Entwicklung Neuer Adenin- Und Adenosin-Rezeptorliganden Als Pharmakologische Werkzeuge Und Proteomik-Methoden Zur Identifizierung Des Humanen Adeninrezeptors

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Entwicklung Neuer Adenin- Und Adenosin-Rezeptorliganden Als Pharmakologische Werkzeuge Und Proteomik-Methoden Zur Identifizierung Des Humanen Adeninrezeptors Entwicklung neuer Adenin- und Adenosin-Rezeptorliganden als pharmakologische Werkzeuge und Proteomik-Methoden zur Identifizierung des humanen Adeninrezeptors Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn vorgelegt von Thomas Borrmann aus Aachen Bonn 2009 Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn 1. Referent: Prof. Dr. Christa E. Müller 2. Referent: Prof. Dr. Daniela Gündisch 3. Referent: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Jaehde 4. Referent: Prof. Dr. Ivar von Kügelgen Tag der Promotion: 27.8.2009 Diese Dissertation ist auf dem Hochschulserver der ULB Bonn http://hss.ulb.uni- bonn.de/diss-online elektronisch publiziert. Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde in der Zeit von Februar 2005 bis Mai 2009 am Pharmazeutischen Institut der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn unter der Leitung von Frau Prof. Dr. Christa E. Müller durchgeführt. Mein besonderer Dank gilt Frau Prof. Dr. Christa E. Müller für die Überlassung des interessanten und vielseitigen Promotionsthemas, ihre stete Diskussionsbereitschaft und ihre Unterstützung bei der Vorbereitung meines Forschungsaufenthalts am California Institute of Technology (Pasadena, CA, USA) und der Teilnahme an Kongressen. Frau Prof. Dr. Daniela Gündisch danke ich sehr herzlich für die freundliche Übernahme des Korreferats. Herrn Prof. Dr. Ulrich Jaehde und Herrn Prof. Dr. Ivar von Kügelgen danke ich für die Mitwirkung in meiner Promotionskommission. Ich danke dem Cusanuswerk für die finanzielle Unterstützung in Form eines Stipendiums, die Kostenübernahme bei meinem Forschungsaufenthalt am California Institute of Technology und die ideelle Förderung im Rahmen von Fachschafts- und Graduiertentagungen. Michaela und meiner Familie Zwei Dinge sind zu unserer Arbeit nötig: Unermüdliche Ausdauer und die Bereitschaft, etwas, in das man viel Zeit und Arbeit gesteckt hat, wieder wegzuwerfen. Albert Einstein Inhaltsverzeichnis I Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Rezeptoren ......................................................................................................................1 1.1.1 G-Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptoren ........................................................................... 2 1.1.2 Purinerge Rezeptoren ............................................................................................ 11 1.2 Ziele der Arbeit ............................................................................................................ 19 2 Darstellung von Adeninderivaten als Adeninrezeptorliganden ......... 23 2.1 Einleitung......................................................................................................................23 2.2 Synthese 8-substituierter Adeninderivate.................................................................. 27 2.2.1 Nucleophile Substitutionsreaktionen..................................................................... 27 2.2.2 Kreuzkupplungsreaktionen.................................................................................... 29 2.3 Synthese 9-substituierter Adeninderivate.................................................................. 31 2.4 Synthese N6-substituierter Adeninderivate................................................................ 34 2.4.1 Synthese N6-alkylierter Adeninderivate................................................................ 34 2.4.2 Synthese N6-acylierter Adeninderivate ................................................................. 35 2.5 Stabilitätsuntersuchung N6-acylierter Adeninderivate............................................. 43 3 Untersuchung der Adeninderivate an Adeninrezeptoren................... 49 3.1 Kompetitionsexperimente ........................................................................................... 49 3.2 Funktionelle Experimente ........................................................................................... 60 3.3 Zusammenfassung........................................................................................................ 63 4 Analyse von Transmembranproteinen in HEK293-Zellen ................. 65 4.1 Einleitung......................................................................................................................65 4.2 Methodenentwicklung ................................................................................................. 69 4.2.1 Anreicherung und Auftrennung............................................................................. 69 4.2.2 Proteinverdau ........................................................................................................ 71 4.2.3 Massenspektrometrische Analyse ......................................................................... 74 4.3 Ergebnisse..................................................................................................................... 75 II Inhaltsverzeichnis 4.4 Zusammenfassung........................................................................................................ 81 5 Analyse palmitoylierter und glycosylierter Proteine in HEK293- Zellen ................................................................................................................... 85 5.1 Einleitung ......................................................................................................................85 5.2 Anreicherung und Analyse palmitoylierter Proteine................................................ 85 5.2.1 Methodenentwicklung ........................................................................................... 87 5.2.2 Ergebnisse.............................................................................................................. 94 5.3 Anreicherung und Analyse glycosylierter Proteine................................................... 98 5.3.1 Methodenentwicklung ......................................................................................... 100 5.3.2 Ergebnisse............................................................................................................ 103 5.4 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick .............................................................................. 107 6 Entwicklung einer Methode zur Isolierung und Analyse des humanen Adeninrezeptors ............................................................................................... 109 6.1 Einleitung .................................................................................................................... 109 6.2 Affinitätschromatographische Isolierungsmethode ................................................ 112 6.3 Gelelektrophoretische Auftrennung des Eluats....................................................... 114 6.4 Analyse der isolierten Proteine ................................................................................. 115 6.5 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick .............................................................................. 118 7 Darstellung von A2B-Rezeptorantagonisten ....................................... 121 7.1 Einleitung .................................................................................................................... 121 7.2 Synthese 1,8-disubstituierter Xanthinderivate ........................................................ 126 8 Testung der Xanthine und Entwicklung eines A2B-Radioliganden.. 133 8.1 Pharmakologische Charakterisierung der Xanthinderivate.................................. 133 8.2 Entwicklung eines neuen A2B-Antagonist-Radioliganden....................................... 136 8.3 Kompetitionsexperimente mit dem neuen Radioliganden...................................... 138 8.4 Physikochemische Eigenschaften der A2B-Antagonisten ........................................ 146 8.5 Zusammenfassung...................................................................................................... 148 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick......................................................... 149 Inhaltsverzeichnis III 10 Experimenteller Teil ............................................................................. 157 10.1 Allgemeine Angaben.............................................................................................. 157 10.1.1 Chemikalien und Geräte bei der Synthese von Purinrezeptorliganden ............... 157 10.1.2 Chemikalien und Geräte in der Proteinanalytik .................................................. 159 10.2 Synthesen................................................................................................................ 161 10.2.1 8-Bromierung von Adenin................................................................................... 161 10.2.2 Darstellung von 8-Aminoadenin ......................................................................... 162 10.2.3 Darstellung von 8-Oxoadenin ............................................................................. 162 10.2.4 Darstellung von 8-Benzylaminoadenin ............................................................... 162 10.2.5 Darstellung von 8-Phenylsulfanyladenin ............................................................ 163 10.2.6 Darstellung von 8-Thioadenin............................................................................. 163 10.2.7 S-Alkylierung von 8-Thioadenin......................................................................... 163 10.2.8 Suzuki-Miyaura-Kreuzkupplungsreaktionen
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