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Apple Breeding: a Study of Jonathan Crosses
J une, 1928 Research Bulletin No. 116 A.pple Breeding: A Study of Jonathan Crosses By H. L . LANTZ AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION IOWA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC ARTS C. F. CURTISS, Director POMOLOGY SECTION AMES, IOWA SUMMARY Two hundred seventy-three Jonathan seedlings produced by 11 crosses form the basis of the records in this bulletin. These studies show clearly that the progenies produced by the different crosses of Jonathan differ or vary in many important char acteristics. These variations are attributed to differences in the genetic constitution of the Eeveral varieties which were used in combination with Jonathan, and indicate the relative value of these varieties as parents when crossed with Jonathan. The range of variation in the seedlings of these progenies is gen erally quite wide both as to tree and fruit. Differences in the horti cultural characteristics such as occur in size, form, color, flavor, quality and season of the seedling fruits suggest that multiple fac tors are concerned, which produce the many variations observed. Jonathan appears to carry as partially dominant factors for medi um and below medium size of fruit, but it evidently carries factors also for large and for small size. Factors for roundish, conic, ob late and oblong fruit forms are present. Jonathan appears to be homozygous for red skin color but is heterozygous for pattern and carries factors for both fine and coarse grained flesh, for juiciness, for both acid and sweet flavor and for very good as well as for poor quality. The factors which control the season of the fruit are evi dently complex. -
Variety Description Origin Approximate Ripening Uses
Approximate Variety Description Origin Ripening Uses Yellow Transparent Tart, crisp Imported from Russia by USDA in 1870s Early July All-purpose Lodi Tart, somewhat firm New York, Early 1900s. Montgomery x Transparent. Early July Baking, sauce Pristine Sweet-tart PRI (Purdue Rutgers Illinois) release, 1994. Mid-late July All-purpose Dandee Red Sweet-tart, semi-tender New Ohio variety. An improved PaulaRed type. Early August Eating, cooking Redfree Mildly tart and crunchy PRI release, 1981. Early-mid August Eating Sansa Sweet, crunchy, juicy Japan, 1988. Akane x Gala. Mid August Eating Ginger Gold G. Delicious type, tangier G Delicious seedling found in Virginia, late 1960s. Mid August All-purpose Zestar! Sweet-tart, crunchy, juicy U Minn, 1999. State Fair x MN 1691. Mid August Eating, cooking St Edmund's Pippin Juicy, crisp, rich flavor From Bury St Edmunds, 1870. Mid August Eating, cider Chenango Strawberry Mildly tart, berry flavors 1850s, Chenango County, NY Mid August Eating, cooking Summer Rambo Juicy, tart, aromatic 16th century, Rambure, France. Mid-late August Eating, sauce Honeycrisp Sweet, very crunchy, juicy U Minn, 1991. Unknown parentage. Late Aug.-early Sept. Eating Burgundy Tart, crisp 1974, from NY state Late Aug.-early Sept. All-purpose Blondee Sweet, crunchy, juicy New Ohio apple. Related to Gala. Late Aug.-early Sept. Eating Gala Sweet, crisp New Zealand, 1934. Golden Delicious x Cox Orange. Late Aug.-early Sept. Eating Swiss Gourmet Sweet-tart, juicy Switzerland. Golden x Idared. Late Aug.-early Sept. All-purpose Golden Supreme Sweet, Golden Delcious type Idaho, 1960. Golden Delicious seedling Early September Eating, cooking Pink Pearl Sweet-tart, bright pink flesh California, 1944, developed from Surprise Early September All-purpose Autumn Crisp Juicy, slow to brown Golden Delicious x Monroe. -
Investigation of Wild Species Potential to Increase Genetic Diversity Useful for Apple Breeding
