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Home , Arcticidae, Echinocardium cordatum, Fabulina fabula, Metridium dianthus, North Polar Basin (Mars), Pariambus typicus

The following supplement accompanies the article

Benthic trophic networks of the southern North Sea: contrasting soft-sediment communities share high food web similarity

Jan Steger*, Hendrik Pehlke, Benoit Lebreton, Thomas Brey, Jennifer Dannheim

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Marine Ecology Progress Series 628: 17–36 (2019)

Supplement 1.

Section 1. Supplementary Table S1 and references used to characterize consumer diets

Table S1: Literature and data sources used for the identification of prey items and the feeding guild affinity of sampled taxa (target and additional taxa, see Materials and Methods section of the article for details). Information from citations within these publications has been included in the analysis if appropriate.

Species Code References

Phylum

Class

Metridiidae dianthus MED 1-5 Sagartiidae Sagartiidae SAG 3, 6, 7 Phylum Nemertea

Nemertea NEM 3, 8-18

Phylum Annelida

Class Polychaeta

Aphroditidae Aphrodita aculeata APA 3, 9, 11, 19, 20 Capitellidae Notomastus latericeus NOL 3, 11, 21, 22 Echiuridae Echiurus echiurus ECE 3, 16, 23 Goniadidae Goniada maculata GOM 21, 24 Magelonidae Magelona johnstoni MAJ 7, 11, 21, 25-27 Nephtyidae Nephtys assimilis NEA 3, 16, 21, 28 Nephtyidae Nephtys caeca NEC 3, 16, 21, 29-32 Nephtyidae Nephtys spp. NES 3, 7, 11, 16, 21, 26, 28-40 Oweniidae Owenia fusiformis OWF 19, 22, 41, 42 Spionidae Spiophanes bombyx SPB 29, 43, 44 Terebellidae Lanice conchilega LAC 3, 21, 29, 45, 46 Terebellidae Lysilla loveni LYL 46, 47 Phylum

Class

Arcticidae islandica ARI 48 Nuculidae Nucula nitidosa NUN 3, 11, 19, 49, 50 ENSI 19, 51 Pharidae Ensis sp. ENSP 11, 19, 51-53 Pharidae pellucidus PHP 3, 11, 19, 50 Semelidae ABA 3, 11, 26, 41, 54 Semelidae Abra nitida ABN 3, 55, 56 FAF 3, 11, 19, 54, 57

1 Veneridae CHG 3, 11, 50 Phylum Arthropoda

Class

Callianassidae Callianassa subterranea CAS 11, 58, 59 Cancridae Cancer pagurus CAP 9, 60-66 typicus PAT 67-69 Corystidae Corystes cassivelaunus COC 11, 70 Crangonidae Crangon crangon CRC 3, 32, 71-81 Crangonidae Crangon sp. CRS 3, 32, 71-82 Paguridae Pagurus bernhardus PAB 3, 11, 65, 74, 83-85 Polybiidae Liocarcinus holsatus LIH 74, 86 Urothoidae Urothoe poseidonis URP 11, 44, 87, 88 Phylum Phoronida

Phoronidae Phoronis spp. PHS 58, 89 Phylum Echinodermata

Class Asteroidea

Asteriidae Asterias rubens ASR 3, 11, 64, 90-94 Astropectinidae Astropecten irregularis ASI 11, 64, 92, 93, 95-99 Class Echinoidea

Loveniidae cordatum ECC 3, 11, 100-104 Class Ophiuroidea

Amphiuridae Amphiura filiformis AMF 3, 11, 26, 105-107 Ophiuridae Ophiura albida OPA 3, 32, 67, 93, 106, 108-110 Phylum Chordata

