Responses of Higher Plants to Boron Deficiency

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Responses of Higher Plants to Boron Deficiency RESPONSES OF HIGHER PLANTS TO BORON DEFICIENCY Marta Alexandra Marques Alves June 2010 Oeiras, Portugal Dissertation presented to obtain the degree of Doctorate in Biochemistry by Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica of Universidade Nova de Lisboa RESPONSES OF HIGHER PLANTS TO BORON DEFICIENCY Marta Alexandra Marques Alves Dissertation presented to obtain the degree of Doctorate in Biochemistry by Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica of Universidade Nova de Lisboa Supervisor: Dr. Cândido Pinto Ricardo Co-supervisor: Dr. Phillip Jackson June 2010 Oeiras, Portugal The investigation was co-financed by Fundação da Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) POCI 2010 and Fundo Social Europeu (FSE) through the PhD fellowship SFRH/BD/18273/2004. Work performed at: Plant Biochemistry Laboratory Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica ITQB-UNL Av. da República - Estação Agronómica Nacional 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal Supervisor Cândido Pinto Ricardo Full Professor of Plant Physiology at Departamento de Botânica e Engenharia Biológica (Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa) Head of the Plant Biochemistry group at Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (Universidade Nova de Lisboa) Co-supervisor Phil Jackson Head of the Plant Cell Wall group at Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (Universidade Nova de Lisboa) i ii To my best friend, husband and father of my child, Paulo Oliveira iii iv “Although nature commences with reason and ends in experience it is necessary for us to do the opposite that is to commence with experience and from this to proceed to investigate the reason.” Leonardo da Vinci (15th April 1452 – 2nd May 1519) v vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Primeiro que tudo queria agradecer à minha família! Em primeiro lugar, quero agradecer à minha Mãe por me ter dado a oportunidade de fazer as minhas conquistas e pelo seu apoio incondicional. Foi, em grande parte, graças a ti que cheguei até aqui! Muito, muito obrigada! Ao Paulo, quero apenas agradecer por ser quem é, um excelente Amigo, maravilhoso Companheiro e sempre Pai atento! É um privilégio poder partilhar todos os momentos da minha vida contigo, incluindo este! Apesar de ser ainda uma criança quero também agradecer ao Ricardo a constante alegria com que enche o meu dia a dia! Finalmente, quero agradecer ao Zé e à Fernanda, pelos pedacinhos de tranquilidade que proporcionam… A nível de trabalho quero agradecer principalmente ao Prof. Pinto Ricardo pela oportunidade que me deu, por me ter aberto as portas do laboratório, onde desenvolvi todo este trabalho. Aprendi muito consigo, não só a nível profissional, como também a nível pessoal! Quero também agradecer ao Phil, pelas suas sugestões científicas e espírito crítico. Para o Nelson Saibo, tenho um obrigada muito especial, não só pela ajuda no desenvolvimento do trabalho de bancada, mas também pelo teu ‘dom’ da assertividade! Deste-me conselhos em alturas cruciais da minha carreira que fizeram toda a diferença. Gostei muito de trabalhar contigo! vii Já é sabido que grande parte do nosso dia é passado no trabalho… Apesar de ser trabalho, as pessoas que nos rodeiam fazem a diferença para que o dia corra melhor. De facto, tenho que agradecer à Carla Pinheiro, à Inês Chaves, à Catarina Rodrigues e à Isa Ribeiro por me terem proporcionado bons momentos, cada uma à sua maneira! Obrigada a todas! Não podia deixar de agradecer à Carla as pertinentes discussões científicas, e à Inês o profícuo trabalho que desenvolvemos em conjunto. Neste meu percurso científico tive oportunidade de me cruzar com diversas pessoas. Uma muito especial com quem trabalhei na quantificação de boro foi a Diana Martins. Não podia deixar de agradecer à Helena Matias pelo apoio dado no NMR, à Paula Chicau na análise das amostras por HPLC e à Ana Fortunato pelo apoio dado com o aparelho de RT-qPCR. Outras duas pessoas a quem quero deixar um obrigada especial são o Jörg Becker, pela sua paciência e claro, profissionalismo na análise de resultados dos microarrays, e a Sofia Pereira que me guiou na análise dos resultados do RT-qPCR. I would like to thank to two lovely people that I had the opportunity to meet, Paul Jenö and Suzette Moes, for their excellent work on protein MS analysis and ready answers for my doubts. Não me posso esquecer de agradecer a disponibilidade e prontidão na resolução de pequenos contratempos que, se não fosse pela viii Eugénia Santos e pelo Alexandre Maia, se tornariam em grandes entraves ao trabalho. Por fim, queria também agradecer ao Bruno Gouveia pelo apoio na parte gráfica da tese. Obrigada! Aqui no ITQB, consegui não só desenvolver trabalho com qualidade científica, mas também grandes Amizades, que tornaram todo este processo bem mais interessante! Não podia deixar de agradecer à Rita Francisco pelos bons momentos conversa científica e não só… MUITO OBRIGADA, Isabel Martins e Sónia Negrão por todo o vosso apoio, não há palavras que cheguem… As conversas das montanhadas, são contigo, Cláudia Santos, MUITO OBRIGADA pelo teu acompanhamento!... Estas