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Introduction Introduction the Kosher and Halal Laws

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Introduction Introduction the Kosher and Halal Laws 3/20/2017 Introduction • Objectives of the chapter: - describe Kosher and Halal laws as they apply to the food industry in the US Chapter 9 - describe how secular regulatory authorities An Introduction to ensure the integrity of the process Kosher and Halal - describe how kosher and halal foods are Food Laws produced to understand the impact of the laws in the marketplace - describe the importance of compliance as related to consumers’ purchasing of these products Introduction The Kosher and Halal Laws Religious significance of the dietary laws for • The final decision on any product application Jews and Muslims rests with the religious authorities • Kosher dietary laws • Religious authorities provide supervision and interpretation of the religious and secular law - determine which foods are “fit or proper” for consumption by Jews who observe - interpretation presented here is that of these laws the authors - biblical in origin mainly coming from the • Rulings of the religious and secular authorities Torah may differ to those presented here 1 3/20/2017 The Kosher and Halal Laws The Kosher and Halal Laws • Kosher dietary laws • Kosher dietary laws -Torahmeans instruction and offers a way of - Both written and oral law life for those who follow it were given by God through the prophet Moses . Written law - original 5 books of the Holy Scripture, unchanged for 3000 years - Some at Mount Sinai and others at the Tabernacle . Oral law – eventually written down as the core text found in the Talmud - All teachings were written down by Moses, which resulted in the Torah we have today The Kosher and Halal Laws The Kosher and Halal Laws • Kosher dietary laws • Kosher dietary laws - Christians and Muslims have focused mostly - Halacha -Jewish on the written law, not the oral law religious laws derived - Rabbis have interpreted the Biblical kosher from the Written and laws Oral Torah . to protect Jewish people from violating - Halacha is a legal system any fundamental laws with similarities and . to address new technologies and issues differences to modern laws of Western societies 2 3/20/2017 The Kosher and Halal Laws The Kosher and Halal Laws Religious significance of the dietary laws for • Halal dietary laws Jews and Muslims -Quran • Halal dietary laws . central religious text of Islam, which - determine which foods are “lawful” or Muslims believe to be a revelation from permitted for Muslims God - Laws are found in the Quran and in the . verbally revealed by God to Muhammad Sunna through the angel Gabriel The Kosher and Halal Laws The Kosher and Halal Laws • Halal dietary laws • Halal dietary laws -Hadiths - Sunna . records that set down the . verbally transmitted record of the traditions established by teachings, deeds and sayings, silent the first Muslim community permissions (or disapprovals) of the . various reports describing the Islamic prophet Muhammad words, actions, or habits of the . also defined as "a path, a way, a manner of Islamic prophet Muhammad life, all the traditions and practices" of . based on spoken reports after the the Islamic prophet that have become death of Muhammad models to be followed by Muslims . important tools for understanding the Quran 3 3/20/2017 The Kosher and Halal Laws The Kosher and Halal Laws • Halal dietary laws • Halal dietary laws - If a contemporary situation is not covered in - Islamic law is referred to as Shari’ah the Quran and Sunna, two other elements of - Shari’ah jurisprudence are used to determine permissibility of food . interpreted by Muslim scholars . Ijma, meaning obtaining a consensus of . basic principles of Islamic laws and legal opinion remains definite and unaltered . Qiyas, meaning reasoning by analogy and . interpretation and application may Ijtihad, independent reasoning or the change with time, place, and thorough exertion of a jurist's mental circumstance faculty to find a solution to a legal question The Kosher and Halal Laws Religious significance of the dietary laws for Jews and Muslims • Halal and Kosher dietary laws - elaborate systems of religious law - covers many aspects of daily life - food laws are a small part - food laws may differ greatly from those of Western legal systems 4 3/20/2017 The Kosher and Halal Laws The Kosher and Halal Laws Why do Jews follow the kosher dietary laws? Why do Jews follow the kosher dietary laws? • Many explanations are given • Rabbi Grunfeld summarized the most widely held views • Rabbi Grunfeld summarized the most widely held views - Jewish ethics, holiness, is inseparably connected with the idea of law - Jewish legal structure is important - First step towards release from the - Laws are viewed as given to the community tyranny of