Class Actinopteri

Agonidae Agonus cataphractus AGC 76, 111-117 Ammodytidae Hyperoplus lanceolatus HYL 118-120 Bothidae Arnoglossus laterna ARL 121-137 Callionymidae Callionymus lyra CAL 64, 76, 114, 125, 137-143 3, 64, 76, 82, 111, 113, 116, 120, 134, Gadidae Merlangius merlangus MEM 137, 141, 144-154 Gobiidae Pomatoschistus minutus POMI 76, 113, 115-118, 134, 155-157 3, 9, 64, 76, 111, 116, 121, 124, 134, Pleuronectidae Limanda limanda LIL 137, 141, 143, 151, 153, 154, 158-171 3, 32, 76, 113, 118, 121, 151, 154, 155, Pleuronectidae Platichthys flesus PLF 166, 172-184 3, 9, 32, 64, 76, 111, 113, 121, 124, 137, Pleuronectidae Pleuronectes platessa PLP 141, 143, 151, 153, 158, 166-171, 177, 185-189 120, 126, 137, 142, 154, 168-170, 190 Scophthalmidae Scophthalmus rhombus SCR cited in 142, 191 114, 121, 124, 126, 127, 131-133, 136, Soleidae Buglossidium luteum BUL 137, 192, 193 76, 121, 127, 131-133, 137, 141, 151, Soleidae Solea solea SOS 154, 169-171, 177, 183, 187, 194-199 Triglidae Eutrigla gurnardus EUG 64, 111, 113, 120, 134, 137, 151, 154

2 References

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12 Section 2. Supplementary Tables S2 & S3

Table S2: Stable isotope compositions (mean δ13C and δ15N values ± SD) of organic matter (OM) sources and consumers of the Amphiura filiformis community (AFC). Code: species code, n: number of replicates, TL (SIA): stable isotope-based trophic level, TL (PA): prey-averaged trophic level (only for target species), Guild: feeding guild — DF: deposit feeder, IF: interface feeder, OS: omnivore/scavenger, PS: predator/scavenger, SF: suspension feeder; POM: particulate organic matter, n.d.: not determined. Asterisks indicate additionally analyzed (i.e. non-target) taxa of the AFC.