são Amizades que espero guardar por muitos e bons anos. ix x SUMMARY Despite being known for more than 80 years that B is essential for plant growth, the role of this element in plant metabolism remains elusive. Until now, B involvement in the plant cell wall structure is the only well-documented participation of B. However, this participation can not explain all the symptoms observed in B- deficient plants nor the requirement of B for early animal developmental processes. The aim of this study was to acquire additional data on the role(s) of B in the growth and development of higher plants. For that purpose, Lupinus albus, an important crop plant, was used to study long-term B deficiency responses, characterizing the proteomes of the leaf apoplast (Chapter 2) and of the root system (Chapter 3). A metabolite analysis was also performed in the different organs (leaf-blades, petioles, apexes, hypocotyls and roots) of L. albus plants (Chapter 4). Some consistent responses were observed with these different approaches. The analysis of the metabolite content of Lupinus albus plants, showed minor changes in the content of sugars and absence of variation in malate suggests that the central carbohydrate metabolism is being little affected by B deficiency (Chapter 4). The proteome study of the root, revealed the differentially expression of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and of several ATPases (Chapter 3), what appears to be related with the xi activation of alternative energy sources. Thus, the carbon flow seems to be able to continue even under stressful conditions. Proteins related with the cell wall biosynthesis, namely of polysaccharide components, were suppressed due to B deficiency (Chapter 3), probably as a consequence of the structural cell wall damage. Some proteins related to protein folding and proteolytic processes were suppressed while others were de novo expressed (Chapter 3), pointing for a shift in the protein metabolism, probably to allow the plant to partially cope with B deficiency. Several proteins related with cytoskeleton biosynthesis were also affected by B deficiency, as for instance, tubulins and actins, that were de novo expressed (Chapter 3). The additional increased content of the branched-chain amino acids (Chapter 4), that could be related with cytoskeleton biosynthesis, points for some active involvement of B with cytoskeleton biosynthetic processes. The long-term effects observed could result from both direct and indirect stress responses, but the indirect effects could have some degree of specificity to the stress, as suggested by the leaf apoplast study (Chapter 2), since the majority of the proteins that were commonly responsive to both B and water-deficit showed different patterns of expression. Short-term B deficiency responses were also investigated, performing a transcriptional analysis with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana xii (Chapter 5). Altered expression of genes related with the cell wall was observed, as well as genes related to branched-chain amino acids. In analogy to what was discussed in the long-term responses, the increased expression of these genes could be related with impaired cytoskeleton biosynthesis. Genes related with sulphur metabolism were also found to be differentially expressed due to B deficiency. In particular, the expression of the three genes that encode for 5'-adenylylsulfate reductase, a key enzyme of the sulphate assimilation pathway, was decreased, what is a response with similarity to sulphur excess in the plant. Thus, altered cytoskeleton biosynthesis seems to be a common response in short and long-term B deficiency studies, suggesting that a direct interaction of B with cytoskeleton may exist. Such B participation in plant metabolism is consistent with higher B requirement in the earlier animal development and reproductive stage in plants, where cytoskeleton is actively required for cell division processes. xiii xiv SUMÁRIO Apesar de ser conhecido há mais de 80 anos que o B é essencial para o crescimento das plantas, o seu papel no metabolismo das plantas continua por elucidar. Até agora, o envolvimento na estrutura da parede celular das plantas é a única e bem documentada participação do B que, no entanto, não parece ser suficiente para explicar todos os sintomas observados nas plantas devido à deficiência de B, nem o requisito de B nos processos iniciais do desenvolvimento animal. O objectivo deste estudo foi o de reunir informação adicional sobre o papel do B no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas superiores. Para isso utilizámos uma importante cultura agrícola, o Lupinus albus, para os estudos das respostas à deficiência prolongada de B, caracterizando o proteoma do apoplasto da folha (Capítulo 2) e do sistema radicular (Capítulo 3). Foi também efectuada uma análise metabólica nos diferentes órgãos desta planta (folhas, pecíolos, ápices, hipocótilos e raízes). Estas diferentes abordagens permitiram obter algumas respostas consistentes. Observou-se uma pequena variação nos teores de açúcares e a ausência de variação nos teores de malato, o que sugere que o metabolismo central dos hidratos de carbono está a ser pouco afectado pela deficiência (Capítulo 4).
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