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Tomb of S. Polycarp’ and the Topography of Ancient Smyrna

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Tomb of S. Polycarp’ and the Topography of Ancient Smyrna The Annual of the British School at Athens http://journals.cambridge.org/ATH Additional services for The Annual of the British School at Athens: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here The ‘Tomb of S. Polycarp’ and the Topography of Ancient Smyrna F. W. Hasluck The Annual of the British School at Athens / Volume 20 / November 1914, pp 80 - 93 DOI: 10.1017/S0068245400009412, Published online: 11 October 2013 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0068245400009412 How to cite this article: F. W. Hasluck (1914). The ‘Tomb of S. Polycarp’ and the Topography of Ancient Smyrna. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 20, pp 80-93 doi:10.1017/ S0068245400009412 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/ATH, IP address: 128.122.253.228 on 12 May 2015 THE 'TOMB OF S. POLYCARP' AND THE TOPOGRAPHY OF ANCIENT SMYRNA. (PLATES X., XI.) THE history and authenticity of the so-called ' tomb of S. Polycarp ' at Smyrna have lately formed the subject of a monograph by Pere S. Lorenzo of the Order of S. Francis,1 who claims to have discovered the real church and tomb of S. Polycarp in a vineyard at some distance from the site tacitly accepted hitherto both by the Greek and Latin communities. The first section of the present paper attempts to trace as far as possible the history of the traditional tomb ; the second to discuss the antiquity of its traditions, and the value of tradition in general at Smyrna ; and the third to establish a point in the topography of ancient Smyrna on evidence arising from, or closely connected with, the former discussions. § i.—THE TRADITIONAL TOMB AND ITS HISTORY. The so-called 'tomb of S. Polycarp' (PI. X. i) stands on a spur of the castle-hill immediately adjacent to the stadium where the Saint is said to have suffered martyrdom in 166 A.D.2 The tomb is Mahommedan in form, a rectangular bier built in masonry, with gables at either end, plastered over, and painted green. Like many other Moslem saints' tombs, it is very large as compared with those of ordinary mortals (which adhere to the proportions of an average man), measuring 330 x i'8o metres. It 1 S. Polycarpe et son Tombeau, Constantinople, 1911. 2 Eusebius, Hist. Eccles. iv. 15, 17. For the date see Rev. Hist. Rel. iii. 368-381. I feel bound to insist on the historical character of the Saint lest he should be exposed to misconception. But for known facts the names of S. Polycarp and of his companion S. Boukolos would inevitably brand them as a converted vegetation-god and a converted herd-god respectively. THE 'TOMB OF S. POLYCARP.' 8I stands in the open air with cypresses at head and foot. Of the two trees the former is old and well-grown, forming a conspicuous landmark, and to it rags are affixed, in accordance with a well-known custom, by the humble clients of the Saint. Both tomb and cypresses stand in a small enclosed cemetery with a roughly-built hut for the guardian. A tomb of S. Polycarp at Smyrna is first mentioned in 1622, when the town was visited by the French missionary Pere Pacifique. His •description is as follows:— ' Au lieu ou la Ville etait auant qu'estre ruinee,1 y a vne petite Cabane comme vn hermitage, ou loge vn Dernis [for Deruis], c'est vn Religieux Turc, & dans cette petite chambrette, y a le Cercueil de Sainct Policarpe sans son Corps, il est couuert d'vn drap de couleur brune, & sur vn bout d'iceluy est pose'e la Mittre Episcopale du Sainct qui est faicte en la maniere que i'ay cy dessus descript : . elle est d'vne estoffe fort simple, mais ouuragee dessus auec des broderies de fil de cotton a guise de Canetille, le nom de Dieu est escript en Arabe sur le front, Alia, elle est doublee dedans comme de taffetas Colombin pasle & passe, elle est vn peu entamee par vn coing, quelqu'vn y en ayant couppe en cachette, les Turcs la tiennent auec reuerence, parce qu'ils disent que sainct Polycarp estoit vn Euangeliste de Dieu & amy de leur Prophete Mahomet: il y a encore vne Calotte aupres, qu'on tient estre celle que le sainct mettoit sur sa teste, i'ay tenu dans mes mains l'vne & l'autre, ie diray pourtant en passant afin de desabuser ceux qui comme le commun croiroient que cette calotte fust aussi veritablement de sainct Policarpe qu'est la Mittre qu'ils ne croyent plus, parce que ie sgay •de bone part que la veritable a este prise & que celle-cy est supposee, a ce que les Turcs ne s'en