13882 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 12 on the part of the investigators to whitewash the Depart­ period commencing with June 28, 1940, and ending with Sep­ ment. I mean, they do not want the onus to lie on their own tember 30, 1940, on contracts entered into pursuant to the immediate heads. But this is too important a matter to fool provisions of section 8 (b) of Public Act No. 671, Seventy-sixth with, because it is not only civil aeronautics that is involved Congress; to the Committee on Military Affairs. in this question; there is also the military and naval aero­ 2065. A letter from the Attorney General, transmitting nautics involved, and the lives of a great many thousands draft of a proposed bill which would permit the United States of people. Attorney and the assistant United States attorneys of the Dis­ The other day I made bold to introduce a resolution asking trict of Columbia to reside within 20 miles of their district; to for an investigation of these three acidents ,that have oc­ the Committee on the Judiciary. · curred since July 1 last, with a view not only to examine the 2066. A letter from the Secretary of Commerce, transmit­ causes of the accidents themselves but to examine into all ting the draft of a proposed bill to amend the act of February questions related thereto. The select committee proposed 14, 1931, as amended, so as to permit the compensation on a may have to investigate the subject of the Air Safety Board mileage basis of civilian officers or employees for the use of and the effect of its abolition; it may have to go into the privately owned airplanes while traveling on official business; necessity for additional weather information and more to the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive De­ prompt dissemination of that information; it may. have to partments. go into the subject of a bit sterner rules on the part of the Civil Aeronautics Authority for the handling of operations REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PRIVATE BILLS AND for aircraft, and it may run into a number of other related RESOLUTIONS subjects. However, there is still time. We can be working Under clause 2 of rule XIII, on this between now and the 3d day of January. Although Mr. KENNEDY of Maryland: Committee of conference on I realize that many Members want to go home for Christmas the disagreeing votes of the two Houses. H. R. 658. A bill for and the holidays, I expect to be here for Christmas, and the relief of Dr. B. L. Pursifull, Grace Pursifull, Eugene Pursi­ others expect to be here also. It may be that the program full, Ralph Pursifull, Bobby Pursifull, and Dora Little; with­ of the majority would not allow such a thing, yet I believe out amendment China and Japan Telephone & Elec­ and training centers; and Whereas it is the belief of the Kansas Highway Co~mission that tric Co., and certain India telephone exchanges. R.· H. V. funds collected through State agencies should not be used for con­ Smith is also director of Andrew Yule & Co., Ltd., of Calcutta, struction and maintenance of roads primarily serving training English & New York Trust Co., Ltd., Mercantile Bank of India, areas, and that special appropriation should be made available through the Public Roads Administration to meet the other road Ltd., Yule, Catto & Co., Ltd. Francis J. R. Rodd is director of · improvements urgently needed for the military-training-camp Courtlands, Ltd., which has a heavy interest in the American areas and for Eelected portions of the designated State highway Viscose Corporation. system: Now, therefore, be it Resolved by the Kansas State Highway Commission, That it de­ ADDRESS BY SENATOR GREEN ON SOCIAL SECURITY clares · its intention to cooperate with the Federal Government in [Mr. GREEN asked and obtained leave to have printed in the · the construction and maintenance of highways of the Kansas high­ way system that are considered of strategic military importance by ·RECORD a radio address on· the social-security program de­ the proper defense agencies. livered by him on November 1, 1940, which appears in the That it respectfully calls attention to the needs for additional Appendix.] appropriations for the construction and. maintenance of roads, the primary purpose of which is to provide access to military training MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT TO DAVID SARNOFF areas as well as Kansas highways which· are considered of strategic [Mr. STEWART asked and obtained leave to have printed in military importance by the proper defense agencies. - That it tenders _the engineeripg _facilities .of . the K;ansas .state . the RECORD a message addressed by President Roosevelt to Highway Conupission to the Federal Government for the construe- . ;navid Sa,rno:ff, president of the Economic Club, and published tion of military roads deemed necessary by the proper defense in the New Y.ork Times of December 11, 1940, which appears authorities. in ·the Appendix.] ENROLLED BILL PRESENTED MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT TO FARM BUREAU FEDERATION Mrs. CARAWAY, from the Committee on Enrolled Bills, . 1 [Mr. STEWART asked and:obtained leave to have ~ printed in - reported that on December .2 .. 1940, that committee presented . the RECORD an arttcle fromthe New York Times of December to the President of the United States the enrolled bill 4 (a), it was denied them. provided that railroads taken over by the Government during Mr. AUSTIN. Mr. President, will the Senator yield for a the war should be reimbursed for their losses occasioned by question? the Government operation. In the act was contained a Mr. KING. I yield. formula for determining the "deficit," and controversies arose Mr. AUSTIN, I should like to have the Senator discuss thereafter as to the meaning of the word "deficit." The ques- for a moment the change in the definition of the word "deft- 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 13889 cit," and make clear the difference between the· two defini­ seems to me the Senate should reject the bill or accept ·the tions employed by the Interstate Commerce Commission. Is amendment which I have offered, and to which I have just it not true that in the first instance the Interstate Commerce called attention. Commission regarded as a deficit the difference between what In view of the fact that the claims of the 72 railroads a railroad company earned in peacetime and before the Gov­ whose claims were filed under the first ruling of the Inter­ ernment took charge of it, and what it earned in wartime state Commerce Commission, are similar to the claims of the after the Government took charge of it? That was the first 66 railroads which were rejected under the second decision of definition, was it not? the Interstate Commerce Commission, I introduced the Mr. KING. Yes. amendment to which I have invited attention. Mr. AUSTIN. And afterward, in a Utah case, is it not true Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, will the Senator that they reversed that decision and rendered a new decision yield? which depended upon actual operation of the road, and then Mr. KING. I yield. said, in effect, that in order to have a certificate on the Mr. VANDENBERG. The Senator, as usual, has made a ground of deficit it must appear that in the actual operation cogent and persuasive statement; but the most cogent and of the road during the time when the Government operated persuasive thing I heard him say, if I heard him correctly, it there was an actual deficit? Is not that what they ulti­ was at the outset, when he announced that he would have to mately held? ask for a quorum if this motion should be pressed. I should Mr. KING. I think that is the effect of the decision. like to know if that is his purpose, because, if it is, obviously Mr. AUSTIN. Very well. In order to qualify for this cer­ the motion will have to be withdrawn, and I see no particular tificate, a road must have actually suffered a deficit in its purpose in pursuing the exploration of· the merits of the operations during the period for which the Government had question. it under control. Is that correct? Mr. KING. I