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Platform Regulations About this Book Luca Belli About the Editors This volume is the result of the first Call The Authors of the analyses featured in this volume are (in alphabetical order): Luca Belli, Luca Belli, PhD is Senior Researcher for Papers of the Dynamic Coalition David Erdos, Maryant Fernández Pérez, Pedro Augusto Francisco, Krzysztof Garstka, Judith Nicolo Zingales at the Center for Technology & on Platform Responsibility (DCPR), Herzog, Krisztina Huszti-Orban, David Kaye, Emily B. Laidlaw, Orla Lynskey, Lofred Madzou, Editors Society of Fundação Getulio Vargas which is a component of the United Joe McNamee, Julia Reda, Marc Tessier, Natasha Tusikov, Célia Zolynski, Rolf H. Weber, Law School, where he heads the Nations Internet Governance Forum. Nicolo Zingales. REGULATIONS: PLATFORM PLATFORM Internet Governance Project, and is This book is the official 2017 outcome associated researcher at the Centre of the DCPR. The Call for Papers was de Droit Public Comparé of Paris This book is the Official 2017 Outcome of the UN IGF Dynamic Coalition on Platform open to all interested stakeholders. 2 University. Luca is co-founder Responsibility (DCPR), which is a multistakeholder group fostering a cooperative analysis Submitted papers were evaluated and co-chair of the UN Internet of online platforms’ responsibility to respect human rights, while putting forward solutions REGULATIONS for their novelty and academic rigor Governance Forum’s Dynamic as well as the potential impact of the to protect platform-users’ rights. This book offers responses to the DCPR’s call for Coalition on Platform Responsibility. initiatives and proposals described in multistakeholder dialogue, made ever more pressing by the diverse and raising challenges HOW PLATFORMS ARE REGULATED AND Nicolo Zingales, PhD is Lecturer in the paper. All accepted submissions generated by the platformisation of our economy and, more generally, our society. The HOW THEY REGULATE US Competition and Information Law at have been peer-reviewed and the analyses featured in this book critically explore the human rights dimension of the digital the University of Sussex. He is also opinions expressed in this book are platform debate, subsequently focusing on the governance of personal data and, lastly, Official Outcome of the UN IGF Dynamic Coalition affiliated researcher to the Stanford the responsibility of the authors. suggesting new solutions for the new roles played by online platforms. on Platform Responsibility Center for Internet and Society HOW PLATFORMS ARE REGULATED AND HOW THEY REGULATE US AND HOW THEY REGULATE ARE REGULATED HOW PLATFORMS For further information, see This volume includes the Recommendations on Terms of Service and Human Rights, (CIS), the Tilburg Institute for Law, tinyurl.com/UNIGFplatforms which were elaborated through a multistakeholder participatory process, facilitated by Technology and Society (TILT) and the Tilburg Law and Economic Center the DCPR. In accordance with the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, (TILEC). He is co-founder and co- the Recommendations provide guidance for terms of service that may deemed as chair of the UN Internet Governance “responsible” due to their respect of internationally agreed human rights standards. Forum’s Dynamic Coalition on Platform Responsibility. “This volume seeks to capture and offer thoughtful solutions for the About the Authors conundrums faced by governments, corporate actors and all individuals who Prefaces by The authors of the analyses featured take advantage of – or are taken advantage of within – the vast forums of the David Kaye digital age. [...] This is a volume for all stakeholders.” in this book are (in alphabetical order): David Kaye, Julia Reda Luca Belli, David Erdos, Maryant United Nations Special Rapporteur on the promotion and Fernández Pérez, Pedro Augusto protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression Francisco, Krzysztof Garstka, Judith Herzog, Krisztina Huszti-Orban, David “This volume takes a broader perspective on platform responsibility, critically Kaye, Emily B. Laidlaw, Orla Lynskey, Lofred Madzou, Joe McNamee, Julia examining both legal obligations and political pressure on platforms to Reda, Marc Tessier, Natasha Tusikov, employ voluntary measures with regard to the actions of their users […], in Célia Zolynski, Rolf H. Weber, Nicolo order to promote competition, maintain the rule of law and safeguard the Zingales. rights of users.” Julia Reda, Member of the European Parliament FGV-Platform regulations_CAPA_P3.indd 1 11/12/17 21:40 Platform Regulations How Platforms are Regulated and How They Regulate Us Official Outcome of the UN IGF Dynamic Coalition on Platform Responsibility United Nations Internet Governance Forum Geneva, December 