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FREE INQUIRY in CREATIVE SOCIOLOGY Volume 12, Number 1. May 1984 ISSN 0736

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FREE INQUIRY in CREATIVE SOCIOLOGY Volume 12, Number 1. May 1984 ISSN 0736 FREE INQUIRY IN CREATIVE SOCIOLOGY Volume 12, Number 1. May 1984 ISSN 0736 - 9182 Cover Design: Hobart Jackson, University of Kansas School of Architecture AUTHOR TABLE OF· CONTENTS PAGE Half-year Reviewers 2 Erratum Endo & Hirokawa Article. Vol 11, 1983. P 161 2 W Gruninger, N Hess Armed Robber Crime Patterns & Judicial Response 3 Robert Sigler Criminal Justice Evaluation Research & Theory Research 9 Ramona Ford CW Mills, Industrial Sociology, Worker Participation 13 Tom Murton The Penal Colony: Relic or Reform? 20 Laura D Birg Values of Fine Artists in an Independent Profession 25 Prakasa & Nandini Rao Perceived Consequences of ERA on Family & Jobs 30 Alan Woolfolk The Transgressive American: Decoding "Citizen Kane" 35 William E Thompson Oklahoma Old Order Amish: Adaptive Rural Tradition 39 Richard Peterson Preparing for Apocalypse: Survivalist Strategies 44 Janet Chafetz, Gary Dworkin Work Pressure: Homemaker Like Manager, Professional 47 David Field, Richard Travisano Social History & American Preoc cupation with Identity 51 Craig St John Trends in Socioeconomic Residential Segregtion 57 A Nesterenko, D Eckberg Attitudes to Tech-Science in a Bible Belt City 63 Karen Holmes, Paul Raffoul The Diagnostic Manual, DSM-III, & Social Work Practice 69 Barrie EM Blunt Motivation: Communication, Behavior Definition & Reward 73 P Sharp, G Acuff, R Dodder Oklahoma Delegate Traits: 1981 White House Aging Conf 75 Ann-Mari Sellerberg The Practical: Fashion's Latest Conquest 80 Gary Sandefur, Nancy Finley Manual-Nonmanual, Status Inconsistency, Social Class 83 Marc N Wexler Sociological Uncertainty: Advice for Helping Professions 89 Jack Bynum, Charles Pranter Goffman: Content & Method for Seminal Thought 95 C & B Edgley, R Turner Changes in Runners' Vocabularies of Motive 100 H Hugh Floyd Special Editor, Feature Section on Clinical Sociology 105 Lewis Levy A Sociological Theory of Crisis Intervention 106 Craig Forsyth, Nancy Schulte Clinical Sociology to Treat College Alcoholics 111 Clifford M Black Clinical Sociology & Criminal Justice Professions 117 Jay Meddin Sociologically Oriented Therapy for Heart Attack Victims 121 Subcribers' & Authors' Form Manuscript Submission & FICS Criteria 125 MISSION: Give efficient outlet for informative, innovative articles legible to literate lay readers; all sociological fields; economize space & costs. MANUSCRIPTS: 3 copies; ASR guidelines; $20 processing fee includes 1-year subscription. SUBSCRIPTIONS: $10 for individuals & libraries. Free subscription to instructor with paid bulk orders of 5 or more copies. ADDRESS: FICS Editor, Sociology Dept, Oklahoma State U, Stillwater Oklahoma 74078. WORLD-REFEREED & DISTRIBUTED. Abstracted in SOCIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS. EDITORS: Managing, Donald E Allen; Associate, R Habenstein, E Levine, M Truzzi. Consulting: M Affleck, J Bynum, C Harper, J Luxenburg, M Das, D Eckberg, GEllis. ARABIC EDITOR: Samraa Moustafa, Sociology Dept, Kuwait University. CLINICAL SOCIOLOGY EDITOR: H Hugh Floyd GOVERNORS: Charles Edgley, Harold Grasmick, Barry Kinsey, Gene McBride. PUBLISHED: May, November by Sociology Consortium, Oklahoma, Oklahoma State, Central State, and Tulsa Universities. Sponsor: Oklahoma Sociology Association. ©. 1984 Oklahoma State University FREE INQUIRY IN CREATIVE SOCIOLOGY Volume 12 No 1. May 1984 2 Half Year Reviewers, July • December 1983: A Acock T Lundgren J Bass E Metzen D Boyne M Miller (3) D Brown R Mohan (2) J Bynum W Pearman J Chafetz D Peck (3) S Corbett (2) G Peters (2) J Crane (2) W Rambo D Darden J Reeves J Dickinson (2) R Rettig L Fowler H Robboy E Fox J Salomone R Francis G Sandefur D Gutknecht G Sissler C Harper R Smith P Harvey (3) J Talamini R Habenstein C Unkovic (2) K Holmes M Victor P Koski (2) J Zawicki J Krol (2) L Zurcher L Levy Erratum: Volume 11, No 2, November 1983, P 161. JAPANESE AMERICAN INTERMARRIAGE, Russell Endo and Dale Hirokawa. Starting Line 36, Column 1 should read: The 1910-1941 Denver rate is comparatively high, as is the 1970-1971 level of 64 percent, which is approximated only by the 1971 San Francisco rate at 58 percent. FREE INQUIRY in CREATIVE SOCIOLOGY Volume 12 No 1, May 1984 3 ARMED ROBBER CHARACTERISTICS & CRIME PATTERNS VS JUDICIAL RESPONSE Werner Gruninger, Norman B Hess Oklahoma State University A research population of 113 armed robbery criminal careers showed that mature armed convicts held at Oklahoma State Penitentiary robbers had been incarcerated half of their during 1982 were interviewed to determine career span, and had graduated from youthful variables that influence robbery planning and theft and burglary to armed robbery (Petersilia the robber's experience in criminal court. It et aI1977). The general pattern with increas­ was assumed that the age of the offender at ing age is an increase in the severity of the time of the robbery, the criminal history offenses, a decrease in use of crime