will frankly state that I am greatly em­ Mr. KING. Yes. barrassed because I should like to have the bill disposed of, Mr. AUSTIN. And a limit of $150,000 per claimant is but in view of the facts and the representations made to me I imposed by this bill. Is that. correct? believe that the bill has some injustices and ought not to be Mr. KING. That is correct. In other words-and I am considered in the absence of a quorum; and, reluctant as I repeating-under the first decision the railro;:tds which pushed am to delay consideration of the bill, I shall ask my friend their claims actively-and there were 72 of them, and they from Colorado not to press this motion today. Before this were the larger railroads, because I may add by way of Congress ends I feel sure there will be a quorum and then parentheses that the larger claimants are usually more active I shall not interpose any objection to the consideration of than the poorer or smaller claimants-those 72 active claim­ the motion. ants obtained much larger sums relatively than did the 66 I hope, with that explanation, that my friend-whose sug­ which did not come in before the reversal of that decision. gestions to me are almost commands-will appreciate my Believing. that the limitation of 5% percent per annum of the situation and not force me to take the step which I should value of the carrier's property is a clear discrimination against dislike to take. 66 railroads whose claims were disallowed under the decision Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr. President, I do not share of October 17, 1925 (99 I. C. C. 724), I offered an amend­ the Senator's optimism about a quorum showing up here one ment to the pending bill to strike out all of the matter con­ of these days. As a matter of fact, I think most of us know tained in the proviso in subsection (j). either that Congress is liable to adjourn or the attendance is To review for a moment, briefly, the history of this matter: liable to grow smaller, if that were possible, before the session The Transportation Act of 1920 provided for the reim­ ends. Therefore, I cannot share the Senator's optimism at bursement of the railroads which were under the control all. of the Railroad Administration during the war, and which This bill was passed by the Congress-the House and the suffered losses by reason of Federal control rather than their Senate. The Senator from Utah entered his motion to re­ own control. The Interstate Commerce Commission on consider, and his motion to reconsider has the effect of killing February 9, 1922, decided that the word "deficit" should be the bill. That is all there is to it; and we shall have to dis­ construed to mean a deficiency or decrease in income under ?Qse of his motion, or the bill will be killed. operation in the Federal control period as compared with the Mr. AUSTIN. Mr. President, I should like to ask the Sena­ average income for a corresponding portion of the test period. tor from Colorado a question. It reflects upon the expediency This decision of the Interstate Commerce Commission was of legislating. Is it true that the aggre.gate of all the claims reversed after 72 railroads had received payment of their that could be paid under this law would be $1,869,353? claims, and while 66 other railroads had claims still to be Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Yes; under this law, as acted upon, by the decision of October 17, 1925. The Com­ amended, the total amount is $1,119,905. That is the differ­ mission at that time decided that the word "deficit" meant a ence between the Senator from Utah and myself. As we "red ink operating deficit."; that is, that while under Federal know, when .claims come before the Congress they are some­ control the operating income was less than the operating times whittled down, and that is what happened to this claim. expenses. The claims of the 66 railroads which have been This bill originally, and as the Senator from Utah would like rejected totaled $5,095,963.55. It is contended by those spon­ to have it passed, provided for the payment of claims amount­ soring the bill that·because some of the railroads in question ing to a total of $5,417,480, I think. The two Houses have did show a profit which they considered too great during the whittled down the claim until the total amount now is period the lines were under Federal control, their claims $1,119,905. should be rejected. Mr. KING. Mr. President, if the Senator will yield, the The decision of the Interstate Commerce Commission of claims that were filed for $5,000,000, as the Senator indicated, October 17, 1925, seems to be based upon the consideration were predicated upon the same ground and followed the same that because these railroads made a profit they should be decision that was rendered before the reversal of the decision precluded from any recovery for that reason, in spite of the which was made in 1924. Is not that correct? fact that they made considerably less money while under Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. That is exactly true, the Federal control than they made while the railroads were in Senator is correct in his statement. However, the junior Sen­ their own hands. ator·from Kansas [Mr. REED] and Members of the House of Attention should also be called to the further proviso con­ Representatives, in their wisdom, obected to making these tained in subsection (j) to the effect that no claim shall be payments in full, on the ground that some of the so-called in excess of $150,000. Five of the claims pending out of the short-line railroads were merely facilities of an operation. 66 are for more than $150,000, and this would mean that 61 For instance, in Utah there are some large copper properties, claimants might be paid in full and 5 claims would have which have short-line railroads in connection with their to be scaled down to $150,000 if their profits were not in operations. During the war these copper companies made a excess of 5% percent. This is so manifestly unfair that it very great profit. The railroads were only a part of their 13890 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 12 operations, and some Senators and many Representatives relief if their profits were in excess of 5% percent. Several felt. that corporations. cperating short-line railroads in the would be denied the rights which the larger railroads had capacity of facilities of plants should not get relief from under the former decision of the Interstate Commerce Com­ the Federal Government. · That is the reason why Congress mission. cut down this claim. It was cut down from the five million Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. It is true that if the Senator figure to something like $1,800,000. Then tlre House made will permit the bill to go through 46 railroads will be relieved, another cut of almost $700,000. and we will be through with the whole matter; but if the Mr. President, that is the whole story. If the Senator from Senator insists on killing the bill, then we will have the claims Utah has his way, the bill will be killed, and that will be of the 66 railroads before us, as we have had for a long time. the end of it. Bills covering claims similar to the one we Mr. KING. I do not think· the Senator is fair in saying are discussing have been kicked around Congress for years that I insist upon killing the bill. I do not insist on killing and years, but we finally reached a basis, after long argu­ it; I am merely asking that it be amended so that there shall ment and discussion, and hearings, of which there seemed be no discrimination. I make the statement again that when to be no end, arriving at a decision to settle the whole matter it becomes apparent that a quorum will not be available dur­ by the payment of $1,119,905. If the Senator will let the ing this session I shall not object to the Senator moving that bill go through, the matter will be settled. the bill be taken up, perhaps some time next week. Mr. KING. Mr. President, the Senator speaks about these Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I put the Senator and the claims being "kicked around" Congress