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Introduction • Objectives of the chapter: - describe Kosher and Halal laws as they apply to the in the US Chapter 9 - describe how secular regulatory authorities An Introduction to ensure the integrity of the process Kosher and Halal - describe how kosher and halal are Food Laws produced to understand the impact of the laws in the marketplace - describe the importance of compliance as related to consumers’ purchasing of these products

Introduction The Kosher and Halal Laws

Religious significance of the dietary laws for • The final decision on any product application Jews and Muslims rests with the religious authorities • Kosher dietary laws • Religious authorities provide supervision and interpretation of the religious and secular law - determine which foods are “fit or proper” for consumption by Jews who observe - interpretation presented here is that of these laws the authors - biblical in origin mainly coming from the • Rulings of the religious and secular authorities Torah may differ to those presented here

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The Kosher and Halal Laws The Kosher and Halal Laws

• Kosher dietary laws • Kosher dietary laws -Torahmeans instruction and offers a way of - Both written and oral law life for those who follow it were given by God through the prophet Moses . Written law - original 5 books of the Holy Scripture, unchanged for 3000 years - Some at Mount Sinai and others at the Tabernacle . Oral law – eventually written down as the core text found in the Talmud - All teachings were written down by Moses, which resulted in the Torah we have today

The Kosher and Halal Laws The Kosher and Halal Laws

• Kosher dietary laws • Kosher dietary laws - Christians and Muslims have focused mostly - Halacha -Jewish on the written law, not the oral law religious laws derived - Rabbis have interpreted the Biblical kosher from the Written and laws Oral Torah . to protect Jewish people from violating - Halacha is a legal system any fundamental laws with similarities and . to address new technologies and issues differences to modern laws of Western societies

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The Kosher and Halal Laws The Kosher and Halal Laws

Religious significance of the dietary laws for • Halal dietary laws Jews and Muslims -Quran • Halal dietary laws . central religious text of Islam, which - determine which foods are “lawful” or Muslims believe to be a revelation from permitted for Muslims God - Laws are found in the Quran and in the . verbally revealed by God to Muhammad Sunna through the angel Gabriel

The Kosher and Halal Laws The Kosher and Halal Laws • Halal dietary laws • Halal dietary laws -Hadiths - Sunna . records that set down the . verbally transmitted record of the traditions established by teachings, deeds and sayings, silent the first Muslim community permissions (or disapprovals) of the . various reports describing the Islamic prophet Muhammad words, actions, or habits of the . also defined as "a path, a way, a manner of Islamic prophet Muhammad life, all the traditions and practices" of . based on spoken reports after the the Islamic prophet that have become death of Muhammad models to be followed by Muslims . important tools for understanding the Quran

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The Kosher and Halal Laws The Kosher and Halal Laws • Halal dietary laws • Halal dietary laws - If a contemporary situation is not covered in - Islamic law is referred to as Shari’ah the Quran and Sunna, two other elements of - Shari’ah jurisprudence are used to determine permissibility of food . interpreted by Muslim scholars . Ijma, meaning obtaining a consensus of . basic principles of Islamic laws and legal opinion remains definite and unaltered . Qiyas, meaning reasoning by analogy and . interpretation and application may Ijtihad, independent reasoning or the change with time, place, and thorough exertion of a jurist's mental circumstance faculty to find a solution to a legal question

The Kosher and Halal Laws

Religious significance of the dietary laws for Jews and Muslims • Halal and Kosher dietary laws - elaborate systems of religious law - covers many aspects of daily life - food laws are a small part - food laws may differ greatly from those of Western legal systems

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The Kosher and Halal Laws The Kosher and Halal Laws Why do Jews follow the kosher dietary laws? Why do Jews follow the kosher dietary laws? • Many explanations are given • Rabbi Grunfeld summarized the most widely held views • Rabbi Grunfeld summarized the most widely held views - Jewish ethics, holiness, is inseparably connected with the idea of law - Jewish legal structure is important - First step towards release from the - Laws are viewed as given to the community tyranny of animal instincts in man is the without a need for explanation voluntary submission to moral law - Only in modern times do some try to - Dietary laws occupy a central position in justify them as health laws this system of moral discipline, which is - Health aspects of eating are not important the basis of all Jewish law

