Maria Barroso Hoffmann

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Maria Barroso Hoffmann Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social Museu Nacional Fronteiras étnicas, fronteiras de Estado e imaginação da nação: um estudo sobre a cooperação internacional norueguesa junto aos povos indígenas Maria Barroso Hoffmann 2008 Livros Grátis http://www.livrosgratis.com.br Milhares de livros grátis para download. ii Fronteiras étnicas, fronteiras de Estado e imaginação da nação: um estudo sobre a cooperação internacional norueguesa junto aos povos indígenas Maria Barroso Hoffmann Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social, Museu Nacional, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Doutor em Antropologia Social. Orientador: Professor Doutor Antonio Carlos de Souza Lima Co-Orientadora: Professora Doutora Sidsel Saugestad Rio de Janeiro Junho de 2008 iii Fronteiras étnicas, fronteiras de Estado e imaginação da nação: um estudo sobre a cooperação internacional norueguesa junto aos povos indígenas Maria Barroso Hoffmann Orientador: Professor Doutor Antonio Carlos de Souza Lima Co-orientadora: Professora Doutora Sidsel Saugestad Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social, Museu Nacional, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Doutor em Antropologia Social. Aprovada por: _______________________________________________________ Presidente, Prof. Dr. Antonio Carlos de Souza Lima, PPGAS/MN/UFRJ _______________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Beatriz Maria Alásia de Heredia, PPGSA/IFCS/UFRJ _______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Aurélio Vianna da Cunha Lima Jr., Fundação Ford _______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. João Pacheco de Oliveira, PPGAS/MN/UFRJ _______________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Giralda Seyferth, PPGAS/MN/UFRJ Suplentes: _______________________________________________________ Profa. Dra.Eliane Cantarino O’Dwyer, PPGA/UFF _______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Moacir Palmeira , PPGAS/MN/UFRJ Rio de Janeiro Junho de 2008 iv FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA Barroso Hoffmann, Maria Fronteiras étnicas, fronteiras de Estado e imaginação da nação: um estudo sobre a cooperação internacional norueguesa junto aos povos indígenas. Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ/PPGAS, Museu Nacional, 2008. xxi.344 f.: il. 1v. Tese (Doutorado) - UFRJ/Museu Nacional/ Programa de Pós- graduação em Antropologia Social, 2008. Orientador: Antonio Carlos de Souza Lima Co-orientadora: Sidsel Saugestad Referências bibliográficas: f. 325-344. 1. Cooperação internacional 2. Noruega 3. Sami 4. História da Antropologia 5. Políticas de conhecimento indígenas. 6. ONG. I. Souza Lima, Antonio Carlos de. II Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Programa de Pós-graduação em Antropologia Social. III. Fronteiras étnicas, fronteiras de Estado e imaginação da nação: um estudo sobre a cooperação internacional norueguesa junto aos povos indígenas. v RESUMO Fronteiras étnicas, fronteiras de Estado e imaginação da nação: um estudo sobre a cooperação internacional norueguesa junto aos povos indígenas. Maria Barroso Hoffmann Orientador: Antonio Carlos de Souza Lima Co-orientadora: Sidsel Saugestad A tese analisa o universo dos atores envolvidos com a implementação da cooperação internacional promovida pela Noruega junto aos povos indígenas, buscando recuperar sua gênese, motivações, perspectivas e os diferentes argumentos utilizados para justificar sua atuação. Recupera, nesse contexto, a influência do movimento etnopolítico dos Sami na incorporação das demandas por direitos indígenas ao universo da cooperação internacional na Noruega; as transformações no campo da antropologia ligadas à emergência de uma atuação pró-índio em nível nacional e internacional no país; a integração da atuação missionária ao aparato do desenvolvimento norueguês e seu posicionamento frente à questão indígena; e a articulação das perspectivas ambientalistas na Noruega à argumentação em favor dos direitos indígenas. A tese investiga ainda a utilização das ONGs como instrumento político-administrativo dentro do aparato da cooperação internacional, buscando analisar o significado de sua atuação em geral e no caso específico dos povos indígenas. Recupera também o sentido das ações de cooperação junto a estes povos como parte dos mecanismos associados à formação de identidades nacionais e étnicas na Noruega, em um esforço de deslocar as lentes tradicionalmente voltadas à elucidação dos efeitos do aparato do desenvolvimento nos países “donatários”, para o desvendamento de seus sentidos nos países “doadores”, isto é, nos espaços sociais onde ela é gestada. Nesse contexto, são discutidos também os mecanismos de construção da fronteira étnica pelos Sami no terreno da educação superior e na construção de uma “política de conhecimento” propriamente indígena. Palavras chaves: 1. Cooperação internacional 2. Noruega 3. Sami 4. História da antropologia. 