for a number of years; Senate on notice that on Monday next, when we meet, I shall That perhaps is not to the credit of Congress; it certainly is renew my request that the motion to reconsider be brought not to be regarded as a criticism of the claimants, who have before the Senate. had legitimate claims against the Federal Governm~nt pend- Mr. KING. I accept the notice, in the presence of a large ' ing for years. In many instances we have set up commissions number of witnesses, and I shall not deny that I have received :· for the purpose of ascertaining the validity of claims against the notice. the Government and long years after just claims have been MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE-ENROLLED BILLS AND JOINT RESO­ matured, and the claimants perhaps have gone to their great LUTION SIGNED reward, before Congress has favorably acted upon the same. A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. . I think the Senator is not quite fair in saying these claims Taylor, its enrolling clerk, announced that the Speaker pro have been "kicked around," as implying that they were un­ tempore had affixed his signature· to the following enrolled just, or that they were not duly pressed. The Congress of bills and joint resolution, and they were signed by the the United States set up the Interstate Commerce Commis­ President pro tempore: sion, and it was authorized to pass upon claims. The Inter­ S. 3729. An act for the relief of Hjalmar M. Seby; state Commerce Commission did pass upon the railroad S. 3765. An act to extend the times for commencing and claims which were pending up to a certain date; their first completing the construction of a bridge across the Columbia decision was proper, as was demonstrated by the opinion of River at Astoria, Clatsop County, Oreg., and for other ·Commissioner Esch and others. As to the 66 small roads with purposes; claims still pending, testimony· having been taken in nearly S. 3934. An act authorizing the State of Michigan, acting all of them, I am advised, a majority of the Commissioners through the International Bridge Authority of Michigan, to reversed their decision. Since that time the claimants have construct, maintain, and operate a toll bridge or series of been knocking at the door of Congress to give them justice, bridges, causeways, and approaches thereto across the St. to accord them the same treatment that was accorded to the Marys River, from a point in or near the city of Sault Ste. richer and larger railroads. Marie, Mich., to a point in the Province of Ontario, Canada; I repeat what I stated a moment ago, I do not want this S. 4135. An act to legalize the construction by the State matter taken up today. If it becomes apparent that we can­ Highway Board of Georgia of a free highway bridge across not get a quorum before adjournment, I will not insist upon the Withlacoochee River between Valdosta, Ga., and Madison, calling a quorum, but will be content to have the matter Fla., at Horns Ferry; again brought before the Senate for action. S. 4370. An act authorizing the President to appoint an Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Of course, the Senator under­ Under Secretary of War during national emergencies, fixing stands that the bill originated in the House, was amended in the compensation of the Under Secretary of War, and author­ - the House, that it came to the Senate and was amended in izing the Secretary of War to prescribe duties; the Senate, and that there must be a little time, if it is to be H. R. 658. An act for the relief of the estate of Dr. B. L. enacted, so that the two Houses can agree. The Senator Pursifull, Grace Pursifull, Eugene Pursifull, Ralph Pursifull, doubtless knows also that the chairman of the Committee on Bobby Pursifull, and Dora Little; and Interstate and Foreign Commerce in the House has stated S. J. Res. 306. Joint resolution extending the time for sub­ that he could not accept the amendment offered by the Sena­ mitting the final report of the Temporary National Eoonomic tor from Utah doing away with the 53,4-percent limitation­ Committee. that they could not consider it. TOTALITARIAN ATTACK UPON DEMOCRACY Mr. KING. Does the Senator think that the Senate should Mr. KING. Mr. President, I desire to discuss for a short refuse to pursue a course which it deems just because of a time some of the phases of the present world conflict, and threat that unless we reject an amendment which does not particularly the assaults made by the totalitarian states upon meet their approval they will no.t approve a measure? democratic nations. The world has become aware of the evil Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. The Senator knows I am not purposes of Hitler and his associates. They plan to destroy making a threat, or anything of the kind. democracy and establish autocratic rule in many if not all Mr. KING. No; the Senator is not. parts of the world. Hitler waged a merciless war upon Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Neither has the House made Czechoslovakia and Poland, as well as other governments, and a threat. It is merely a statement of fact, and the Senator has brought within the circle of his activities Mussolini, knows ·it. He knows that the House cannot and will not Stalin, and Japan. In harmony with the conspiracy upon accept this kind of an amendment because they do not think the part of the Axis Powers, Greece has been assaulted, and it is fair. The House does not think it is fa~r to give to a Mussolini's military forces are endeavoring to conquer Greece large corporation operating a railroad merely as a facility and to superimpose upon the brave and heroic people of ·that of its operation a large amount of relief money, when during country a merciless and despotic rule, a rule which the Axis the war they made an excessive profit on their major opera­ Powers seek to impose upon the remaining governments not tion, or, at least, a large profit. That is the contention of under their iron rule. the House, and, as I understand it, they are not going to There was no justification whatever for the wicked attack back away from that position. by the Fascist Government. The people of Greece were living Mr. KING. The Senator suggested that a large number in peace with the world; they desired to maintain cordial rela­ of these railroads would get relief. They would be denied tions with all nations and were pursuing those paths that 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 13891 I

J would make for the growth and development of their country. and that by treaties and the application of international law, , Their country is small in area and its population limited. controversies among nations might be settled and war averted.

I They coveted no territory beyond their borders and, as indi- 'Treaties were entered into, but they have failed to establish cated, sought only the development of their own land and peace; and, as I have indicated, in numerous parts of the the promotion of the welfare and happiness of their own world, savage and brutal war is waged against helpless and country. Italy has a population of approximately 70,000,000 unoffending peoples. people and for a number of years had devoted itself to the The list of nations destroyed by the triumvirate of powers building of a powerful military force. Mussolini recently which violated treaties and disregarded all moral and inter­ boasted that Italy had 8,000,000 men available for military national obligations, is appalling; and throughout the world service and that he would "break the back of Greece within is increasing fear that savagery and barbarism will continue a year." It was a bombastic and brutal fulmination on the their evil course until civilization is destroyed and the world part of the Fascist leader. He had conquered the small and wasted away. Many Americans believed that by a policy feeble state of Albania, had made war upon Ethiopia, and was of isolation and multilateral treaties, and neutrality legisla­ 1determined to destroy Greece. tion, this Republic would be immune from the conflicts which As stated, the attack upon Greece was