The Kosher and Halal Laws The Kosher and Halal Laws

Why do Muslims follow the Halal dietary laws? Why do Muslims follow the Halal dietary laws? • Main reason is to follow the Divine Orders • Main reason is to follow the Divine Orders - God reminds the believers in the Holy - A prayer must be said at the time of Scriptures to eat what is “Halalan slaughter Tayyiban” meaning “permitted and good or - This recognizes God’s role in creating wholesome animals and permitting humans to - Muslims are instructed to eat of the meat slaughter them for food of animals upon which Allah’s name has been invoked - Food that is not prayed over during the slaughter is avoided

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The Kosher and Halal Laws The Kosher and Halal Market

Why do Muslims follow the Halal dietary laws? • Kosher and halal are important components in the food business • Dietary law relates to Divine permissions and prohibitions • Most are unaware of the breadth of foods under religious supervision • Those who observed these laws are rewarded in the hereafter • Economic aspects suggest the needs to have an understanding of kosher • Those who do not receive punishment accordingly and halal foods • Dietary laws are believed to be for health reasons as the laws suggest there is an associated impurity or harmfulness of the prohibited foods

The Kosher and Halal Market The Kosher and Halal Market

Kosher Market Kosher Market • Comprises ~135,000 products and ~300,000 • 10,000 companies produce kosher products ingredients • Average supermarket has >19,000 kosher • In 2011, products  ~305 billion dollars of products and ~370 billion dollars of ingredients were sold in the US  ~12 million Americans bought $12 billion of kosher products

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The Kosher and Halal Market The Kosher and Halal Market

Kosher Market Kosher Market • Only 20% of kosher consumers are Jewish • Kosher certification can expand a company’s market • Other consumers that find meet their dietary needs • Certification does provide a level of safety as there is zero Muslims tolerance for say bug parts Seventh Day Adventist whereas federal regulations vegetarians will allow a threshold vegans • Bacterial contaminations are people with allergies, particularly grains not monitored by Kosher consumers who value the quality inspectors

The Kosher and Halal Market The Kosher and Halal Market

Halal Market Halal Market • Muslim population in the US is growing • Worldwide opportunities in the food industry for this group of consumers • Halal markets and ethnic stores have increased particularly in metropolitan areas • Globally, there are 1.3-1.8 billion Muslims where the Muslim populations are larger • Inter-country trade in halal products was ~$150 billion (2002) • 6-8 million Muslims in North America observe the halal laws, particularly the • For some countries, halal certification is avoidance of pork required for products to be imported • Food industry has ignored these consumers • Southeast Asia, South Asia, Middle East, Northern Africa are predominately Muslim

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The Kosher and Halal Market Kosher

Halal Market • Kosher dietary laws mostly deal with three issues, all focused on the animal kingdom • Although Muslims purchase kosher foods, these do not always meet their dietary needs • Most common area of concern is the use of -gelatin - alcohol as a carrier for flavors - alcohol as a food ingredient • Guidelines for producing kosher products appropriate for Muslims without violating Jewish law is being established

Kosher Kosher Dietary Laws Dietary Laws Allowed Animals Allowed Animals • Allowed • Insects are prohibited such that those used for natural red pigments are not permitted in kosher - ruminants with split hoofs that chew their cud products by most rabbinical supervisors -domestic birds • A few permit the pigment since it comes from - fish with fins and removable scales the shell • Prohibited • Bee’s honey and shellac, an insect exudate, are - pigs - wild birds - ostriches - shark permitted - dogfish - catfish - monkfish - crustacean and molluscan shellfish

Cochineal Beetle Carmine

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Kosher Prohibited animals Dietary Laws Allowed Animals • Four classes of prohibited animals are described in the Torah • Have one but not both kosher characteristics or neither - chew their cud: rockbadger, hare and - split hoofs: pig • Pork: a main focus of the laws as it is so prominent in the Western

Kosher Kosher Dietary Laws Dietary Laws Allowed Animals Allowed Animals • Poultry: domestic birds are kosher; birds in • Only animals from the sea permitted are those ratite category are not with fins and scales • Ostrich is specifically prohibited in Hebrew • All fish with scales have fins scriptures • Scales must be visible to the eye and • Is the name used in scriptures the same as removable without tearing the skin the name used today? • Swordfish and sturgeon scales do not fit in defined categories and are controversial • Conservative Jews – accept them as kosher • Orthodox Jews – do not accept them

