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Structure-Property-Relations of Cuticular Photonic Crystals Evolved by Different Beetle Groups (Insecta, Coleoptera)

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Structure-Property-Relations of Cuticular Photonic Crystals Evolved by Different Beetle Groups (Insecta, Coleoptera) Structure-property-relations of cuticular photonic crystals evolved by different beetle groups (Insecta, Coleoptera) Von der Fakultät für Georessourcen und Materialtechnik der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von M.Sc. Xia Wu aus Jiangsu, China Berichter: Professor Dr.-Ing. Dierk Raabe Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Bührig-Polaczek Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 20. Januar 2014 Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Hochschulbibliothek online verfügbar Imprint Copyright: © 2014 Xia Wu Printed and published by: epubli GmbH, Berlin, www.epubli.de ISBN 978-3-8442-9496-5 D 82 (Diss. RWTH Aachen University, 2014) To my family 致我的家人 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements I wish to thank Prof. Dr. Dierk Raabe for giving me the opportunity to work on this really interesting topic and for providing the excellent working conditions as well as his encouragement, inspiring discussions and guidance in this study. I also wish to thank Prof. Dr. Andreas Bührig-Polaczek, who agreed to be the co-advisor of this thesis. I am very thankful to Dr. Helge Fabritius for his patient guidance, many inspiring discussions and kind help with the biological part and many other aspects of this work. Many thanks go to Dr. Andreas Erbe for many fruitful discussions and his guidance and help in both theoretical and experimental parts of optics and in chemistry as well. I am also thankful to the helps from Dr. Anna Janus, Jin Lu, Simone Karsten with whom I worked together in the Biological Composites group. I am very grateful to the fruitful collaborations in biotemplating and many inspiring discussions with Prof. Dr. Cordt Zollfrank, Dr. Daniel Van Opdenbosch and Maren Johannes. I would like to thank my colleagues Prof. Dr. Svetoslav Nikolov, Prof. Dr. Philip Eisenlohr, Dr. Duancheng Ma, Dr. Bin Liu, Dr. Lifang Zhu, Martin Diehl for the help and discussion on simulation works, and Katja Angenendt, Monika Nellessen and Petra Ebbinghaus for their help with the experiments. Many thanks also go to Dr. Yujiao Li, Dr. Lei Yuan, Dr. Ying Chen, Dr. Tao Liu, Dr. Jingbo Song, Dr. Nan Jia, Zongrui Pei and many other Chinese colleagues who have helped me in my study and personal life. I am very grateful to Dr. Joachim Holstein from the Entomology department of the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart who provided the beetle specimens used for this study. Finally, I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude to my wife Zhe for her support in my personal life, and to my beloved parents and parents in law as well. I Table of Contents Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................... I Foreword ................................................................................... - 1 - Chapter 1. Introduction ............................................................... - 3 - Chapter 2. Biological and Physical Background ......................... - 7 - 2.1. Evolutionary origin of structural colors ............................ - 7 - 2.2. Structure and chemical composition of insect cuticle ...... - 7 - 2.3. Physical background of photonic structures occurring in nature ........................................................................................ - 15 - 2.3.1. Photonic crystals ...................................................... - 15 - 2.3.2. Multilayer structures ................................................ - 16 - 2.3.3. Helicoidal photonic structures ................................. - 18 - 2.3.4. 3D photonic crystals ................................................ - 20 - Chapter 3. Materials and Methods ............................................ - 25 - 3.1. Materials ......................................................................... - 25 - 3.2. Sample preparation ......................................................... - 25 - 3.3. Structural characterization .............................................. - 26 - 3.4. Chemical characterization ............................................... - 27 - 3.5. Optical characterization .................................................. - 27 - 3.6. Optical simulation ........................................................... - 29 - Chapter 4. Multilayer Structures (Ground Beetles) .................. - 31 - 4.1. Introduction ..................................................................... - 31 - 4.2. Structural characterization .............................................. - 32 - 4.2.1. Top surfaces of original samples ............................. - 32 - 4.2.2. Cross-sectional surfaces of fractured samples ......... - 33 - 4.2.3. Cross-sectional surfaces of microtomed samples .... - 36 - 4.2.4. Oblique sections of microtomed samples ................ - 38 - III Table of Contents 4.2.5. Structure and color changes of NaOH treated samples ..... .................................................................................. - 42 - 4.3. Experimental investigation of the optical properties ....... - 48 - 4.3.1. Reflectance at normal incidence .............................. - 48 - 4.3.2. Reflectance at different angles of incidence ............ - 49 - 4.3.3. Scattering at different angles of incidence ............... - 50 - 4.4. Simulation of the optical properties ................................ - 51 - 4.4.1. Reflectance at normal incidence .............................. - 51 - 4.4.2. Influence of different angles of incidence................ - 53 - 4.4.3. Influence of the number of bi-layers ........................ - 53 - 4.4.4. Influence of varying thicknesses of individual layers ....... .................................................................................. - 54 - 4.4.5. Influence of the thickness of the outermost layer .... - 55 - 4.4.6. Influence of the thickness of the transparent surface layer .................................................................................. - 57 - 4.5. Discussion ....................................................................... - 58 - 4.5.1. Photonic structures of the Ground beetle species .... - 58 - 4.5.2. Optical properties of the photonic structures ........... - 64 - 4.6. Summary ......................................................................... - 70 - Chapter 5. Helicoidal Photonic Structures (Scarab Beetles) ..... - 73 - 5.1. Introduction ..................................................................... - 73 - 5.2. Structural characterization ............................................... - 75 - 5.2.1. Cross- and transverse-sectional surfaces of fractured samples .................................................................................. - 75 - 5.2.2. Section surfaces of microtomed samples ................. - 79 - 5.2.3. Structure changes of NaOH treated samples............ - 86 - 5.3. Optical characterization ................................................... - 88 - 5.3.1. Reflectance at normal incidence .............................. - 88 - 5.3.2. Polarization effect .................................................... - 88 - 5.4. Discussion ....................................................................... - 89 - 5.4.1. Photonic structures of the Scarab beetle species ...... - 89 - 5.4.2. Optical properties of the photonic structures ........... - 92 - 5.5. Summary ......................................................................... - 93 - IV Table of Contents Chapter 6. Three-dimensional Photonic Crystals (Weevils) ..... - 97 - 6.1. Introduction ..................................................................... - 97 - 6.2. Structural characterization .............................................. - 99 - 6.2.1. Intact and broken scales ........................................... - 99 - 6.2.2. Microtome polished scales .................................... - 101 - 6.2.3. Focused ion beam (FIB) milled scales .................. - 104 - 6.3. Chemical characterization of the transparent domains . - 110 - 6.3.1. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy ...... - 110 - 6.3.2. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy ... - 111 - 6.4. Photonic band structure calculation .............................. - 112 - 6.5. Optical characterization ................................................ - 115 - 6.5.1. Selective reflections of the scales .......................... - 115 - 6.5.2. Polarization effect .................................................. - 117 - 6.6. Discussion ..................................................................... - 124 - 6.6.1. Structural origins of the scales .............................. - 124 - 6.6.2. Photonic crystals in the core .................................. - 125 - 6.6.3. Optical properties of the scales .............................. - 128 - 6.6.4. Polarization effect .................................................. - 133 - 6.7. Summary ....................................................................... - 139 - Chapter 7. Conclusions ........................................................... - 143 - Appendix ............................................................................... - 147 - Bibliography ............................................................................... - 149 - Abstract ............................................................................... - 161 - Zusammenfassung ....................................................................... - 163 - V Foreword Foreword Throughout human history, understanding
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