aperceussent, & qui pie furatus est ipse mihi dixit; celuy qui a fait ce pieux Iarcin me le dit a moy-meme.'2 It is plain that Pere Pacifique regarded the mitre, and presumably the tomb also, as authentic. Stochove, ten years later, makes it abundantly dear that the ' mitre' was no more than a dervish sheikh's cap or taj'6: his account is as follows :— 'Avant que d'entrer dans le chasteau, nostre Janissaire nous mena dans un petit bastiment faict en forme de Chapelle oil il nous disoit que Sainct Jean Polycarpe estoit enterre, lequel aussi bien parmy les Turcs que parmy les Chrestiens, a la reputation d'avoir este un Sainct personnage. A 1'entree nous vismes un Dervis ou Religieux Turc, lequel nous voyant' nous saliia honnestement, & nous ayant diet qu'il falloit quitter les souliers, nous mena au lieu ou ils disent estre enterre' ce Sainct. Nous y vismes une Tombe couverte de deux robbes, l'une •de camelot minime & l'autre de velour vert; aux pieds il y avoit un baston 1 I.e. among the ruins on the hill below the castle gate ; cf. Le Bruyn, Voyage, i. 79, quoted below, p. 90, note 5. 2 Voyage de Perse (Paris, 1631), 11 f. 3 The supposed mitre is last mentioned by Duloir (1654) as ' vne vieille Mytre faite selon la figure des nostres, mais d'vne estoffe qui m'est inconnue ' (Voyage, p. 14). G 82 F. W. HASLUCK ferte avec deux pointes, portant au milieu un croissant de Lune, semblable a ceux dont usent des pelerins Mahometains, qui vont visiter le sepulchre de leur prophete a la Mecque; au chevet il y avoit la fagon d'une mithre, ayant un rebord avec trois pointes ou estoit pique a l'eguille en caracterres Arabesques, la Hilla heilla, halla Mahemet resul halla . ; ce que nous fit cognoistre l'erreur des Turcs, & que ces habits, baston, & mithre n'estoient point de ce Sainct: mais de quelque malheureux Mahometan. Les Turcs portent un grand respect & une devotion particuliere a ce lieu, ils tiennent tousjours quelques lampes allumees- et a chaque Vendredy plusieurs y viennent faire leurs prieres.'1 In these, the earliest and most detailed accounts of the tomb and relics of S. Polycarp at Smyrna, there is to an unprejudiced eye no outward trace of anything more than a Turkish saint-cult associated by Christians, to judge by Stochove, as much with S. John 2 as with S. Polycarp. It was probably one of those ambiguous cults organised by the Bektashi dervishes which Christians were encouraged to frequent.3 Three notices of the tomb about the middle of the seventeenth century are of special interesti as shewing that at this date it passed from Moslem to Christian custody. Monconys, in 1648, does not mention the dervish guardian. The chapel was ' toute rompue et descouverte ' and the only thing to be seen in it was a tomb like that of a Turkish sheikh.8 D'Arvieux (1654-6) expressly states that the tomb was in Greek hands:— ' Assez pres de 1'amphithea.tre [i.e. the theatre] sont les restes de l'Eglise de S. Jean. C'etoit la Cathedrale de Smyrne. Elle paroit avoir ete fort grande & accompagnee d'un grand nombre de chapelles. De toutes ces chapelles, il en reste une seule qui est assez entiere dans laquelle est un tombeau bien gardi par des Religieux Grecs, qu'ils disent etre celui de S. Polycarpe.' 6 Thomas Smith (1665) implies that the tomb and the humble two- roomed ' chapel' that contained it were in Christian hands and kept in some sort of repair :— 1 Voyage, 17 f. 2 S. John (Baptist) has a recognised standing with Musulmans (cf. Menassik-el-Hadj'r tr. Bianchi, 36, on the former church of S. John at Damascus). It is he, and not S. Poly- carp, who is by them considered ' an evangelist of God.' 3 Cf. below, pp. 94 foil., on Ambiguous Sanctuaries and Bektashi propaganda, especially No. 12. Near the tomb now shown as that of S. Polycarp or ' Youssouf Dede ' is at least one grave marked as that of a Bektashi dervish by the twelve-sided ' mitre ' (taj) of the: order carved on its headstone. Bektashi mitres embroidered with the confession of faith, like that seen at Smyrna by Pacifique and Stochove, are mentioned by J. P. Brown, The Dervishes, 150. 4 The tomb of Polycarp is mentioned also by Le Bruyn, Spon, Wheler, and Tournefort,. none of whose descriptions add anything material to our knowledge of it. 6 Journal des Voyages, i. 423 f. 6 M6moires, i. 50. THE 'TOMB OF S. POLYCARP.' 83 ' Sepulchrum S. Polycarpi, quod in latere monlis versus Euroaustrum adhuc conservatur, Graeti die festo. solleniter invisunt: situm est in quadam aedicula, ecclesiae forte sacello, alii, per quam illuc transeundum est, contigua.
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