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Kosher Dietary Laws Allowed Animals • Most insects are not kosher Fish scales may lie shallow in the dermis and • The exception are are overlapping making them easily removed grasshoppers Some fish have scales that are deeply embedded • Only visible insects are a and do not overlap making them harder to remove concern • Insects that spend their entire life in a food is not a concern • Prohibition focuses on the whole insect

Kosher • Honey starts as flower Dietary Laws nectar, which is collected by bees Allowed Animals • Bees naturally break it • Honey and beeswax are covered by a unique down into simple set of laws that permits them and store the sugars in • Honey consists of nectar that bees gather, honeycombs store and transport to their honeycombs • Design of the honeycomb, • While in the bee, the nectar is broken down coupled with constant and transformed into honey by enzymes in fanning by the bees’ the bee. wings, causes evaporation to take place, creating • But it is not actually digested by the bee. So the thick, sweet liquid we the honey is not a product of the bee itself know as honey.

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Kosher Kosher Dietary Laws Dietary Laws Prohibition of Blood Prohibition of Blood • Ruminants and fowl are slaughtered • Neck is cut in a specific region according to Jewish law by specially trained • Cut arteries, veins, wind pipe and esophagus slaughterman (shochet) using a special knife (chalef) • When done right, leads to strong bleeding and a rapid unconsciousness of the animal • Knife must be • For most foods, it is the process itself and - razor sharp the strict following of the law that makes it - free of nicks kosher and not a blessing over the food - straight blade • Even so, shochet does make a blessing prior - twice as long as the neck of the animal to slaughtering

Kosher Kosher Dietary Laws Dietary Laws Prohibition of Blood Prohibition of Blood • 1958, US Congress declared kosher and halal • A blessing is said before slaughter asking slaughter to be humane forgiveness for taking a life • But Congress also included an exemption for • Blessing is not said over each animal pre-slaughter handling of the animals and for • the actual slaughter Slaughtered animals are inspected for organ defects • The ambiguity was intentional • If a defect is found, the entire animal is • American Meat Institute developed a set of considered non-kosher animal welfare-based kosher/halal standards for • upright slaughter to deal with ethical issues of A large number of animals are rejected at religious slaughter this point

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Kosher Kosher Dietary Laws Dietary Laws Prohibition of Blood Prohibition of Blood • Consumers demand more strict kosher • To test a lung for defects, the bodek or inspection requirements in the US inspector of internal organs • In particular, the condition of the lungs are a - looks for lung adhesions before and after major site of Jewish law defects and always slaughter inspected - lung adhesions are scarring due to disease • glatt kosher is meat from animals with - lung is blown up using air smooth or defect-free lungs - lung is placed in water • Other organs are spot checked - inspector looks for bubbles adhesions between the lobes

Kosher Kosher Dietary Laws Dietary Laws Prohibition of Blood Prohibition of Blood • If a lung is in tact, it is kosher • Meat and poultry must be further prepared • In US, glatt kosher is fewer than two - certain veins, arteries, prohibited , adhesions for blood, and sciatic nerve must be removed • Some groups require total absence of - process is called “nikkur” in Hebrew adhesions – beit yosef meat - person trained to do this is a “menacker” • Use of glatt for any other kosher product - only the front quarter cuts of kosher red means that a higher standard was used meat are used in US as it is too difficult and costly to remove the sciatic nerve - removal results in small pieces of meat

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Kosher Dietary Laws Prohibition of Blood • To further remove blood - red meat and poultry are soaked and salted within 72h of slaughter – koshering meat - livers and hearts are handled separately - soaking is done for 30 min in cool water - salting follows for 1 hour with all surfaces including internal cavities - meat is then rinsed three times - meat must drain and all blood flow away

Kosher Kosher Dietary Laws Dietary Laws Prohibition of Blood Prohibition of Blood • To further remove blood • To further remove blood - heart must be cut open and congealed - salt crystals used must not dissolve within blood removed before soaking and salting an hour but must cover the meat - once a meat is properly koshered, the - salt crystals of this size is called “kosher remaining red liquid is not considered blood salt” and is popular among chefs - all salt is religiously kosher