without provocation might rage in other parts of the world. However, the fright­ . and calls for universal execration. It seems inconceivable ful conditions now existing refute the hopeful and optimistic I that a great nation such as Italy should wage a war of aggres­ views which were entertained; rights which we surrendered sion upon a small state which had given no occasion whatever have not made us secure and immune from attack; indeed, in · for the assault made upon it and its people. History will some respects, they have weakened our position and en­ :condemn Mussolini and applaud the Greeks for-their heroism couraged dictators, and those seeking world dominion, to and courage and for their defense against a powerful aggres­ formulate plans hostile to this Republic. sor. The Greeks are defending their homes and their coun­ As stated, neutrality acts and international guaranties have try with that heroism and courage which have always char­ been repudiated, and treaties violated, and Hitler and his asso­ acterized the Greek race. They have demonstrated their ciates are devising plans for the further destruction of peace­ greatness in all fields of human endeavor, and Rome and the loving nations, and for the division of the world among four world are indebted to the Greeks for their invaluable con­ despotic powers. tributions to the cause of liberty and civilization. Peoples who loved peace and enjoyed liberty have been the · In my opinion, the Greeks, in this unequal contest, have the victims of Hitler, Stalin, Mussolini, and the military cabal in sympathy and high regard of the American people. More­ Japan, who, not satisfied with past conquests, are now carrying l over, I believe that material aid will be given to Greece-aid on ruthless and merciless attacks upon individuals and peoples I not only from individuals and groups but also aid a.t the hands who stand in the way of their mad ambitions. I 1 of our Government. . Some Americans seem blinded to the dangers which menace It can truthfully be said that Great Britain and Greece and this Republic, and hug the illusion to their breasts that this 1Ch~a are citadels defending democracy and freedom; Republic has been and will be free from any attack; that the 1 they are repelling the assaults of totalitarian states which scorching fires of war, involving so many parts of the world, · seek the subjugation of the world. will not even touch the hem of the garment of this Republic. The President of the United States within the past few It has been apparent for some time that Stalin, Hitler, Mus­ I days received a message from the King of Greece, in which solini, and military leaders in Japan were cooperating to I he stated, among other things: dominate the world, and they have waged relentless and \ The Greek nation is fighting for the principles of justice, truth, barbarous war upon peace-loving and democratic peoples. 1and liberty, without which life for us is inconceivable. The pages of history fail to record more ferocious and bar­ The President of the United States, in replying to the barous methods of slaughtering human beings, and destroying King's message, sent a telegram reading as follows: the monuments of industry and civilization, than those adopted by the four powers referred to. Ruthless methods t Hrs MAJESTY GEORGE III, King of Greece: I thank Your Majesty for your friendly message, which comes at employed against peace-loving China, resulting in the killing I a time when all free peoples are deeply impressed by the courage of millions of persons and the driving of tens of millions from I and steadfastness of the Greek nation. their homes, have been and are being employed by the Axis ~ The American Red Cross has already sent substantial amounts i of funds and supplies for the relief of suffering in your country, and Powers in their determination to destroy democratic nations I I am sure that my countrymen will give generously to the new of Europe. I organizations which are being established for the same purpose. Japan was a s~gnatory to the Nine Power Pact, which was a As Your Majesty knows, it is the settled policy of the United solemn obligation to respect the sovereignt!)', independence, States Government to extend aid to those governments and peoples who defend themselves against aggression. territorial, and administrative integrity of China. The I assure Your Majesty that steps are being taken to extend such United States was a party to that treaty, as well as others, to aid to Greece, which is defending itself so valiantly. which Japan and various nations were signatories. But FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT. Japan is not only carrying forward her war of destruction Mr. President, I repeat, when I say that the American people against China but is cooperating with the Axis to deprive ·look with deep concern upon the assaults which are being Great Britain and France and Holland of their possessions in . made by the totalitarian states upon nations in various parts the Far East. of the world. It is apparent that the totalitarian states seek The Japanese Government, apparently intoxicated by its the destruction of republics and democratic institutions and recent treaty with Hitler and Mussolini, does not hesitate to the establishment of a political and economic system which threaten this Republic if it shall discharge its obligations in will enslave the greater part of the world. The menacing the Orient. Japan seeks the destruction of China and the attitude of the totalitarian states toward this Republic as well control of the Pacific. Her attitude is one of hostility to the as to the few remaining democracies has aroused the Ameri­ United States and a challenge to this Republic in exercising can people to the importance of providing adequately for its rights and discharging its responsibility in the Pacific national defense. · and in the Orient. . Mr. President, .we often hear the question asked, What Japan has declared that a new order is being established in ~hould the United States do in this mad world, when govern­ Asia and manifests her purpose to become an active par­ ments are being overthrown and innocent people slaughtered, ticipant in the execution of the Axis plans. and its own interests directly or indirectly menaced? . Evidence is accumulating that substantially all of Europe The American people have desired and still desire peace, is to be brought under the control of the Axis, and that Africa i and look with deep concern upon the conflagration which is and that part of Asia not allocated and under the control of : raging in so many parts of the world. Following the World Japan is to be divided among the victors. Already Nor­ I War many believed that a new order had come into the world way, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Austria, Poland, France, LXXXVI---874 13892 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 12 . Czechoslovakia, Albania, Luxemburg, Latvia, Estonia, Lithu­ country knows no bounds. But this is not to close the views or the efforts of our exertion in so sacred a cause. Amid the wreck ania, Rumania, and Ethiopia are no longer independent and misery of nations it is our just exultation that we have nations. They have been chained to the chariot of the continued superior to all that ambition or that despotism could totalitarian states; and military movements. are now being effect, an~ our still higher exultation ought to be that we provide carried forward to encircle within the iron chains of the Axis not only for our own safety, but hold out a prospect to nations now bending under the iron yoke of tyranny what the exertions Powers Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, and of a free people can effect; and that, at least in this corner of the Egypt, and states and governments in western Asia. world, the name of liberty is still revered, cherished, and sanctified. If this Republic is immune from attack, as some of our An eloquent address, paralleled in part by some of the citizens assert, why are we appropriating billions and billions magnificent speeches recently made by Churchill, one of