UDC 575.630 DOI: 10.2298/GENSR1503993D Original scientific paper INVESTIGATION OF WILD SPECIES POTENTIAL TO INCREASE GENETIC DIVERSITY USEFUL FOR APPLE BREEDING Catalina DAN1, Adriana F. SESTRAS1,*, Calin BOZDOG1,2, Radu E. SESTRAS1 1University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 2Fruit Research Station, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Dan C., A. F. Sestras, C. Bozdog, R.E. Sestras (2015): Investigation of wild species potential to increase genetic diversity useful for apple breeding - Genetika, Vol 47, No. 3, 993-1011. The potential of testing new apple cultivars and the possibility to induce valuable traits is directly dependent on the availability of sufficient genetic diversity, while apple breeding has narrowed the genetic ground of commercial cultivars. Wild species were studied in regard to their influence upon progenies and their capacity to enlarge apple genetic diversity. The interspecific seedlings were framed in five biparental mating (paired crosses), in which Malus species were crossed with different cultivars, obtaining half-sib families. The number of F1 progenies per combination varied from 31 (Cluj 218/2 × M. floribunda) up to 142 (Reinette Baumann × M. floribunda), with a total of 1650 hybrids F1. The influences upon vigour and juvenile period and possible correlation among fruit size and taste were analyzed. Juvenile period varied from 6.00 (M. zumi × Jonathan) to 9.31 years (Cluj 218/2 × M. floribunda). Data based on correlation coefficient illustrated that the fructification year was not influenced by the vigour of trees. The highest value of correlation for fruit’s size and taste was obtained among M. coronaria hybrids. This result might suggest that once the fruit are larger, there is a high chance the taste is also more appreciative and fruit quality for mouth feels increase. -
Sweet Fruits of Innovation How Are Inventive Alumni Improving Our Lives?
58559_Cover_u2.qxd 3/31/09 4:34 PM Page 3 spring 2009 WHEATON Sweet Fruits of Innovation How are inventive alumni improving our lives? Inside: Student DNA Research • Senior Art Show • The Promise Report 58559_ ifc-13_u1.qxd 3/31/09 4:30 PM Page c2 Wheaton College exists to help build the church and improve society worldwide by promoting the development of whole and effective Christians through excellence in programs of Christian higher education. This mission expresses our commitment to do all things “For Christ and His Kingdom.” VOLUME 12 ISSUE 2 8 SPRING 2009 ALUMNI NEWS DEPARTMENTS 32 A Word with Alumni 2 Letters From the President of the Alumni Association 4 News 33 Wheaton Alumni Association News 10 Sports Association news and events 27 The Promise Report 38 Alumni Class News An update on The Promise of Wheaton campaign 58 Authors Books by Wheaton’s faculty; thoughts from published Cover photo: Dr. David Bedford ’73 rates apples in the apple alumnus Dr. Douglas Sweeney ’87 breeding orchard at the University of Minnesota, where he is a research scientist. His Honeycrisp apple won accolades for 60 Readings its flavor and texture. A 1935 alumnus writes about the Great Depression Photo by Dave Hansen, University of Minnesota 62 Faculty Voice Dr. Jennifer Powell McNutt on providence and history Inside photos: Michael Hudson ’89, pages 7, 10-11, 50, 57, 62, 64, 66; Ellen Rising Morris, page 3; 63 Student Profile Les Barker and Craig Taylor, pages 4, 30-31. A student sings with a world-class opera 64 Wheaton in the World Dr. -
Apples: Organic Production Guide
A project of the National Center for Appropriate Technology 1-800-346-9140 • www.attra.ncat.org Apples: Organic Production Guide By Tammy Hinman This publication provides information on organic apple production from recent research and producer and Guy Ames, NCAT experience. Many aspects of apple production are the same whether the grower uses low-spray, organic, Agriculture Specialists or conventional management. Accordingly, this publication focuses on the aspects that differ from Published nonorganic practices—primarily pest and disease control, marketing, and economics. (Information on March 2011 organic weed control and fertility management in orchards is presented in a separate ATTRA publica- © NCAT tion, Tree Fruits: Organic Production Overview.) This publication introduces the major apple insect pests IP020 and diseases and the most effective organic management methods. It also includes farmer profiles of working orchards and a section dealing with economic and marketing considerations. There is an exten- sive list of resources for information and supplies and an appendix on disease-resistant apple varieties. Contents Introduction ......................1 Geographical Factors Affecting Disease and Pest Management ...........3 Insect and Mite Pests .....3 Insect IPM in Apples - Kaolin Clay ........6 Diseases ........................... 14 Mammal and Bird Pests .........................20 Thinning ..........................20 Weed and Orchard Floor Management ......20 Economics and Marketing ........................22 Conclusion -