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Kosher Kosher Dietary Laws Dietary Laws Prohibition of Blood Prohibition of Blood • Liver cannot be soaked and salted due to its • Ingredients or materials derived from animal high blood content sources are usually prohibited - instead, liver is broiled to over half cooked - difficult to obtain from using special equipment - emulsifiers, stabilizers, surfactants; - small amount of salt is sprinkled on the kosher forms are derived from plant oils liver - gelatin may be derived from glatt kosher • In theory, any meat can be broiled instead of beef hides or fish salting and soaking • But as it has not been done in many years many rabbis no longer accept this alternative

Kosher Kosher Dietary Laws Dietary Laws Prohibition of Blood Prohibition of Blood • Ingredients or materials derived from animal • Exceptions in which a material may have an sources are usually prohibited altered status - making - New entity . kosher , from dried fourth . something undergoes sufficient stomach of a kosher slaughtered animal transformation as defined rabbinically or from genetically modified - “dry as wood”, natural drying permits . kosher cheese requires a religious Jew extraction of a chemical from a material add the coagulum that would not otherwise be used . most cheese is not kosher

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Kosher Kosher Dietary Laws Dietary Laws Prohibition of Blood Prohibition of Mixing of and Meat • Exceptions (cont’d) • Thou shalt not seeth (boil) the kid in - “not fit for either a person or, less its mother’s milk critically, for a dog” • Repeated three times in the Torah . if the material would not be eaten by a dog then it is not food • Cannot be violated even for pet food . anything extracted thereafter from • Interpretation - sages deduced a this material would be kosher general prohibition against eating meat with milk X • Meat includes poultry but not fish

Kosher Kosher Dietary Laws Dietary Laws

Prohibition of Mixing of Milk and Meat Prohibition of Mixing of Milk and Meat • Processing and handling of products falls into • Fish can be eaten at the same time as meat but one of three categories cannot be directly mixed with the meat -meat product - separation was based on someone becoming very ill when eating a fish with meat - product - saving a life takes precedent over laws - neutral () product, such as eggs, fish, honey

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Kosher Kosher Dietary Laws Dietary Laws Prohibition of Mixing of Milk and Meat Prohibition of Mixing of Milk and Meat • A wait period (1-6 hr) is required to • To assure separation, all equipment, utensils, eat dairy after meat pipes, steam etc, are in a designated category • Following a dairy product, the wait period is - if fruit juice is processed in a dairy plant, it much less – rinse the mouth to 1 hour is considered a dairy product - hard cheese requires a wait of 1-6 hours - eating dishes are also separated by category • Why?? - meat may get stuck in your teeth - meat flavor stays in your mouth longer - takes a longer time to digest meat

Kosher Kosher Dietary Laws Dietary Laws Passover Prohibition of Mixing of Milk and Meat • Jewish spring festival that commemorates • If an ingredient is made truly neutral, then the the liberation of the Israelites from equipment must undergo “kosherization” Egyptian slavery and their freedom as a • From marketing perspective, the neutral nation under the leadership of Moses designation is most desirable as it can be sold • to kosher and non-kosher consumers "feast of unleavened ”, because during its celebration no leavened bread was to be eaten or even kept in the household • When the Pharaoh freed the Israelites, they left in such a hurry that they did not wait for bread dough to rise (leaven)

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Kosher Kosher Dietary Laws Special Foods Passover Grape Products • 92% of American Jews celebrate Passover • To be kosher, all grape-juice based products and accounts for 40% of the sales of kosher must be handled by Sabbath-observing Jews food from pressing to processing • Kosher laws are a consistent internal logic • If the juice is pasteurized, then it can be system and have an implied science backing handled by any worker • If an issue has been resolved even if the • science has become questionable, the laws The actual temperature is debated by the will not change rabbis • If an issue is unresolved, science can • Sabbath-observing means someone who influence the law follows all traditional Jewish laws

Kosher Special Foods More kosher available in the US Jewish Cheese (gevinas yisroel) than cheese • To ensure cheese is kosher, a Sabbath-observing Jews must add the coagulating agent that makes the cheese • This rule does not apply to fresh • Kosher whey, the liquid remaining after milk has been curdled and strained, is easier to make - if all ingredients and equipment used are kosher and if the and whey were heated together before the whey was drained