the of dollars for military purposes? Why this haste to build great men of England. more ships and submarines and airplanes? Why the expendi­ There is daily brought to our attention evidence of the ture of stupendous sums for bombs and munitions of war? brutal and oppressive rule imposed upon helpless people by Against whom are we preparing? the Axis Powers. Great Britain, with more than human cour­ What country with sublime courage and indomitable will age, is meeting the savage and wicked assaults on liberty and is defending itself against the ruthless and barbarous as­ civilization. saults of the Axis Powers? Everyone knows that Great Britain is one of the few democratic nations which has sur­ The President of the United States, in an eloquent address vived the assaults of the totalitarian states. For many rea­ delivered at Dayton, Ohio, on October 12, on the anniversary sons the American people desire that Great Britain shall not of the discovery of America by Columbus, referred to trans­ be conquered; indeed, many desire that she shall triumph actions between the United States and Great Britain under over her foes. If she is defeated, it would mean, as many which naval bases were acquired by the United States, not believe, this Republic would be challenged by Hitler and his only for its protection but for the protection of the whole associates. Western Hemisphere. He declared: Britain's Fleet has been a shield of protection to this Na­ We of the Americas still consider that this defense of these oceans of the Western Hemisphere against acts of aggression is the tion. We have not felt it necessary to build a two-ocean first factor in the defense and protection of our own territory and navy so long as Great Britain remaiaed as she has been for integrity. We reaffirm that policy, lest. there be any doubt of our many long years, a defender of democracy and the principles intention to maintain it. of liberty and justice. I hope some of our Americari friends who are talking about Now, with Japan associating herself with the Axis, it be­ isolation, and doing nothing to aid in the defense of demo­ comes important that we maintain two powerful fleets-one cratic nations, will remember the words of our President. in the Pacific and one in the-Atlantic. For more than a He further stated: hundred years Britain and this Republic have had many There are some • • • who suggest that the countries of aims in common, and the American people have believed that Europe and Asia will halt us in the path we see ahead for ourselves Great Britain's Fleet was an arm of protection for the and democracy. Western Hemisphere. Referring to Great Britain, he said: It is clear, therefore, that the billions which we are expend­ No combination of dictator countries of Europe and Asia will stop ing and the billions which we will expend for military pre­ the help we are giving to almost the last free people fighting to paredness and defense are the result of the policies of the hold them at bay. Axis Powers. If Great Britain is saved, the authority of the I respectfully submit that this statement is a declaration totalitarian states will be diminished; our expenditures for that the British people are fighting to hold the dictators at military purposes reduced, and, moreover, there will be no bay, and that this Republic is giving and will continue to give fear of the intrusion of alien systems into South America, aid to Great Britain. or that the Monroe Doctrine will be challenged by Hitler The President then added: and his associates. Our course is clear. Our decision is made. We will continue to It should be obvious to everyone who loves America and pile up our defense and our armaments. We will continue to help who desires that dictators shall not rule the world, that those who resist aggression and who now hold the aggressors far Great Britain shall not be destroyed, and that help given in from our shores. Let no American in any part of the Americas question the possibility of danger from overseas. Why should we this hour of her heroic struggle is aid to people everywhere accept assurances that we are immune? History records that not who seek freedom and justice. Lovers of liberty in every long ago those same assurances were given to the people of Holland clime should welcome an opportunity to aid Britain in her and Belgium. It can no longer be disputed that forces of evil which heroic struggle. Her enemies treat with contempt all moral are bent on conquest of the world will destroy whomever and whenever they can destroy . . We have learned the lessons of recent and legal obligations, all principles of international law, all years. We know that if we seek to appease them by withholding aid restraints imposed by the principles of justice which prevail from those who stand in their way we only hasten the day of their among civilized peoples. attack upon us. The world has never witnessed a more heroic and glorious That is equivalent to stating-it is so clear that it needs e·xample of a people fighting for liberty and justice than that no explanation-that Great Britain is holding at bay those afforded by Great Britain-and, I should add, Greece and who would attack us, and that by any policy of appeasement China. They, too, are fighting against the totalitarian we are only hastening the day when we shall be the objects powers for the preservation of their countries and for the of the assaults of totalitarian states. cause of liberty. They are fighting not alone for themselves The President further added: but for this Republic and for the remaining democracies in The men and women of Britain have shown how free people the world, and for peoples, wherever they may be found, who defend what they know to be right. Their heroic defense will be seek liberty, peace, and justice. recorded for all time. It will be perpetual proof that democracy, We do not forget the struggle of Great Britain in the days when put to the test, can show the stuff of which it is made. of Napoleon, when he contemplated the invasion and de­ I have referred to Japan's association with the Axis Pow­ struction of Great Britain, as Hitler plans for the destruction ers and her bellicose attitude toward this Republic. The not only of England but of the British Empire. In 1804, President, in his important address, had in mind our rights when Great Britain was preparing to resist Napoleon's in­ in the Pacific when he declared that: vasion, the younger Pitt said in the House of Commons: When we speak of defending this Western Hemisphere, we are I need not remind the House that we are come to a new era in speaking not only of the territory of North, Central, and South the history of nations; that we are called to struggle for the destiny America and the immediately adjacent islands. We include the not of this ccuntry alone but of the civilized world. We must right to the peaceful use of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. That remember that it is not for ourselves alone that we submit to has been our traditional policy. unexampled privations. We have for ourselves the great duty of I have believed that the interests of this Republic war­ self-preservation to perform; but the duty of the people of England now is of a nobler and higher order. We are, in the first place, to ranted the aid being given to Great Britain. Accordingly, I provide for our security against an enemy whose malignity to this introduced a measure, now pending in the Senate, which has 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-_SENATE 13893 - for its object the strengthening of our national defense. To whose rulers have presented them with this diplomatic bauble to divert them from Hitler's failure before the cliffs of England, will be secure that result the President is authorized to enter into immediate and disastrous for the United States. A treaty which negotiations, by lease or otherwise, for the acquisition of alters nothing in itself may then really succeed in remaking the islands or other possessions of Great Britain in or bordering wor~d. There can be little doubt that the production of this docu- _ on the Pacific Ocean. Th·e