Species Code n δ13C (‰) δ15N (‰) TL (SIA) TL (PA) Guild Organic matter sources Sediment OM — 3 -22.9 ± 0.2 6.8 ± 1.0 — 1.0 — Suspended POM — 3 -21.0 ± 0.3 6.3 ± 0.5 — 1.0 — Phylum Nemertea Nemertea NEM 5 -17.1 ± 0.5 13.4 ± 0.9 3.0 ± 0.3 4.0 PS Phylum Annelida Class Polychaeta Aphroditidae Aphrodita aculeata APA 5 -17.0 ± 0.7 15.1 ± 0.3 3.5 ± 0.1 3.6 PS Capitellidae Notomastus latericeus NOL 2 -17.5 ± 0.0 12.3 ± 0.4 2.7 ± 0.1 2.0 DF Echiuridae Echiurus echiurus ECE 2 -17.7 ± 0.0 9.9 ± 0.2 2.0 ± 0.1 2.0 DF Nephtyidae Nephtys spp. NES 4 -16.1 ± 0.9 13.9 ± 1.1 3.2 ± 0.3 3.0 OS Oweniidae Owenia fusiformis OWF 3 -18.6 ± 0.1 13.6 ± 0.4 3.1 ± 0.1 2.0 IF Terebellidae Lanice conchilega LAC 3 -18.6 ± 0.2 10.9 ± 0.5 2.3 ± 0.1 2.0 IF Terebellidae Lysilla loveni LYL 1 -17.7 10.6 2.2 2.0 DF Phyum Mollusca Class Bivalvia Arcticidae * ARI 1 -17.6 11.6 2.5 n.d. SF Nuculidae Nucula nitidosa NUN 3 -19.0 ± 0.1 10.8 ± 0.3 2.3 ± 0.1 2.0 DF Pharidae * PHP 4 -18.3 ± 0.3 9.4 ± 0.7 1.8 ± 0.2 n.d. SF Semelidae Abra alba ABA 6 -17.9 ± 0.3 10.0 ± 0.4 2.0 ± 0.1 2.0 IF Semelidae Abra nitida ABN 3 -17.8 ± 0.2 9.9 ± 0.2 2.0 ± 0.1 2.0 IF Veneridae Chamelea gallina* CHG 3 -18.7 ± 0.1 10.4 ± 0.6 2.1 ± 0.2 n.d. SF Phylum Arthropoda Class Malacostraca Callianassidae Callianassa subterranea CAS 6 -19.5 ± 0.4 10.6 ± 0.2 2.2 ± 0.1 2.0 DF Cancridae Cancer pagurus* CAP 1 -16.7 15.8 3.7 n.d. PS Caprellidae Pariambus typicus* PAT 1 -16.8 10.9 2.3 n.d. OS Crangonidae Crangon crangon CRC 3 -16.2 ± 0.6 15.3 ± 0.6 3.6 ± 0.2 3.5 OS Crangonidae Crangon sp. CRS 1 -15.9 15.0 3.5 3.6 OS Paguridae Pagurus bernhardus PAB 5 -16.2 ± 0.1 14.7 ± 0.4 3.4 ± 0.1 3.3 OS Polybiidae Liocarcinus holsatus LIH 3 -18.0 ± 0.7 14.4 ± 0.1 3.3 ± 0.0 3.5 PS Phylum Phoronida Phoronidae Phoronis spp. PHS 5 -18.4 ± 0.5 10.3 ± 1.0 2.1 ± 0.3 2.0 SF Phylum Echinodermata Class Asteroidea Asteriidae Asterias rubens ASR 5 -15.8 ± 1.1 14.3 ± 0.5 3.3 ± 0.1 3.6 PS Astropectinidae Astropecten irregularis ASI 4 -17.6 ± 0.6 14.5 ± 1.0 3.3 ± 0.3 3.5 PS Class Echinoidea Echinocardium cordatum ECC 5 -17.6 ± 0.9 11.8 ± 0.5 2.6 ± 0.1 2.0 DF Class Ophiuroidea Amphiuridae Amphiura filiformis AMF 5 -19.3 ± 0.2 12.0 ± 0.3 2.6 ± 0.1 2.0 IF Ophiuridae Ophiura albida OPA 7a -17.8 ± 1.0 13.5 ± 1.0 3.1 ± 0.3 3.0 OS Phylum Chordata Class Actinopteri Agonidae Agonus cataphractus AGC 3 -15.9 ± 0.3 17.0 ± 0.5 4.1 ± 0.2 3.6 PS Bothidae Arnoglossus laterna ARL 3 -18.1 ± 0.5 15.7 ± 1.5 3.7 ± 0.4 3.6 PS Callionymidae Callionymus lyra CAL 3 -18.0 ± 0.6 15.4 ± 0.7 3.6 ± 0.2 3.7 PS Gadidae Merlangius merlangus MEM 6 -17.5 ± 0.7 17.6 ± 0.5 4.2 ± 0.1 4.0 PS Gobiidae Pomatoschistus minutus POMI 3 -18.3 ± 0.9 16.0 ± 0.4 3.8 ± 0.1 4.0 PS Pleuronectidae Limanda limanda LIL 3 -16.8 ± 0.2 16.2 ± 0.3 3.8 ± 0.1 3.8 PS Pleuronectidae Platichthys flesus PLF 2 -14.7 ± 1.2 17.3 ± 1.2 4.2 ± 0.3 3.7 PS Scophthalmidae Scophthalmus rhombus SCR 1 -18.2 17.3 4.2 4.0 PS Soleidae Buglossidium luteum BUL 4 -18.8 ± 0.6 15.3 ± 0.7 3.6 ± 0.2 3.6 PS Soleidae Solea solea SOS 2 -16.9 ± 1.2 16.5 ± 0.2 3.9 ± 0.1 3.8 PS Triglidae Eutrigla gurnardus EUG 3 -18.1 ± 0.5 15.8 ± 0.9 3.7 ± 0.3 4.0 PS a δ13C values only available for n-1 replicates