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Kosher Kosher Special Foods Special Foods Jewish Cheese (gevinas yisroel) Jewish Cheese (gevinas yisroel) • Dairy companies are trying to • Challenges sell more whey to other food - Whey : any cream that is separated companies from cheese at above 1200F is subject to • Challenges restrictions that come with cheese and is not considered kosher - Whey is dried in spray driers, - Today, whey cream is often added to which are difficult to and is not kosher without supervision kosherize - If butter was still made with only cream and - Normally, kosher status is salt and water, it could be classed as dairy maintained at all times

Kosher Kosher Special Foods Special Foods Cholev Yisroel (kosher-supervised milk) Cholev Yisroel (kosher-supervised milk) • Kosher-observant Jews are concerned about • Farms producing cholev yisroel milk have a adulteration of milk with milk from non- Sabbath-observing Jew on site at all times kosher animals such as • Milk tanks on the farm and trucks taking milk • Cholev yisroel - milk is watched from to market are sealed by the religious • Rabbis may accept the non-cholev-yisroel milk supervisor for two reasons • Seal is broken by the - Food laws in the US protect against receiving religious adulteration supervisor at the milk - Milk from non-kosher animals is more plant expensive

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Kosher Kosher Special Foods Special Foods Yashon (old) and chodesh (new) flour Early Fruit • On second day of Passover, Jews brought a • Another plant law – tree fruits cannot be grain offering to the Temple of Jerusalem harvested for benefit until the fourth year • This blessed all flour that was growing or had • Most rabbis will permit this for products been harvested that day Old Flour produced by non-Jews • Wheat that has not started to grow by the • Problematic for papaya, a tree fruit grown second day of Passover is considered New Flour for less than three years commercially and should not be used until the next Passover • Winter wheat status is Old • Spring wheat status is more difficult to know

Kosher Kosher Special Foods Special Foods Early Fruit Passover • Biblical source (Leviticus 19:23–25) • Occurs in spring and requires observant Jews to avoid eating products made from 5 When you come to the Land and you plant any prohibited grains food tree, you shall surely block its fruit [from use]; it shall be blocked from you for three Wheat Rye Oats years, not to be eaten. And in the fourth year, Barely Spelt all its fruit shall be holy, a praise to the Lord. And in the fifth year, you may eat its fruit. • Only specially supervised unleavened bread from wheat is eaten • Thus, Jews are forbidden to eat the fruits, which grow upon a tree during the first three • Some unleavened bread is made with years after its planting. rabbinical inspection beginning in the field

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Kosher Kosher Special Foods Special Foods Passover Passover • To prevent rising, the unleavened bread is made • Early Middle Ages, in 18 min cycles for hand-made and for machine - rabbis from Europe made products from other made the equipment is always vibrating plants prohibited for Passover • Why 18 mins? - Jewish communities within Christian countries did - word for “life” in Hebrew is Chai not have regular contact with Jews living in Muslim countries - chai equals 18: Hebrew alphabet is mapped to numbers - Laws drifted apart - fermentation (life) takes 18 min European or Ashkenazic Jews Sephardic Jews • During 18 mins, the equipment must be cleaned - In US, kosher foods are made using European laws of the old dough

Kosher Special Foods Passover • Dietary supplements and non-life threatening drugs are also a concern to ensure no prohibited grain is present • Includes drugs, pet-food and non-food items such as rubbing alcohol • Violation of the laws of Passover is considered Biblical grounds for being “separated from the community” • This is the highest level of prohibition and results in extra strictness during Passover

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Kosher Kosher Other Processing Issues Other Processing Issues Equipment Kosherization Equipment Kosherization • There are three ways to make equipment • Once a plant has been used to produce Kosher or to change its status back to neutral products, it can be switched to neutral from meat or dairy kosher dairy or meat without kosherization • Rabbis frown on going directly to meat from • A rabbi approved kosher supervisor is dairy or vice versa needed for kosherization • Most conversion are from • Most beneficial is to limit the number of - dairy to neutral changeovers from one status to another - treife to dairy, meat, or neutral

Kosher Kosher Other Processing Issues Other Processing Issues Equipment Kosherization Equipment Kosherization 1. Simplest kosherization • Most food is processed at temperatures 0 - Equipment that is used only for cold products above 120 F - rabbinically defined temperature for cooking - Requires only a good liquid soap cleaning, as agreed by American Kosher certifying similar to what is done in most sanitation agencies programs - Plants that do not use liquid cleaning would 2. Equipment used for cooked products must be need to seek rabbi guidance - cleaned with liquid soap - Ceramics, rubber, earthenware and porcelain - left idle for 24 hours to remove “bad” flavor cannot be koshered as the flavors are not - flooded with boiling water released from them during cleaning - in the presence of a kosher supervisor