National Apple Orchard Census 2012
National Apple Orchard Census 2012 1 Table of Contents Introduction Page 3 Executive Summary Page 4 Section 1 Orchard Area, Sales, Growers and Markets Page 6 Section 2 Varieties and Orchard Age Page 15 Section 3 Employment, Facilities, Business Development and Producer Page 21 Profile Appendix Tables Table 1: Apple Production Area (hectares) by Year of Planting and Apple Type in Ireland in 2012 Table 2: Number of Apple Trees by Year of Planting and Apple Type in Ireland in 2012 Table 3: Number of Growers of Each Apple Type by County in Ireland in 2012 Table 4: Sales of 2011 Harvest by Market by County Table 5: Production Area, Number of Growers and Sales for Most Commonly Grown Apple Varieties in Ireland in 2011/12 Table 6: Average (median) Prices per Tonne by Market for 2011 harvest Table 7: Apple Production Area (hectares) in Ireland in 1980-2012 2 National Apple Orchard Census 2012 Introduction The National Apple Orchard Census 2012 was compiled from information provided by the 45 commercial apple growers operating in the Republic of Ireland in 2012. The census provides an important overview of apple production, and comparisons are made to previous censuses (2007, 2002 and 1997) where possible. The census surveyed all commercial orchards, defined as follows: - a production area of at least 0.2 hectares of apples, including cider apples - the fruit from the orchard is sold every year - the orchard is sprayed against pests/diseases every year, or maintained to organic standards Within the 45 growers, there are two organic growers. Production areas are based on areas planted up to March 2012. -
SPECIAL ORDER FRUIT TREE LIST 2018 Orders from This List Must Be Pre-Paid and Placed No Later Than November 5Th, 2017
SPECIAL ORDER FRUIT TREE LIST 2018 Orders from this list must be pre-paid and placed no later than November 5th, 2017. Pre-season discounts do not apply, and all sales are final. In addition to our regular fruit tree list, our supplier, Dave Wilson Nursery has opened their entire inventory for you to select from. For descriptions of specific varieties you may visit their web site, davewilson.com. Each variety is listed with all available rootstocks. If you have a preference, please specify it when ordering, otherwise we’ll choose a rootstock for you. Rootstock information can be found on the last page of this list. Please note that all deciduous fruit trees may be kept to any chosen height by proper winter and summer pruning. You may refer to our Gro-Sheet, Growing a Successful Backyard Orchard for more information. Almonds, Semi-Dwarf $49.99 Jonathan – M111 Chinese – Citation, St. Julian All-in One – Marianna, Nemaguard King (Tompkins King) – M111 Earli-Autumn - Citation Garden Prince – Nemaguard Liberty – Geneva, M7 Flavor Giant - Citation McIntosh – M7, M111 Flora Gold – Citation Almonds, Standard $49.99 Melrose – M7 Goldcot – St. Julian Butte – Lovell Mollie’s Delicious – M111 Gold Kist - Citation Carmel – Nemaguard Mutsu (Crispin) – M111 Harcot – Citation, St. Julian Neplus – Lovell, Nemaguard Northern Spy - M7 Harglow – Citation, St. Julian Nonpareil – Lovell, Nemaguard, Pettingill – M111 Hunza - Citation Peerless – Lovell Pink Lady – M27, Geneva, M7, M111 Katy – Citation Price – Nemaguard Pink Pearl – M111 Mokel – Marianna Red -
An Old Rose: the Apple