animal instincts in man is the without a need for explanation voluntary submission to moral law - Only in modern times do some try to - Dietary laws occupy a central position in justify them as health laws this system of moral discipline, which is - Health aspects of eating are not important the basis of all Jewish law The Kosher and Halal Laws The Kosher and Halal Laws Why do Muslims follow the Halal dietary laws? Why do Muslims follow the Halal dietary laws? • Main reason is to follow the Divine Orders • Main reason is to follow the Divine Orders - God reminds the believers in the Holy - A prayer must be said at the time of Scriptures to eat what is “Halalan slaughter Tayyiban” meaning “permitted and good or - This recognizes God’s role in creating wholesome animals and permitting humans to - Muslims are instructed to eat of the meat slaughter them for food of animals upon which Allah’s name has been invoked - Food that is not prayed over during the slaughter is avoided 5 3/20/2017 The Kosher and Halal Laws The Kosher and Halal Market Why do Muslims follow the Halal dietary laws? • Kosher and halal are important components in the food business • Dietary law relates to Divine permissions and prohibitions • Most are unaware of the breadth of foods under religious supervision • Those who observed these laws are rewarded in the hereafter • Economic aspects suggest the food industry needs to have an understanding of kosher • Those who do not receive punishment accordingly and halal foods • Dietary laws are believed to be for health reasons as the laws suggest there is an associated impurity or harmfulness of the prohibited foods The Kosher and Halal Market The Kosher and Halal Market Kosher Market Kosher Market • Comprises ~135,000 products and ~300,000 • 10,000 companies produce kosher products ingredients • Average supermarket has >19,000 kosher • In 2011, products ~305 billion dollars of products and ~370 billion dollars of ingredients were sold in the US ~12 million Americans bought $12 billion of kosher products 6 3/20/2017 The Kosher and Halal Market The Kosher and Halal Market Kosher Market Kosher Market • Only 20% of kosher consumers are Jewish • Kosher certification can expand a company’s market • Other consumers that find kosher foods meet their dietary needs • Certification does provide a level of safety as there is zero Muslims tolerance for say bug parts Seventh Day Adventist whereas federal regulations vegetarians will allow a threshold vegans • Bacterial contaminations are people with allergies, particularly grains not monitored by Kosher consumers who value the quality inspectors The Kosher and Halal Market The Kosher and Halal Market Halal Market Halal Market • Muslim population in the US is growing • Worldwide opportunities in the food industry for this group of consumers • Halal markets and ethnic stores have increased particularly in metropolitan areas • Globally, there are 1.3-1.8 billion Muslims where the Muslim populations are larger • Inter-country trade in halal products was ~$150 billion (2002) • 6-8 million Muslims in North America observe the halal laws, particularly the • For some countries, halal certification is avoidance of pork required for products to be imported • Food industry has ignored these consumers • Southeast Asia, South Asia, Middle East, Northern Africa are predominately Muslim 7 3/20/2017 The Kosher and Halal Market Kosher Halal Market • Kosher dietary laws mostly deal with three issues, all focused on the animal kingdom • Although Muslims purchase kosher foods, these do not always meet their dietary needs • Most common area of concern is the use of -gelatin - alcohol as a carrier for flavors - alcohol as a food ingredient • Guidelines for producing kosher products appropriate for Muslims without violating Jewish law is being established Kosher Kosher Dietary Laws Dietary Laws Allowed Animals Allowed Animals • Allowed • Insects are prohibited such that those used for natural red pigments are not permitted in kosher - ruminants with split hoofs that chew their cud products by most rabbinical supervisors -domestic birds • A few permit the pigment since it comes from - fish with fins and removable scales the shell • Prohibited • Bee’s honey and shellac, an insect exudate, are - pigs - wild birds - ostriches - shark permitted - dogfish - catfish - monkfish - crustacean and molluscan shellfish Cochineal Beetle Carmine 8 3/20/2017 Kosher Prohibited animals Dietary Laws Allowed Animals • Four classes of prohibited animals are described in the Torah • Have one but not both kosher characteristics or neither - chew their cud: rockbadger, hare and camel - split hoofs: pig • Pork: a main focus of the laws as it is so prominent in the Western diet Kosher Kosher Dietary Laws Dietary Laws Allowed Animals Allowed Animals • Poultry: domestic birds are kosher; birds
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