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Kosher Kosher Other Processing Issues Other Processing Issues Equipment Kosherization Equipment Kosherization • In food service facilities, instead of the 24 hour 3. Ovens that use fire or dry heat require wait heating the metal until it glows - a bittering agent like ammonia is used in the boiling water to pick up “bad” flavor - Supervising rabbi is present - a second boiling with clean water to remove - Large commercial may also require steam the bad flavor - Kosherization often requires a blow torch • Principles of koshering with boiling water comes to heat the surfaces to red hot from ancient understanding of how flavors move in and out of solid materials

Kosher Other Processing Issues Equipment Kosherization • Procedures for kosherization of equipment can be quite expensive and time consuming • the fewer the conversions the better • Careful formulating of products and good production planning can minimize the inconvenience

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Kosher Kosher Other Processing Issues Other Processing Issues Jewish Cooking and Jewish Jewish Cooking and Jewish Baking • If rabbis “do” the cooking, their contribution • Baking requires Jewish participation – the Jew must must be independent of the company’s start the ovens activities • If the owner is Jewish, a portion of the dough is removed and handeled specially ”taking challah” • Most often example: - turning on the pilot light • A company with >50% Jewish ownership is subject to stricter rules - if it remains lit, the rabbi does not need - dough that is specially handeled to be present – otherwise he must return - observe the Sabbath and other Jewish holidays - electrical equipment – eletricity is kept on - Any leavened foods possessed by a Jew during all times on lowest setting Passover can never be used by a kosher- observing Jew

Kosher Kosher Other Processing Issues Other Processing Issues Toveling - immersing equipment purchased Tithing and other Israeli Agricultural Laws from a gentile • Tithe - one tenth of annual produce or earnings, - equipment purchased from gentiles must formerly taken as a tax for the support of the be bathed in a ritual bath before church and clergy kosherization • only affect products from Israel - metal and glass equipment must be blessed • rabbis arrange for companies to tithe if - natural body of water may be used for products are destined for sale in Israel but large equipment rarely for exports • an issue for Israeli products sold in the US • some US companies are now offering tithed products

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Kosher Halal Other Processing Issues Dietary Laws • Halal dietary laws define food products as Kosher and Allergies - halal – permitted • Consumers may use kosher markings as a - haram – prohibited guide for allergen free products - makrooh – questionable to detestable • Kosherized equipment does not yield 100% • Halal laws are derived from the removal of previous materials and allergens - Quran: a revealed book may still be present - Hadith: traditions of Prophet Muhammad - Muslim jurists who extrapolate and deduce • Care must be used for consumers with from the Quran and Hadith allergies who consume kosher products • 90% of Muslims are Sunni and 10% Shiia • Sunni law will be discribed

Halal Halal Dietary Laws Dietary Laws Eleven principles for Halal and Haram Eleven principles for Halal and Haram 4. Basic reasons for prohibition of things are due to 1. All things permitted by Allah (God) are permitted impurity and harmfulness and this should not be questioned Exceptions: pork, blood, meat of animals that died other than proper slaughtering, food dedicated to 5. What is permitted is sufficient and what is someone other than Allah, alcohol, intoxicants, drugs prohibited is superfluous. Allah prohibits only what is unnecessary and provides better alternatives 2. To make lawful and unlawful is the right of Allah alone. No person may take the law into their hands 6. Whatever is conducive to the ”prohibited” is in itself prohibited. 3. Prohibiting what is permitted and permitting what is prohibited is a sin of the highest degree since this 7. Falsely representing unlawful as lawful is prohibited ascribes partners to Allah Example: drinking alcohol for medical reasons

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Halal Halal Dietary Laws Dietary Laws Eleven principles for Halal and Haram Prohibited and Permitted Animals 8. Good intentions do not make the unlawful acceptable Employing a haram means to achieve a praiseworthy • Meat of pigs, boars, and swine is strictly end is not lawful prohibited 9. Doubtful things should be avoided • Meat of carnivorous animals are prohibited 10. Unlawful things are prohibited to everyone alike. • Meat of birds of prey are prohibited Islamic laws are applied to all races, creeds and • Meat of domesticated animals with split sexes. No privileged classes. hooves, camels are included 11. Necessity dictates exceptions. A Muslim is • Meat of birds that do not use their claws to permitted under necessity to eat a prohibited food to ensure survival in quantities to avoid starvation hold down food