President, acting in the interest ment announceS' one of the most critical moments of the war, and one to which the United States must respond with all the firmness · of our country, has acquired, by proper methods, bases in and clarity at its command. the Atlantic and in the neighborhood of the Caribbean, but There is no reason why the United States should attack any of I think we need to acquire some bases in the Pacific. the three powers who have here forbidden us to do so; it would be folly if we did. But by combining their several wars into a The bill also authorizes the President to make loans and single world struggle and then orienting their association directly extensions of credit to Great Britain and its political sub­ against the United States, the.y have only intensified our vital divisions, and also to reduce the amount of her indebtedness interest in the survival of Great Britain, in the maintenance of to the United States by an amount equivalent to the reduc­ order in the Far East, in the security of the Americas, in every other · objective which it is our policy to defend; and, in face of this · tion of the Italian Government's indebtedness to the United direct threat, we can do no less than make it plain that the defense , States. of these interests must now be strengthened by whatever means The bill seeks to remove provisions of existing law pro­ seem suitable. Japan, for example, cannot expect that our attitude toward · feeding her munitions industries can be the same after hibiting loans to Great Britain or its political subdivisions, or this declaration as before; nor can Germany suppose that it will loans to persons or associations acting for or on behalf of permi~ us to lessen our aid to Britain. The precise steps, however, the Government of Great Britain or its political subdivisions. by wh1ch we are to meet the treaty are a matter for careful con- . I may add in passing that the Johnson Act does not prevent sideration; the one overwhelming fact is that we must meet it our Government extending credit to Great Britain or to any clearly and emphatically in our own defense. other country. An article appearing in the Washington Post, dated Novem­ It is obvious that in affording aid to Great Britain we are ber 19, 1940, by Walter Lippmann, entitled "The Meaning to protecting the American people and this Republic. We are America of a British Defeat": not only protecting the American people in a material way, TODAY AND TOMORROW-TID!: MEANING TO AMERICA OF A BRITISH DEFEAT but we are protecting them and this Republic, and the demo­ (By Walter Lippmann) cratic institutions for which it stands, against attacks which As the Nation proceeds to put into effect the policy of supporting may follow if Britain should be conquered. Great Britain, it will be most necessary to hold clearly in our minds In my opinion, Great Britain is a rampart for the protec­ why this policy, to which both parties have committed themselves, · represents the vital interests of the United States. Much has been tion of democratic nations, and of liberty and justice in all said on one aspect of the, matter, but the whole case has not yet parts of the world. Because of that belief I favor the -passage · been presented-clearly- and candidly to the people. - · of the measures to which I have referred, and express the Thus it is well understood by almost everyone that if Great Britain wins the war the safety of the Western Hemisphere and of the main hope that Great Britain, Greece, and China will survive the American interests in the Pacific Ocean is assured. It is well un­ cruel and barbarous attacks to which they and their people derstood that the continuing resistance of Great Britain provides are subjected by the Nazi Government and some of its the United States with a protective shield behind which it can conspirators. develop its naval and military defenses. It is well understood that if Britain were conquered the United States would face alone, if not The American people have a vital interest in the preserva­ in actual war, then at least in a warlike diplomacy and economic tion of Great Britain, China, and Greece. For that reason l pressure, the combined power of Germany, Japan, Italy, and their hope that in this contest which- is being waged by Great satellite states. It is well understood that to be the one great Britain for liberty, justice, and democracy, the American democratic power left in a world of victorious totalitarian powers would be a kind of isolation such as Americans have never people will extend not only sympathy but aid to Great dreamed of. Britain, China, and Greece. But to have understood all of these things is not yet to have Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have inserted in understood the whole reason why the effective support of Great British is the vital interest of America. For in the partial pres­ the RECORD as part of my remarks a number of statements entation of the case there is the fatally misleading assumption appearing in various newspapers. They are as follows: that, if Britain were defeated, the peoples of the British Empire . Editorial from -the New York Herald Tribune dated Sep­ would somehow ·become a merely neutral force in the relations . between the Triple Axis and the Western Hemisphere. Most of the tember 30, 1940: discussion here, except among those who are the best informed WE CANNOT REMAIN INDIFFERENT and have the clearest insight, supposes that the defeat of Britain As yet the only official American response to the Berlin-Rome­ would simply mean the withdrawal of the British Fleet and British Tokyo treaty is Secretary Hull's statement that the pact "does not power as a barrier between the Axis and ourselves, that where substantially alter" the preexistent situation. In a significant sense Britain stands now there would then be nothing, and that our this is true. All the glittering ceremonial at Berlin, all the grandilo­ problem would then be to defend ourselves against, or to get on quent flourishes about the three powers coming to one another's as best we could with, the victorious Axis. But this would not be assistance if "attacked" cannot affect by one jot their present the situation, and it could not be. inability to do so. Words will not shorten the thousands of miles of Though to say so must be a shock to many, the inescapable salt water which separate them; words will not sink the men-of-war fact is that a defeated Britain could not be neutral. It would which hold these routes, add a barrel of oil or a ton of steel to have to be a partner of the Axis. For if the defeat of Britain Japan's slender resources, make Mussolini any less a prisoner of the were a military defeat resulting from invasion of the British Isles, Mediterranean or Hitler any less a prisoner of the North Sea block­ the starvation of the British Isles, or the crushing of the spirit of ade. These words even fail to clarify the chief uncertaip.ty of the the people of the British Isles, the Government of Winston situation, which is the attitude of Russia, and the lesser one, which Churchill would inevitably be swept away and replaced by a regime is the attitude of Spain. As they stand they are a colossal bluff, Which obeyed the orders of Berlin either because it was composed which in itself alters nothing. of men who hoped for favors from Berlin or by men who dared But as the comment rolls in from all over the world it becomes not say "no" to Berlin. It would be a regime similar to that of only more obvious that they are a bluff intended as another piece of Vichy, except that there remains in France and among all patriotic diplomatic terrorism which would alter everything. To conclude Frenchmen in Vichy the hope of an eventual liberation through a from Secretary Hull's comment, as some Senators have done, that· British victory. This saving hope is what now preserves the neu­ because the treaty does not actually change the situation the United trality of France; were Britain defeated, there would be no such States can a~ord to remain indifferent to its implications would be saving hope for France and none for Britain. For how