This is a republication of an article which first appeared in the March/April 2002 issue of Garden Compass Magazine New apple varieties never quite Rosaceae, the rose family, is vast, complex and downright confusing at times. completely overshadow the old ones because, as with roses, a variety is new only until the next This complexity has no better exemplar than the prince of the rose family, Malus, better known as the variety comes along and takes its apple. The apple is older in cultivation than the rose. It presents all the extremes in color, size, fragrance place. and plant character of its rose cousin plus an important added benefit—flavor! One can find apples to suit nearly every taste and cultural demand. Without any special care, apples grow where no roses dare. Hardy varieties like the Pippins, Pearmains, Snow, Lady and Northern Spy have been grown successfully in many different climates across the U.S. With 8,000-plus varieties worldwide and with new ones introduced annually, apple collectors in most climates are like kids in a candy store. New, Favorite and Powerhouse Apples New introductions such as Honeycrisp, Cameo and Pink Lady are adapted to a wide range of climates and are beginning to be planted in large quantities. The rich flavors of old favorites like Spitzenburg and Golden Russet Each one is a unique eating experience that are always a pleasant surprise for satisfies a modern taste—crunchy firmness, plenty inexperienced tasters. of sweetness and tantalizing flavor. Old and antique apples distinguish These new varieties show promise in the themselves with unusual skin competition for the #1 spot in the world’s colors and lingering aftertastes produce sections and farmers’ markets. -
Ecsite Annual Conference 2011 Warsaw, Poland, 26-28 May PREFACE 3 Ective ff Nance Research,Nance fi Uence Governments, of Industries fl Welcome! Freedoms Meet and Clash
Ecsite Annual Conference 2011 Warsaw, Poland, 26-28 May PREFACE hans gubbels Freedom is the theme of the 2011 catherine franche You will come across 1000 science robert firmhofer freedoms meet and clash. Are scientists Annual Conference. Freedom is what communication professionals from free to conduct the research that moves we all consider to be one of the most more than 50 countries. One thousand science forward? Is the society free to stop important assets in our lives: freedom people, yet a very friendly atmosphere the research violating its social or cultural PREFACE to choose, freedom of speech, freedom with plenty of occasions to meet and values? How do we deal with freedom from to access knowledge and freedom to mingle, to debate and discuss, to laugh the influence of governments, industries engage with other people. This is what and learn. and sponsors – those who finance research, we strive to offer our visitors every day. The theme this year is freedom. education and our activities? Are we free We must, however, accept that there As Victor Hugo wrote, “freedom enough to change the old and ineffective is often no ultimate freedom. We are starts where ignorance ends”, thus model of science education? responsible for our world and the describing the essence of your work Warsaw is THE location to discuss constraints and limitations it puts on as science communicators and of your freedom. It has struggled for freedom our freedom. A more integrated view contribution to freedom. Freedom can – let me just mention the Warsaw Uprising of freedom and morality can enhance be always threatened, and as recent in 1944 and the Solidarity movement. -
Deciduous Fruits & Nuts for the Low Desert
Deciduous Fruit & Nuts for the Low Desert ISSUED MARCH, 2002 For optimum fruit production in the low desert, Your local nursery should offer fruit trees that choose deciduous fruit tree varieties that have are grafted onto appropriate rootstocks for your LUCY BRADLEY, Agent, Urban low “chilling requirements,” early maturing area. Horticulture fruit, and are self pollinating. The following is a list of low-chill deciduous fruit trees which should do well in the low MICHAEL MAURER, • Most deciduous fruit and nut trees from desert and are available at local nurseries. This Former Agent, temperate climates require a genetically is not an all- inclusive list and many of these Fruit Crops determined amount of cold weather (chill varieties are still untested in the low desert of hours) to set fruit. While there is still some Arizona. In addition, many new varieties are