Halal Halal Dietary Laws Dietary Laws

Prohibited and Permitted Animals Prohibited and Permitted Animals • Horse meat is permitted under special • Animals that live on land and in water are not circumstances with certain conditions consumed by most observant Muslims • • Animals fed unclean feed must be No clear status for insects, except that locust are halal. Insects are considered neutral. Deduction of quarantined and placed on clean food for 3- law may prohibit them has food 40 days before slaughter • By-products of insects, such as honey, was highly • Seafood is controversial recommended by Muhammad. Royal jelly, bees wax, - Shiia only accept fish with scales as halal shellac and carmine may be offensive to some - others consider all seafood halal • Eggs and milk from permitted animals is halal.

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Halal Halal Dietary Laws Dietary Laws Proper Slaughtering of Permitted Animals Prohibition of Blood • Islam places great emphasis on gentle and humane • Quranic versus state that blood that pours treatment of animals, especially before and after forth is prohibited for consumption slaughter • Blood from permitted and non-permitted • Some conditions include animals are included - proper rest and water • Muslim scholars agree that anything ma - avoiding stress - properly sharpened knife • E from blood is unacceptable - not sharpening the knife in front of an animal - only after the blood drains from the animal and the animal is lifeless can dismemberment begin

Halal Halal Dietary Laws Dietary Laws Proper Slaughtering of Permitted Animals Proper Slaughtering of Permitted Animals • Hunting is permitted of the permitted • Proper slaughtering and bleeding is applicable to land animals if for food but not for pleasure animals and birds - Hunting during the pilgrimage to Mecca or • Fish and other animals that live in water do not need to be ritually slaughtered within the city limits of Mecca are not permitted • No special method for killing locusts - Name of Allah is stated when killing as a • Meat of animals that die of natural causes are blessing unlawful to eat unless they can be slaughtered by - Animal must be bled when caught halal methods before they die - Fish and seafood may be hunted as long as it • Fish that died of natural causes are halal unless they is done humanely. No blessing is said. are decaying

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Halal Halal Dietary Laws Dietary Laws

Meats of Animals Killed by the Ahl-al-Kitab Prohibition of Alcohol and Intoxicants • Meats killed by people of other faiths • Alcoholic drinks and other intoxicants are prohibited by the Quran • Muslims are allowed to eat the food of Jews and Christians as long as it does not violate • Arabic term for alcohol in the Quran is halal standards khamr and means that which is fermented • However, there are a number of • Intentional use of alcohol in cooking is controversial issues with the interpretation prohibited as up to 5% of the alcohol may of the biblical verse that address this point remain

Halal Both Kosher and Halal Dietary Laws Science Halal Cooking, Food Processing, and Sanitation Gelatin • Alcohol may not be used in cooking • Probably the most controversial of all • No other regulations for cooking as long as the modern kosher and halal ingredients kitchen is free from haram foods and ingredients • Gelatin is derived from port skin, beef • No need for two sets of equipment, meat and bones, beef skin and now fish skins dairy, as for kosher foods • Fish skin gelatin can be produced kosher and • Food companies must keep separate haram and halal with supervision halal foods • Cleaning of equipment between haram and halal • Most currently available gelatin is not must be thorough using acids, bases, detergents acceptable to halal cunsumers as they may be and hot water pork based

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Both Kosher and Halal Both Kosher and Halal Science Science Gelatin Biotechnology • A few manufacturers produce certified halal or • Rabbis and Islamic scholars accept products kosher gelatin made from animals slaughtered made by simple generic by Muslims or kosher slaughtered animals • Rationale • One liberal view amoung more lenient kosher - gene isolated from a non-kosher food is agencies is that the skin and bones are not smaller than ”visible” food - gene is reproduced many times before and after injection into the host • Other liberal views exists but none are - original source is lost before food is produced accepted by the ”mainstream” kosher or halal supervisions • Islamic scholars still considering the use of porcine genes and more complex engineering