could a profoundly shortsighted. This treaty is an order issued to the defeated Britain, with the Germans in occupation or with a pro­ United States--with an explicitness which would be amazing in any German government installed in London, hope for liberation from diplomacy less brutal than that to which the totalitarians have been the United States? accustoming us--to allow Hitler and-his satellites to destroy Britain _ The case would be no better if in order to avert a military con-. and rediStribute the world without hindrance. It is a ukase issued quest, the British decided to negotiate a peace with the victorious without the power to enforce it, a threat from blackmailers who have Axis. For such a peace could not be negotiated by Britons like no means of making it good. But for that reason its whole effec­ Churchill and Bevin and Morrison who have sworn that they will tiveness depends upon the manner in which it is received. never give up; it would have to be negotiated by Britons of a wholly If the United States in any way accedes to this unparalleled chal­ different sort. In such a negotiation is it likely, is it conceivable lenge, or even allows it to pass without appropriate action, it wm that the British appeasers would feel in any way bound to think simply announce to the world that our democracy, like so many of our interests? Certainly not. Is it not plain that their best ethers, is now meekly ready to dig its own grave at the command chance of getting favorable terms for the British Empire would be of Hitlerian ·terror tactics. The effect upon the Russians, who are to invite Hitler and to help Hitler to carve out his empire else~ ­ at the moment watching this country keenly; upon the Spaniards, where? Except for strategic points like Gibraltar, Suez, and Singa-. who are of such critical importance to the whole question of pore, and a few colonies in Africa, there are no important -terri­ Spanish America; and upon the Italian and German populations, tories under the British Crown that Hitler - greatly -covets. -His·

-· 13894 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 12 empire in Europe would be the Continent of Europe and his empire as to enable her to have the strongest navy in the world and also overseas would be South America. An Anglo-German peace of ap­ the strongest mercantile fleet. Quite likely she would prevent peasement, designed to spare Britain and to satisfy Hitler, would other countries from building ships beyond a certain size or num­ naturally be based on the principle of a free hand for Germany ber. For a similar reason she would keep the major airplane in­ in continental Europe and Latin America. dustry. She would probably fix the currency for that part of the The effects of the conquest of Britain or of the acceptance of a world which she dominated. · peace of Nazi appeasement would be world-wide. For while there All this, all the separate centers of production throughout the would no doubt be multitudes of British people everywhere, in world, all the routes of trade, all the sea lanes, Hitler would weave Canada and in Australia, and in the colonies, who would never into one web. It is as if all the ·world were one great factory accept such a fate, there would be others who in loyalty to the operated from Berlin.· Crown and With patriotism would feel, as so many Frenchmen do, We fear that Germany would do this to all the world, except us. that they had to cling together and support the policy of the And we fear that after it was done to the rest of the world, we could Empire. Our relations with all British lands-Canada among them­ not stay out. We fear that we too would be obliged to adopt the would be profoundly unsettled. For we could never know for cer­ totalitarian system for our commerce and industry. And we fear tain how far any British subject dissociated himself from what that, if we adopted a totalitarian system for industry and commerce, would then be the policy· of London, from what would then be the we should be obliged to adopt it in the other respects. We should obligation of loyalty to King and country. become a totalitarian country, totalitarian form of society, totali­ This is the tragedy of Franco-American and of Franco-British tarian form of government. relations today. Although Britons and Americans have not ceased It is to prevent this that we arm. to love the French Nation as the most civilized of peoples or to What is said here thus far is the view of competent and thought­ believe in it as the true defender of all that they cherish, yet they ful persons. It is, in substance, the view upon which we as a must take into account the terrib~e and insidious pressure of the nation are acting. German conquerors on the conscience and the loyalty of Frenchmen. ANOTHER POINT OF VIEW A defeated and subjugated government in London, operated by There are other persons, of high standing, who do not think it men who were bound to Berlin, who had given to Berlin hostages would work out that way. The persons who feel this are as patriotic such as Vichy has had to give, would cause such a revolutionary as any others. Conceivably they may be right. But we as a unsettlement of an Anglo-American relations as no man can now nation have chosen the other view. We have decided that the fully imagine. We should not know in any part of the world danger exists, and exists in the form here outlined. And so we arm who are our friends, who are the neutrals, who are our antagonists. against it--against Germany making the world totalitarian and Thus, there is staked upon the effectiveness of our support to thereby making us totalitarian. Great Britain much more than many of us have as yet allowed We do not omit possibility of armed invasion. We assume it is ourselves to realize. For while Britain resistant and victorious is possible Germany might get naval and air bases in Latin America, our first line of defense, Britain defeated and subjugated would and from there might attack the United States. Against this possi­ become a force for disintegration and insecurity behind all our bility we arm and otherwise prepare ourselves in many ways. defenses. Against every form of danger that Germany is to us, our best Also an article by Mark Sullivan appearing in the New York defense is to help Britain. If Britain survives, Germany cannot at­ tack us directly. If Britain survives, Germany cannot impose her Herald Tribune, under date of November 16, 1940, entitled system on the world. "Broadening of Help for 'Britain Called Surest United States Soon we shall realize that the greater the help to Britain the Defense Step": ' greater the defense for us. We shall increase our help to Britain BROADENING OF HELP FOR . BRITAIN CALLED SUREST UNITED STATES and extend it to new lines. DEFENSE STEP-MARK SULLIVAN SAYS AMERICA :£s ARMING IN FEAR Also an article by Walter Lippmann in the Washington OF WoRLD NAZIFICATION, AND THIS CANNOT TAKE PLACE AS LONG AS Post of December 12, 1940, entitled "Japanese Intervention in BRITISH FLEET CONTROLS T~ SEAS American Affairs": (By Mark Sullivan) TODAY AND TOMORROW-JAPANESE INTERVENTION IN AMERICAN AFFAIRS WAsHINGTON November 15.--0ur preparedness for war increases cumulatively. 