13 Table S3: Stable isotope compositions (mean δ13C and δ15N values ± SD) of organic matter (OM) sources and consumers of the Bathyporeia- community (BTC). Code: species code, n: number of replicates, TL (SIA): stable isotope-based trophic level, TL (PA): prey-averaged trophic level (only for target species), Guild: feeding guild — DF: deposit feeder, IF: interface feeder, OS: omnivore/scavenger, PS: predator/scavenger, SF: suspension feeder; POM: particulate organic matter, n.d.: not determined. Asterisks indicate additionally analyzed (i.e. non-target) taxa of the BTC.

Species Code n δ13C (‰) δ15N (‰) TL (SIA) TL (PA) Guild Organic matter sources Sediment OM — 3 -21.7 ± 0.2 5.8 ± 0.6 — 1.0 — Suspended POM — 5 -19.3 ± 0.7 6.4 ± 0.1 — 1.0 — Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa Metridium dianthus MED 5 -18.6 ± 0.2 15.9 ± 0.4 3.9 ± 0.1 3.8 PS Sagartiidae Sagartiidae SAG 4 -18.7 ± 0.2 15.3 ± 0.3 3.7 ± 0.1 3.2 OS Phylum Nemertea Nemertea NEM 3 -17.3 ± 0.4 14.7 ± 0.3 3.5 ± 0.1 3.5 PS Phylum Annelida Class Polychaeta Goniadidae Goniada maculata GOM 2 -18.1 ± 0.1 16.6 ± 1.1 4.1 ± 0.3 3.0 PS Magelonidae Magelona johnstoni MAJ 3 -18.0 ± 0.2 11.1 ± 0.1 2.5 ± 0.0 2.0 IF Nephtyidae Nephtys assimilis NEA 2 -15.9 ± 0.6 14.7 ± 0.1 3.5 ± 0.0 3.5 PS Nephtyidae Nephtys caeca NEC 4 -15.1 ± 0.8 15.4 ± 0.8 3.7 ± 0.2 3.4 PS Nephtyidae Nephtys spp. NES 3 -16.7 ± 0.1 14.6 ± 0.4 3.5 ± 0.1 3.3 OS Spionidae Spiophanes bombyx SPB 2 -17.9 ± 0.0 11.0 ± 0.4 2.4 ± 0.1 2.0 IF Terebellidae Lanice conchilega LAC 3 -17.0 ± 0.4 10.4 ± 0.6 2.2 ± 0.2 2.0 IF Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia Pharidae Ensis siliqua ENSI 2 -17.4 ± 0.1 11.6 ± 0.2 2.6 ± 0.1 2.0 SF Pharidae Ensis sp. ENSP 1 -16.9 11.3 2.5 2.0 SF Pharidae Phaxas pellucidus PHP 2 -17.8 ± 0.2 9.1 ± 0.2 1.8 ± 0.1 2.0 SF Semelidae Abra alba* ABA 1 -17.1 9.6 2.0 n.d. IF Tellinidae Fabulina fabula FAF 5 -17.1 ± 0.4 9.9 ± 0.4 2.1 ± 0.1 2.0 IF Veneridae Chamelea gallina CHG 3a -18.2 ± 0.3 9.8 ± 0.6 2.1 ± 0.2 2.0 SF Phylum Arthropoda Class Malacostraca Cancridae Cancer pagurus* CAP 3 -16.5 ± 0.2 16.4 ± 0.9 4.0 ± 0.3 n.d. PS Corystidae Corystes cassivelaunus COC 5 -17.1 ± 0.2 14.2 ± 0.7 3.3 ± 0.2 3.4 PS Crangonidae Crangon crangon CRC 3 -15.9 ± 0.7 15.1 ± 0.3 3.6 ± 0.1 3.6 OS Polybiidae Liocarcinus holsatus LIH 4 -17.4 ± 0.5 13.7 ± 0.7 3.2 ± 0.2 3.7 PS Urothoidae Urothoe poseidonis URP 2 -16.7 ± 0.3 14.3 ± 0.4 3.4 ± 0.1 2.0 DF Phylum Phoronida Phoronidae Phoronis spp. PHS 8 -18.0 ± 0.2 10.9 ± 0.8 2.4 ± 0.2 2.0 SF Phylum Echinodermata Class Asteroidea Asteriidae Asterias rubens ASR 3 -16.6 ± 1.2 14.8 ± 0.9 3.5 ± 0.3 3.7 PS Astropectinidae Astropecten irregularis ASI 5a -16.6 ± 0.9 14.9 ± 1.1 3.5 ± 0.3 3.6 PS Class Echinoidea Loveniidae Echinocardium cordatum ECC 3 -16.9 ± 1.0 12.7 ± 0.4 2.9 ± 0.1 2.0 DF Phylum Chordata Class Actinopteri Agonidae Agonus cataphractus AGC 2 -16.0 ± 0.4 16.8 ± 0.1 4.1 ± 0.0 3.6 PS Ammodytidae Hyperoplus lanceolatus HYL 4 -18.2 ± 0.4 14.8 ± 0.8 3.5 ± 0.2 4.1 PS Bothidae Arnoglossus laterna ARL 5 -18.0 ± 0.5 15.1 ± 1.4 3.6 ± 0.4 3.8 PS Callionymidae Callionymus lyra CAL 6 -17.6 ± 0.8 15.3 ± 0.6 3.7 ± 0.2 3.7 PS Gadidae Merlangius merlangus MEM 3 -17.5 ± 0.5 17.7 ± 0.1 4.4 ± 0.0 4.0 PS Gobiidae Pomatoschistus minutus POMI 3 -17.0 ± 0.1 16.0 ± 0.2 3.8 ± 0.1 3.9 PS Pleuronectidae Limanda limanda LIL 4 -16.9 ± 0.4 15.6 ± 0.4 3.8 ± 0.1 3.9 PS Pleuronectidae Pleuronectes platessa PLP 3 -16.2 ± 1.0 16.2 ± 1.1 3.9 ± 0.3 3.9 PS Soleidae Buglossidium luteum BUL 4 -18.1 ± 0.8 16.0 ± 0.8 3.9 ± 0.2 3.7 PS Triglidae Eutrigla gurnardus EUG 3 -17.5 ± 0.5 17.1 ± 0.5 4.2 ± 0.1 4.2 PS a δ13C values only available for n-1 replicates