Both Kosher and Halal Both Kosher and Halal Science Science

Pet Food Health • • Jews can feed their pets food that contains Muslim halal laws are focused on health in a philosophical way and do not correlate with pork and other prohibited meats modern medical beliefs • Jews cannot feed pets a mixture of milk and • Kosher laws are laws that God gave without meat explanation, except for the mixing fish with • Pets in a halal observing home can be fed meat law that rabbis created to avoid getting anything though many prefer to avoid pork sick and other prohibited meats - Conservative movement has ruled that this law is no longer valid as there is no evidence of such a problem

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Both Kosher and Halal Both Kosher and Halal Science Regulatory Health Kosher and Halal Supervision Agencies • Most common health aspect of the kosher laws is that avoiding pork prevent trichinosis • Food industry works with kosher and halal supervision agencies to obtain permission to • Three weaknesses use their trademark symbols on products - all meat products can be a source of pathogens - trichinosis in mummified pork has not been • Care must be taken when selecting the demonstrated and may not have existed when supervision agency the laws were made • For many companies this is a business - 14 day incubation period of trichinosis makes it opportunity unlikely that ancient Israelites would have figured out the correlation

Both Kosher and Halal Both Kosher and Halal Regulatory Regulatory Kosher and Halal Supervision Agencies Kosher and Halal Supervision Agencies • Criteria for selecting a supervision agency - supervision fees • One of the hardest issues for the food industry - agency’s name recognition is to deal with the existence of so many differnt kosher supervision agencies - responsiveness in handling paperwork, providing inspectors • They may follow different traditions with - willingness to work with the company on problem solving respect to dietary law standards – lenient or - ability to clearly explain their kosher and halal stringent standards • Today’s tendnecy is toward more stringent so - personal chemistry that the food product is acceptable to more - do their religious standards meet company’s need in the consumers marketplace

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Both Kosher and Halal Both Kosher and Halal Regulatory Regulatory

Kosher and Halal Supervision Agencies Kosher and Halal Supervision Agencies • Three categories of kosher supervision • Muslim community has only one mainstream agencies agency certifying food products - Normative mainstream - Islamic Food and Council - More stringent than normative - accepted by many muslim nations mainstream - Individual rabbis who are more lenient than mainstream

Both Kosher and Halal Both Kosher and Halal Regulatory Regulatory

Kosher and Halal Supervision Agencies Kosher and Halal Supervision Agencies • Some products have dual halal and kosher • Over 1100 kosher trademark symbols exist certification • Halal and Kosher certification agencies have - Military ready-to-eat produced by recognizable and legally protected symbols on products they certify as either halal or kosher so My Own Meals that the consumer will be assured that the product • Kosher recalls on food products occurs in question meets the certifier's standards for halal or kosher • Website for recalls www..com • Letters, such as 'K', 'KD' or 'KP' are not uniquely identifiable and cannot be protected under U.S. trademark protection laws

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Both Kosher and Halal Both Kosher and Halal Regulatory Regulatory

Federal and State Regulations Federal and State Regulations • 20 states, some couties and cities have laws • New Jersey has newer kosher laws regulating the claim of ”kosher” - guidance from the court focus on consumer • New York State has the most extensive set of right to know issues and truth in labeling kosher laws - avoid having the state define kosher or - requires registering of kosher products with decide what is kosher the Kosher Enforcement Bureau of the - food producer defines terms and how to apply Department of Agriculture and Markets them - companies must publicly identify their - Database is available online standards

Both Kosher and Halal Both Kosher and Halal Regulatory Regulatory

Federal and State Regulations Animal Welfare • New Jersey has newer kosher laws • Food Marketing Institute and the National - rabbis can make informed decisions Council of Chain Restaurants appointed a - a similar bill was passed extending the same single national animal welfare standard for protection to Muslim consumers each species as well as for animal slaughter and poultry slaughter • Enforcement of these laws is decreasing due to budget constraints • They raise the bar for standards in the US but are less aggressive than those in the • 4 other states have passed halal legislation: Minnesota, Illinois, Michigan, and California Europe

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Both Kosher and Halal Regulatory

Animal Welfare • Religous animal slaughter is incorporated into the committee’s work • Guidelines require that all religious slaughter be done with the animals in upright position • Exception is for those animals for which an upside down slaughter is designated • Shacking is permitted for poultry but not for • Animal welfare site www.meatami.org

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