5. Políticas de conhecimento indígenas 6. ONG vi ABSTRACT Ethnic boundaries, State boundaries and the imagination of the nation: a study about the Norwegian international cooperation with indigenous peoples. Maria Barroso Hoffmann Orientador: Antonio Carlos de Souza Lima Co-orientadora: Sidsel Saugestad This thesis analyses the universe of the actors involved with the implementation of the international cooperation with indigenous peoples promoted by Norway, trying to recover their genesis, motivations, perspectives and the different arguments used as a justification of their actions. It describes, in this context, the influence of the ethnopolitic movement of the Sami in the incorporation of the claims for indigenous rights in the universe of international cooperation in Norway; the transformations in the field of anthropology connected to the raise of a pro-indian activism at the national and international level in the country; the integration of the missionaries to the Norwegian development apparatus and their position towards the indigenous question; and the articulation of the environmental perspectives in Norway to the debates related to indigenous rights. The thesis also deals with the use of the NGOs as political and administrative tool inside the international cooperation apparatus, trying to analyse the meaning of their presence in general and in the specific context of the indigenous peoples’ political organization. It examines too the meaning of the cooperation practices toward these peoples as part of the processes of national and ethnic identity formation, trying to change the focus traditionally directed to the consequences of the development apparatus in the “recipient” countries to the comprehension of its meaning in the “donor” countries, i.e., in the social spaces where it is generated. In this context, the processes of the building of ethnic boundaries by the Sami in the field of higher education and the construction of a specifically indigenous “politics of knowledge” are also discussed. Key words: 1. International cooperation 2. Norway 3. Sami 4. History of anthropology 5. Indigenous knowledge politics 6. NGO vii EPÍGRAFE “Assim como uma bala enterrada no corpo, fazendo mais espesso um dos lados do morto (...) bala que possuísse um coração ativo igual ao de um relógio submerso em algum corpo, ao de um relógio vivo e também revoltoso, relógio que tivesse o gume de uma faca e toda a impiedade de lâmina azulada; (...) Seja bala, relógio ou lâmina colérica, é contudo uma ausência o que esse homem leva. (...) E se é faca a metáfora do que leva no músculo, facas dentro de um homem dão-lhe maior impulso. O fio de uma faca mordendo o corpo humano, de outro corpo ou punhal tal corpo vai armando, pois lhe mantendo vivas todas as molas da alma dá-lhes ímpeto de lâmina e cio de arma branca (...) Essa lâmina adversa Como o relógio ou a bala, Se torna mais alerta todo aquele que a guarda, sabe acordar também os objetos em torno e até os próprios líquidos podem adquirir osso. (...) Em cada coisa o lado que corta se revela, e elas que pareciam redondas como a cera despem-se agora do caloso da rotina, pondo-se a funcionar com todas as suas quinas (...)” [Extrato do poema “Uma faca só lâmina”, de João Cabral de Melo Neto] viii AGRADECIMENTOS Como a faca só lâmina de Cabral, essa tese foi movida por muitas faltas, ausências e inquietações. Em meio às dificuldades, recebi grandes ajudas, de que falarei um pouco a seguir. Agradeço a meu companheiro Alain Hoffmann pelas mediações ao longo de muitos anos na Noruega, sem as quais esse estudo não teria sequer começado. Também a Kristian Bengtson, representante da NORAD na Embaixada da Noruega em Brasília, por ter sido a pessoa que disse “sim” e que acolheu com generosidade e abertura minha proposta de pesquisa, quando tudo parecia distante e inexeqüível. A Antonio Carlos de Souza Lima, colega de turma no curso de graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, coordenador de diversos projetos em que trabalhei no Laboratório de Pesquisas em Etnicidade, Cultura e Desenvolvimento – Laced do Museu Nacional/UFRJ e também meu orientador no doutorado, agradeço pela confiança em todos esses anos de convívio e pelas possibilidades que me abriu de retomar a vida acadêmica e profissional no Brasil. Registro ainda o apoio dele recebido para a aquisição de material bibliográfico na Noruega, através de suas verbas de pesquisa como Cientista
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