Harry Potter Fanfiction on the Internet
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POTTEROTICS: HARRY POTTER FANFICTION ON THE INTERNET By CATHERINE TOSENBERGER A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2007 1 © 2007 Catherine Tosenberger 2 To my grandparents Edward and June Hard, and Michael and Katherine Tosenberger 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I must thank the Harry Potter fandom, and all the fans who gave so generously of their talent and expertise. I have met an enormous number of brilliant, funny, creative and wise people through my interactions with this community. The following, in no particular order, have been especially kind and helpful, and I am honored to call them friends: Amy Tenbrink, Hallie Tibbetts, Kathryn Loup, Heidi Tandy, Sarah Benoot, Anna Milton, Cassandra Claire, Pogrebin, Marvolo, Ravenchel, Katiebec, Rhoddlet, Fleur, Mireille, Kayla Gagnet Castille, Sabrina Chin, Jane Glaubman, Aja Romano, Carlie Webber, Anatsuno, Rennie Guedel, Ebony Thomas, V, Folk, Kay Taylor, Katie B, Vicki Dolenga, Ellen Fremedon, Anne Kustritz, Rene, Amatia, Sharon Goetz, Executrix, Resmiranda, Kristi Brownfield, Glockgal, Flourish, Darkrose, Calico, Metempsychosis, Cathexys, Cyg, Vali, Lolaraincoat, Chris Dickson, and Meg Milford. There are others whose names have escaped me, and I hope they won’t hold it against me. I thank the mods and denizens of Fandom Wank, for continually reminding me that fandom is, indeed, fucking funny. This project would never have begun, and would certainly not have finished, without the intellectual and emotional support of my director, Kenneth Kidd, the kindest and best of men. He has been a mentor and a dear friend. Much thanks are also due to my fantastic committee, who are everything a nervous grad student could hope for: John Cech, Robert Thomson, Terry Harpold, and Linda Lamme. Their advice has been superb, and their tolerance for the narration of bizarre Internet phenomena has been exemplary. Excellent sports, all of them. I also thank the Department of English at the University of Florida for their unflagging support; the University Writing Program, and Creed Greer in particular, also deserves thanks. Others deserve thanks and praise: Andrea Wood, Joanna Shearer, Roger Whitson, Mike Mayne, Todd Reynolds, Melissa Mellon, Anastasia Ulanowicz, Henry Jenkins, Regina Martin, 4 Martin Smith, June Cummins, Richard Flynn, Joseph Thomas, Kevin Shortsleeve, Marlo Zaber, Brian Doan, Denise Guidry, Pamela Gilbert, Catherine Driscoll, Aaron Talbot, Joel Adams, Cathlena Martin, Tof Eklund, Nikki Smith, Doris Bremm, Leann D. Hunter, Steve Ponton, Bharati Khasibhatla, Jaimy Mann, Phil Sandifer, Lyndsay Brown, Brad Anderson, and the staff and members of The Cauldron. Of course, I thank my family, especially my parents, Cindi and Mike Tosenberger; and my sister Lisa Gonidakis, and her family, Chris, Alaina and Maya. I would also like to thank my grandparents, to whom this is dedicated. And most of all, I thank Tim Smith, my husband, for everything in the world. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS..........................................................................................................8 LIST OF TERMS.............................................................................................................................9 ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................10 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCING THE MONSTERS AND THE CRITICS: RECURSIVE FICTION, FANDOM STUDIES, AND HARRY POTTER....................................................................11 The Madness of Crowds: The Pathological Fan....................................................................12 Academics and Fans: A Brief Overview ...............................................................................15 Fanfiction and Literature ........................................................................................................24 Potter Publishing: “Official” History.....................................................................................36 Portrait of the Artist as a Young Fan......................................................................................41 Methodology...........................................................................................................................52 2 SEXUAL PERVERSITY AT HOGWARTS .........................................................................59 Won’t Someone Think of the Children?.................................................................................66 Shipping, or, H.M.S. What the Hell?......................................................................................72 Responding to Romance.........................................................................................................75 The Internet is for (Fandom) Porn..........................................................................................78 3 MUCKING ABOUT WITH MALFOY: THE TRANSFORMATION OF DRACO ...........86 Autoethnography: or, Virtue Has Nothing to Do With It......................................................86 Changing the Leopard’s Spots................................................................................................92 What Is This Fanon Draco, And From Where Did He Beam Down? ....................................94 Rehabilitation and Redemptionistas .....................................................................................101 Poor, Abused Draco, or: Lucius, Instrument of Redemption ..............................................103 Fons et Origo: Cassandra Claire’s Draco Trilogy ...............................................................104 Refinement: Maya’s Draco Malfoy, The Amazing Bouncing… Rat? ................................108 Harry/Draco: Shipping Angst..............................................................................................110 4 SUBTEXT IN HIDING: POTTER SLASH FANFICTION ...............................................113 Scholars and Fans .................................................................................................................115 Harry Potter Slash: The Beast in the Plumbing...................................................................122 Queering the Canon ..............................................................................................................126 6 5 KEEPING IT IN THE FAMILY: INCEST NARRATIVES IN HARRY POTTER FAN FICTION...............................................................................................................................133 Why the Weasleys and the Malfoys?....................................................................................136 Unstable Bodies in the Chamber of Secrets .........................................................................141 Incest Narratives in Potterverse Fanfiction: Literary Models..............................................148 Malfoycest: Patriarchal Rights ............................................................................................151 Weasleycest: Unnatural Little Beasts ..................................................................................154 EPILOGUE: POTTERDÄMMERUNG OR, THE WANKALYPSE IS NIGH: THE FUTURE OF HARRY POTTER FANDOM .......................................................................163 LIST OF REFERENCES.............................................................................................................167 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................179 7 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Website FF.N Fanfiction.net FA Fiction Alley JF Journalfen LJ Livejournal RS Restricted Section SK Skyehawke AS Author’s Personal Site 8 LIST OF TERMS Canon The official source text: the book series, the television series, the film Fanon An interpretation or characterization that gains widespread currency within the fandom Fic Short for “fanfiction” or “fanfic” Het, het fic Fanfiction featuring a heterosexual romance Fanfiction Literature about pre-existing characters (from a book, television series, film, etc.) that circulates unofficially Gen, gen fic Fanfiction with no romantic pairing Hurt-comfort Genre of fanfiction where one character suffers and another character cares for him/her; also abbreviated h/c Joss, jossed When fanfiction is negated by new canon; i.e., a story about two characters who marry and live to 100 is “jossed” if one character is killed in the next episode PWP “Plot? What Plot?” or “Porn Without Plot”: a story consisting entirely of a sex scene Ship A romantic pairing (or threesome) of two or more characters that has attracted a fan following Shipper A fan who prefers a particular ship (romantic pairing) Slash Fanfiction featuring a same-sex romance Squick A feeling of revulsion TPTB The Powers That Be; the copyright holders of the source text 9 Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy POTTEROTICS: HARRY POTTER FANFICTION ON THE INTERNET By Catherine Tosenberger August 2007 Chair: Kenneth Kidd Major: English A number of the most devoted readers of J.K. Rowling’s immensely popular Harry Potter series have not