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Table of Contents Table of contents Proposed name of the Biosphere Reserve ........................................................................................... 3 Country ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Fulfilment of the three functions of biosphere reserves ..................................................................... 3 Criteria for designation as a Biosphere Reserve .................................................................................. 6 Endorsements .................................................................................................................................... 21 Location (coordinates and maps) ....................................................................................................... 21 Area .................................................................................................................................................... 22 Biogeographical region ...................................................................................................................... 24 Land use history ................................................................................................................................. 25 Human population of proposed Biosphere Reserve .......................................................................... 28 Physical characteristics ....................................................................................................................... 34 Ecosystem services ............................................................................................................................. 50 MAIN OBJECTIVES FOR THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE’S DESIGNATION: .................................................. 52 Conservation function ........................................................................................................................ 62 DEVELOPMENT FUNCTION: ............................................................................................................... 79 LOGISTIC SUPPORT FUNCTION: ......................................................................................................... 92 GOVERNANCE, BIOSPHERE RESERVE MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION: ................................ 102 SPECIAL DESIGNATIONS: .................................................................................................................. 152 SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS (to be submitted with nomination form): ........................................... 152 ADDRESSES: ...................................................................................................................................... 155 1 PART I : Summary 1 . PROPOSED NAME OF THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE Local name (Italian) Area della Biosfera del Delta del Po: Uomo, Natura e Sviluppo International name (English) Po Delta Biosphere Reserve: Man, Nature and Development The name chosen for the Biosphere Reserve reflects the iconic meaning of the Po Delta area for the local population. The Po River is the longest and most important Italian river, as well as one of the most relevant in Europe, crossing from Westwards to Eastwards the largest and most fertile agricultural area in Italy, the Padanian flatland, before flowing into the Adriatic Sea. By approaching the sea, it has naturally originated along the time the national largest, continuous wetland transition area from the inland to the sea, the Po Delta, laying in the north-eastern part of Italy. In this area, outstanding biodiversity, high agricultural value and local traditions meet and melt since centuries in an organic way. From the administrative point of view, the area is spitted between two Italian regions (Veneto and Emilia Romagna) and their respective Regional Natural Parks. This aspect has sometimes made natural resources management and project development not particularly easy to organise in the area. The common choice to present the candidature for creating a Biosphere Reserve is now offering the opportunity to join the efforts of the two neighbouring regions and of the other competent Authorities in preserving and promoting one of the most important European wetland areas. The preparation of this dossier is rooted on previous projects and activities devoted to the nature conservation and local development, promoted by the various institutions and authorities being responsible for the management of the overall area. The vision incorporated in the present document has been shared among all the Authorities involved and listed into the nomination proposal. The entire process of candidature preparation were based on the strategic indications provided by the Madrid Action Plan (MAP) for the Biosphere Reserve (2008-2013). 2 . COUNTRY Italy 3 . FULFILMENT OF THE THREE FUNCTIONS OF BIOSPHERE RESERVES 3.1 - “Conservation - contribute to the conservation of landscapes, ecosystems, species and genetic variation” The complex interlacement of freshwater, brackish and salty habitats of the Po Delta occupies an overall area of over 139.000 hectares playing a strategic role in endangered species conservation. The succession of specific land and water biotopes and environments provides for an extraordinary flora and fauna biodiversity richness. It includes various areas that are already recognised of having international nature conservation importance, qualifying amongst the most important Europeans’ birds conservation areas. The particularly rich bird fauna counts about 300 different species, with almost 150 nesting and 2 over 180 winter bird species. Other relevant animal species include mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fishes and counts three endemic species. The area is particularly important also from the botanical point of view, with over 970 registered species populating various and unique biotopes and including extremely specialized plant species adapted to sandy, salty and windy coastal environments. A relevant part of the proposed Po Delta Biosphere Reserve falls within a protected areas system consisting of two regional parks, three state reserves and 16 Natura 2000 conservation sites1 (see MAP 1). The regulatory framework insisting on those areas is already providing for the conservation of ecological integrity, natural systems and species. The creation of a Biosphere Reserve will serve to strengthen the conservation of such resources through integrated management of core areas, the elected places for biodiversity, and also thanks to the protection offered by the buffer zones. MAP 1 - Location and distribution of Natura 2000 sites. LEFT: Community Interests Sites. RIGHT: Special Protection Areas (source: Veneto and Emilia Romagna Region - Elaboration Veneto Region) 3.2 - “Development - foster economic and human development which is socio-culturally and ecologically sustainable”. The Po Delta area is now one of the most populated and economically developed natural protected areas in Italy, characterized by a significant historical, rural and cultural environment unique in the Adriatic Sea basin. 1 Natura 2000 is the key instrument to protect biodiversity in the European Union. It is an ecological network of protected areas, set up to ensure the survival of Europe's most valuable species and habitats and composed of sites that can be identified as: • Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) designated under the EU 1979 Birds Directive; or as • Sites of Community Importance (SCIs) and Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) designated under the EU 1992 Habitats Directive. 3 From a geomorphological side, the peculiar ancient riverbeds, lagoons, sandbars and coastal dunes landscape patterns were created by the combined river flow, sea tides and humankind action since prehistoric times. The coastline profile is continuously enriched and reshaped by the sediment deposition and transfer generating the exposed and submerged plains formed by the Po river at its mouth. This large variability has extensively influenced not only the natural patterns, but also agricultural, fishery and hunting opportunities, providing for the establishment of human settlements and flourishing activities since ancient times. The proposed Biosphere Reserve hosts the largest lowland area totally devoid of human settlements (about 20,000 hectares) which is mostly used for agricultural activities already partly devoted to organic and integrated farming. The set of rural activities carried out in this area are strongly linked to the natural environment and its wildlife: besides the traditional sustainable extensive lagoon fish farming, in more recent years shellfish breeding, salt harvesting, and crop farming have been recognized as relevant to the preservation of the Po Delta environment and its biodiversity. For example, rice cultivation is providing for additional foraging habitats for various species of birds, especially herons. Development plans involve forest and wooded areas natural management focused to their expansion and a further enhancement of sustainable agriculture. From the touristic point of view, the Po Delta is already an important destination for both localized leisure resort tourism and sustainable tourism, the second one with a big room for further development. With the designation of the Biosphere Reserve, there is a strong will to foster ecotourism not only as a relevant contribution to the local economy, but also as a strategic vehicle for natural education and biodiversity awareness raising. An important step has
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