2017 Edition produced by FGV Direito Rio Praia de Botafogo, 190 | 13th floor Rio de Janeiro | RJ | Brasil | Zip code: 22250-900 55 (21) 3799-5445 www.fgv.br/direitorio Platform Regulations How Platforms are Regulated and How They Regulate Us Official Outcome of the UN IGF Dynamic Coalition on Platform Responsibility Edited by Luca Belli and Nicolo Zingales Prefaces by David Kaye and Julia Reda FGV Direito Rio Edition Licensed in Creative Commons Attribution — NonCommercial — NoDerivs Printed in Brazil 1st edition finalized in 2017, November This book was approved by the Editorial Board of FGV Direito Rio, and is in the Legal Deposit Division of the National Library. Coordination: Rodrigo Vianna, Sérgio França e Thaís Mesquita Book cover: Andreza Moreira Layout: Andreza Moreira Reviewer: Luca Belli Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Mario Henrique Simonsen/FGV Platform regulations: how platforms are regulated and how they regulate us. Official outcome of the UN IGF Dynamic Coalition on Platform Responsibility / Edited by Luca Belli and Nicolo Zingales; preface by David Kaye and Julia Reda. – Rio de Janeiro : Escola de Direito do Rio de Janeiro da Fundação Getulio Vargas, 2017. 248 p. Inclui bibliografia. ISBN: 978-85-9597-014-4 1. Tecnologia e direito. 2. Redes sociais online. 3. Direito regulatório. 4. Direitos fundamentais. 5. Proteção de dados. I. Belli, Luca. II. Zingales, Nicolo. III. Escola de Direito do Rio de Janeiro da Fundação Getulio Vargas. CDD – 341.2738 The Dynamic Coalition on Platform Responsibility (DCPR) is a component of the United Nations Internet Governance Forum. This book is the official 2017 outcome of the DCPR. The opinions expressed in this book are the responsibility of the authors. This volume is the result of the first DCPR Call for Papers, which was open to all interested stakeholders. Submitted papers were evaluated for their novelty and academic rigor as well as the potential impact of the initiative described in the paper. All accepted submissions have been peer-reviewed. For further information, see tinyurl.com/UNIGFplatforms Acknowledgements This book reflects many of the ideas discussed by the members of the Dynamic Coalition on Platform Responsibility (DCPR) of the United Nations Internet Governance Forum, between 2015 and 2017. The editors would like to express gratitude to all the DCPR members for their precious inputs and to Thaís Mesquita, Sérgio França, Renan Oliveira and Helena Ferreira for their editorial support. Furthermore, the editors would like to thank the Fundação Getulio Vargas Law School,1 which provided generous support and guidance, stimulating this research effort. 1 FGV is a world-renowned institution for research and quality education. In 2016, FGV was deemed one of the top 10 think tanks in the world, according to the Global Go To Think Tanks Index 2016, produced by the Pennsylvania University. The same Index consistently ranked FGV as the most influential think tank in Latin America over the past eight years. For further information, see http://portal.fgv.br/ 7 CONTENT PREFACE by David Kaye ..................................................................................................................................... 9 PREFACE by Julia Reda ........................................................................................................................................ 13 ABOUT THE AUTHORS ......................................................................................................................................... 17 1 Online Platforms’ Roles and Responsibilities: a Call for Action ........... 25 Luca Belli and Nicolo Zingales PART I: Exploring the Human Right Dimensions ........................................................................ 39 2 Law of the Land or Law of the Platform? Beware of the Privatisation of Regulation and Police .................................................................. 41 Luca Belli, Pedro Augusto Francisco and Nicolo Zingales 3 Online Platform Responsibility and Human Rights .................................. 65 Emily B. Laidlaw 4 Regulation by Platforms: the Impact on Fundamental Rights ........... 83 Orla Lynskey 5 Fundamental Rights and Digital Platforms in the European Union: a Suggested Way Forward ................................................................................................ 99 Joe McNamee and Maryant Fernández Pérez PART II: Data Governance ................................................................................................................................. 125 6 Hiding in Plain Sight: Right to be Forgotten and Search Engines in the Context of International Data Protection Frameworks ............. 127 Krzysztof Garstka and David Erdos 7 Data Ownership in Platform
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