disagreement in the scientific community ag.arizona.edu/ developed every year. Use the three criteria pubs/garden around how to precisely calculate chill hours, identified above when selecting fruit trees for /az1269.pdf a good rule of thumb is to count the number your yard. of hours between November 1st and February 15th that are between 320 and 450 F. These hours are cumulative and need not be This information Apples has been reviewed by continuous. The most benefit is derived from university faculty. chilling hours occurring in December and January. Daytime temperatures above 600 F !Anna: Remarkable fruit for mild-winter during this period may negatively affect the climates in Southern Arizona. Heavy crops of cumulative total. Most areas of Maricopa sweet, crisp, flavorful apples even in low County average between 300 to 400 chilling desert. -
Uses for Different Apple Types
Uses for Different Apple Types EX=Excellent, GD=Good, FR=Fair, NR=Not Recommended Flavor Harvest Begins: Eating Salads Sauce Pies Baking Characteristics & Texture This makes the ultimate apple Lodi Tart, NR NR EX FR NR sauce for the beginning of the (Early July) Green in Color summer apple season. Summer Rambo Tart, This is an old-time favorite all- NR NR EX EX FR (Early-Mid August) Green in Color purpose apple. Crispy Multi-purpose apple Ginger Gold CRISP EX EX EX GD GD that does not discolor, making (Mid August) it a salad favorite! Sweet, Sansa Royal Gala EX EX FR FR NR First Cousin to Royal Gala. (Mid August) Taste Very sweet apple. Perfect for Royal Gala Sweet, EX EX FR FR NR a delicous snack and a school (Early September) Juicy lunch favorite! Extremely popular sweet Honey Crisp tasting apple. Our most crispy CRISP EX EX EX EX FR (Early September) and juiciest apple perfect for a sweet snack! MacIntosh Semi-Sweet/ General all purpose apple. EX GD EX EX FR (Mid September) Tart Nice sweet-tart apple. Exclusively sold at Milburn Orange Honey Sweet, EX EX EX EX FR Orchards. Some say equal to (Mid September) Crisp Honey Crisp! Crispy, tart flavor. This apple is available before Stayman Jonathan CRISP/ EX GD GD EX EX Winesap and a perfect (Mid September) Tart substitute. Multi-Purpose apple. Cortland Semi- Multi-Purpose apple. Next GD GD EX EX FR (Mid September) Tart best thing to MacIntosh. Sweet, An offspring of Fuji, same September Fuji Juicy, EX EX GD EX GD qualities but 4 weeks (Mid September) Not very earlier. -
Comparing Apples to Apples 10/2010
Comparing Apples to Apples 10/2010 This is a summary of recommended uses for some of the more popular apple varieties. Some apples are better suited for eating raw because of their texture and flavor, others are better for pies and baking because they hold their shape when cooked, and others have the texture and flavor for better applesauce. KEY: =highly recommended =recommended =not recommended APPLE TYPE RAW PIES BAKING SAUCE JUICE COMMENTS Baldwin Tart,crisp, great for baking Braeburn Crisp, all-purpose Cameo Crisp, tart, juicy Cortland Tart,crisp;slow to brown Crispin Sweet, firm Empire Sweet,crisp,firm Fuji Sweet,crisp,juicy Gala Mild,sweet,crisp Golden Delicious Sweet, juicy, best all-purpose Granny Smith Tart, crisp, juicy, great in salads Honey Crisp Sweet,crisp Idared Tart,crisp,firm,store well Jonagold Both sweet & tart Jonathan Sweet,acidic McIntosh Sweet,juicy,less firm Pink Lady Sweet, crisp Red Delicious Bland, crisp Rome Beauty Sweet,firm Stayman Juicy,tart,store well Sources: U.S. Apple Association, Cook’s Illustrated, www.pickyourown/apples.com Summary of recommendations: • Raw for snacking and salads —Personal taste and preferences vary widely—it’s up to you whether you prefer sweet or tart. Fuji and Honey Crisp are currently the most popular varieties. • Pies and baking —Choose only apples that hold their shape well during cooking. Golden Delicious, Baldwin, Cortland, and Idareds are highly recommended by Cook’s Illustrated. • Sauce —Choose sweeter apples if you prefer unsweetened or low-sugar applesauce. Gala, Rome Beauty, Stayman, and Golden Delicious are highly recommended. • Juice —Choose a combination of apples to achieve the sweet/tart flavor you prefer.