partners, of the robber, and his professed attitudes and a lowering frequency of offenses. would influence both the degree of prior plan­ There is consensus in the professional ning and the judicial disposition of the case. literature that the majority of robberies are The 1982 Federal Bureau of Investigation unplanned. This assumption may be valid, Uniform Crime Report shows that robbery because all the studies cited are based on accounts for only 4 percent of the total 1982 convict groups which are by no means crime index, and that it increased 5 percent representative of robbers in general, since over the year 1981. There has also been an most are never apprehended, and hence, are increase in robbery by very young offenders, not available for study. The present study according to arrest statistics. In 1981, 29 per­ deals with a group of offenders who were suc­ cent were under 18; in 1982, 34 percent were cessfully identified by police, convicted in a under 18. Of the robbery offenders, 60 per­ court proceeding, and processed into the cent were black. The offense was concen­ penitentiary for an extended stay. However, trated mainly in urban areas. The 1976 one would expect that age and criminal history National Crime Survey shows that only 53 per­ might explain some differences in offense cent of all robberies were reported to police behavior and planning. (McCaghy 1980), and only 24 percent of all robberies were cleared by an arrest. The great OFFENDER CHARACTERISTICS majority of robbery offenders successfully AND CRIME PATTERN committed the crime without any punitive The 113 convicted offenders were held in the consequences. maximum security state penitentiary. Other Previous research shows that robbers are a cases in the state prison system which were highly diverse group. The offense pattern reclassified to serve sentence in refor­ varies from simple street muggings to carefully matories, work camps, or pre-release centers executed assaults on a bank. Most offenses, were excluded due to lack of access. Also however, are spontaneous and opportunistic excluded were death-row offenders involved with little prior planning and no weapons in robbery-homicide. The data indicate that (Feeney, Weir 1979). Conklin (1972) identified robbery is a young man's offense. Those four common patterns: 1) a drug-related pat­ under 18 years of age at the time of the tern; 2) an alcoholic pattern; 3) the profes­ robbery, and certified to stand trial as adults sional heist; and 4) the opportunist pattern. were 14 percent of the sample. These were The professional robber is described as a presumably more serious cases in which the competent lawbreaker who gains large sums juvenile court declined jurisdiction. There were of money, works with a team, and rarely uses probably others under 18 years of age in the actual force (Gibbons 1973). Robbers tend to juvenile justice system, classified simply as be characterized as persons who have skill in delinquents. The age distribution is shown in managing people under stress. They are self­ Table 1. Blacks constituted 38 percent, which confident, but lack the technical skills of the on a population basis shows an overrepresen­ safe-cracker or burglar. Some robbers require tation by a factor of 5. Only 18 percent were a high level of tension and anxiety, while married; 87 percent lived in urban areas, and others try to calm everyone after the initial con­ 11 percent were homeless; 2 percent were frontation (DeBaun 1950). One study of from rural areas; 6 percent were street FREE INQUIRY in CREATIVE SOCIOLOGY Volume 12 No 1, May 1984 4 sleepers; 3 percent were shelter residents. TABLE 1: YEARS' SENTENCE LENGTH In employment status, 55 percent were fully BY ROBBER CATEGORY employed at the time of the robbery; 14 per­ Variable Years N cent were living by crime alone; and the All robbers 18 113 remaining 31 percent were on an entitlement Plea program such as welfare or unemployment Guilty 16 79 insurance. Admitted problem drinkers make Not guilty 26 34 up 11 percent of the sample; 59 percent were Type of defense drug abusers. During the robbery, 19 percent Public defender 19 75 claimed to be under the influence of alcohol, Private attorney 21 37 and 33 percent claimed be under the influence Self defended 150 1 of drugs. The great majority, 82 percent, had Criminal history juvenile and adult criminal histories which had First offender 13 30 led to multiple incarcerations. Previous Recidivist 18 55 offenses included mostly property offences Habitual 25 27 plus a few cases of drug charges and assault charges, and one sexual offense. This is a Age Under 18 25 16 rather typical pattern of theft and burglary. 19-24 16 59 Convenience stores were the prime target for 25-30 21 25 this group of. robbers: 83 percent robbed a 31 and over 27 13 convenience store or a drug store,and 9 per­ Race cent entered a financial institution. Most were White 18 62 looking for money, and 11 percent were hop­ Black 18 43 ing to obtain drugs. The amount obtained was Hispanic, Indian 22 8 usually small - often only $20 or $30, but 87 percent used firearms in the robbery.
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