play

Y

E

is followed. He shall immediately react to behavior whichF is insulting or can be M

E

E

R

D considered racist. E

A E C

Sport is mainly youth action where the refereeA has an important role as an educator. He shall himself know the “game rules” of life and society by heart and guide the players to act according to them. It is also the task of the referee to improve the social interaction between the players.

International Esports Referee Academy 85 Fairness of Referee

moral responsibility and principles forbid referees to consider their own emotions and benefits. Referees should only embrace strict neutrality treating benefits of players equally and should not even think about considering personal emotions or benefits. Even when referee’s morality and belief is based on consistent principle and autonomy, that belief cannot be regarded as a moral one if TIONAL E it isN forA his or her own benefit.SP TheR principle of fairness requiredO by referees cannot E R T be satisfied with only formal T concept of equality N including concepts like application Sof rules and equality I

of opportunity. Realizing fairness and virtue to every

living soul requires a person to exclude his or her own

prejudice and even likes and dislikes. The true meaning

of fairness requires a person to treat everyone equally

regardless of his or her favor. It is a moral principle which

forces a person not to treat people based on the relative

degree of intimacy or favor. As addressedR earlier, referee’s Y

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F

fairnessM is based on strict moral principle, and that is why

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D E

A

referees are requiredE to possess moral virtues including C

professional knowledgeA of the game, morality and good nature. And that nature and morality are deeply connected with professional ethics.

86 Application Code of conduct (Global Etiquettes)

Referees working in international settings (Ex. IESF) should have the right manner in accordance with the situation. Manner comes from the Latin word ‘manarius’ which is a combination of ‘manus’ meaning behavior and habit and ‘arius’ meaning method and way. Referees should enhance their position as a global citizen by practicing the following global etiquettes and manners.

Basic Rules ONA 01 RefereesAT shouldI tryL hard E to be qualified as a referee byN acquiring certain backgroundsSP including, but not R O Elimited to work experience, sincerity,R neutrality, respect, T sensitiveness, professionalism and Twit. N S I

02 Referees should keep his or her honor and dignity as an

expert when interacting with students, players, coaches,

school executives, colleagues and the general public.

03 Referees should manage their physical and mental health

and dress neatly in accordance with the context.

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Y

E

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E

04 RefereesE should pay attention to the people participating R

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E A E C

in sports events,A share their views regarding their lives and behaviors and have the right attitude of considering and caring others through fair management and judgment of the matches.

05 Referees should not criticize other referees publicly.

06 Referees should not express personal opinions on certain matches publicly through media service providers (Press, television, radio and others) or mention details regarding the quality of matches or performance of certain players or teams.

International Esports Referee Academy 87 TIONAL E NA SP R O E R T T N S I

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Y

E

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E

E

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A

88 Application Mandated by International Esports Federation

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