14 Section 3. Supplementary Figs. S1–S3

Fig. S1. Stable isotope compositions (δ13C vs. δ15N values in ‰, bivariate mean and 95 % confidence ellipse) of feeding guilds (target species and additional taxa) of the Amphiura filiformis community (AFC, black dots and solid black ellipses) and Bathyporeia-Tellina community (BTC, grey dots and dashed grey ellipses). DF: deposit feeders, IF: interface feeders, OS: omnivores/scavengers, PS: predators/scavengers, SF: suspension feeders.

15

Fig. S2. The benthic food web of the Amphiura filiformis community at station AF, consisting of sampled target species and their trophic links (confirmed interactions and links inferred from average predator–prey body mass ratios, see Materials and Methods section of the main article for details). Species are arranged vertically according to their prey-averaged trophic levels (numbers on the left). Cannibalistic species are marked with an asterisk. OM: organic matter, POM: particulate organic matter.

16

Fig. S3. The benthic food web of the Bathyporeia-Tellina community at station BT, consisting of sampled target species and their trophic links (confirmed interactions and links inferred from average predator–prey body mass ratios, see Materials and Methods section of the main article for details). Species are arranged vertically according to their prey-averaged trophic levels (numbers on the left). Cannibalistic species are marked with an asterisk. OM: organic matter, POM: particulate organic matter.

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