'Also the nearness of war to us increases. Probably (By Walter Lippmann) we shall shortly pass into an advanced stage both of preparedness The Japanese Foreign Minister, Mr. Matsuoka, received the foreign and nearness. correspondents this week and made some interesting remarks about What is the nature of this war we prepare against? It is not an Japan's attitude toward the United States. They will be studied in ordinary war about any ordinary issue, such as territory. It is, on this country and it is not unlikely that the more they are studied our part, a war of defense against aggression. But a special kind the more remarkable they will appear to be. For what Mr. Matsuoka of aggression and a special kind of defense. tells us is that Japan will decide whether measures we may take to At the risk of trying to simplify too greatly, the thing we fear defend our security in the Atlantic Ocean are a good reason for from Germany and her allies may be stated thus: We fear that Ger­ launching an attack upon us in the Pacific Ocean. Mr. Matsuoka many if she conquers England and gets control of the seas, may tells us that he does not wish to go to war with us but that he will impo~e her totalitarian system on the world, may nazify the world. go to war with us if Tokyo does not approve of our policy toward She announces that intention; repeatedly she declares her inten­ the European war. Tokyo is to be the judge of what we may do and tion of destroying democracy everywhere and replacing it with her what we may not do. Tokyo is to determine whether we have own system, which she calls a "new world order." We fear that, "attacked" Germany or have been attacked by Germany. And if With all the world nazified except us, we could hardly preserve our Tokyo's verdict is unfavorable to us, Japan wm go to war with us. own system. We fear that we, too, would be nazified. We fear There will not be, says Mr. Matsuoka, "any serious clash" if "both that the totalitarian system would be imposed on us. of us attend to our own business," and "all depends on whether we we fear that this would be done to us. But we do not fear, mind our business." For, according to Mr. Matsuoka, the United except in a remote sense, that Germany would do th~s by armed States will not be attending to its own business if it interests itself invasion of our soil. We do not seriously fear that a German in anything that happens in the Far East or in Europe. But Japan army would goose step up Pennsylvania Avenue and set up a will be attending to her own business when, in addition to founding dictator or gauleiter in the White House. a new order in the Asiatic world, she constitutes herself the judge, DANGER IN A DIFFERENT FORM jury, and lord high executioner in respect to American policy in the western world. According to Mr. Matsuoka, then, the price of Our danger, as it is seen by many thoughtful and competent peace is not merely to give Japan a free hand in the Pacific but to persons, has a different form. The destruction of our ~erican recognize Japan's right to censor and judge our policy in the system, which we fear and which we arm to prevent, would come Atlantic. If Mr. Matsuoka means what he said, the President and about in a different way. the Secretary of State and Congress will in future be expected to Again at the risk of trying to simplify too greatly, the steps by consult Tokyo and get the permission of the Japanese Government which the totalitarian system might be imposed upon us run thus: before taking any measures they may deem it desirable to take. Germany conquers Britain. Germany then controls the sea. For Tokyo will decide whether our assistance to Great Britain and Germany then has a position of dominance over most of the world, ·Greece is an act of war which does or does not fall under article m excepting us. Germany then proceeds to nazify the world, to im­ of the Berlin Treaty of the Triple Alliance. pose the totalitarian system on the world. As respects much of It Will be difficult for Mr. Matsuoka to persuade the American Europe, she does it by arms or threat of arms. As respects other people that they are a protectorate of the Japanese Empire and that parts of the world, she does it by pressure, chiefly economic. their foreign policy as it affects western civilization is now subject She begins in most countries by nazifying industry and com­ to the control of the Japanese Government. Mr. Matsuoka must merce. She takes that totalitarian system of commerce and in­ either be grossly misinformed by the Japanese Embassy in Wash­ dustry, which she now operates within Germany, and expands it ington or he is ignoring the information he receives if he imagines to cover the world. She makes all the commerce and all the that it is wise or useful to talk in this fashion to the United States, industry of all the world into one unit centering in Germany Certainly, we do not wish to go to war with Japan, and if Japan directed from Berlin. She says to one country, "You shall raise· wishes to discuss with us matters in which both countries have an and export wheat." To another country, "You shall raise cotton." interest, we shall certainly be ready to discuss these matters. But To another, "You shall make textiles." To another, "You shall it is not wise or useful to tell us that we cannot be consulted about make automobiles." the Far East and that we shall be attacked by Japan if Japan does Certain key industries she would keep for herself. She would not like what we do about Europe. keep the armament industry as a matter of course; she would keep The effect of such an amazing presumption will be to make the business of ocean transportation mainly for herself. She would Americans ask themselves what Mr. Matsuoka would be saying to keep the shipbuilding industry, or so manage it in other countries us 1f there were no British fleet in the Atlantic and no Chinese 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- SENATE 13895 Army holding Japan in the East. Today we have a navy in the (By Maj. George Fielding Eliot) Pacific, supported by important British and Dutch forces, and based The announcement of the new Berlin-Rome-Tokyo axis confronts upon the powerful forts of Singapore at one end and Hawaii at the the world in general, and the English-spealcing nations in particular, other; on the Atlantic side, Japan's two partners are locked up be­ with an open acknowledgment of a situation long recognized as hind the immense power of the British Fleet. Yet in this situation existing in fact; it is the motives behind this announcement which Mr. Matsuoka ventures to claim the right to control our foreign call for -careful analysis, rather than the cooperation among the policy in the Atlantic and threatens to fight us if the policy is not predatory powers, which has been going on more or less openly for satisfactory. Since he has opened the discussion, we may continue so long. it by asking him what he would have to say about our foreign policy Alliances are presumed to be mutually beneficial to all the con­ if there were no Chinese and there were no British-if we stood tracting parties, unless one or more act under duress, which is hardly alone and isolated with a one-ocean Navy in a world ruled by the the case here. On this basis, some early commentators have found Berlin Triple Alliance. it difficult to see what benefit Japan is to expect; yet benefit there If anything were needed to demonstrate the vital importance of must be, or the practical Mr. Matsuoka would not be found in this supporting Great Britain and China and the Netherlands Indies galley. and Australia, Mr. Matsuoka has completed the demonstration by Upon careful examination, only one real Japanese gain can be dis­ threatening us With war if we do not allow him to judge and define covered-and that lies in the possibility that the Germans can our foreign policy in respect to the defense of our vital interests bring such pressure to bear on Soviet Russia as to compel that in the Atlantic Ocean. As a result, his interview is bound to raise country to stop aiding China. No one could confer a greater benefit in very serious form the question whether the necessary answer on Japan than to bring the China incident to a close satisfactory to to such a threat is not to take quickly even more energetic measures Tokyo. Japan herself has contrived to close one of the three routes rln support of China, and even more drastic measures to reduce (that by way of French Indochina) which China can still hope to Japan's capacity to threaten us with war. get supplies; the second, the famous Burma Road, is now closed by For we have the power to take these measures, and the only reason the rainy season and by a temporary British-Japanese agreement; we do not take them is that we do not Wish to go to war with the third is the road from Soviet Russia. If that can be closed, too, Japan, and it is not our habit to make threats of war. But neither China will be in difficulties, indeed. Only the prompt reopening are we accustomed to receiving threats of war from other nations. of the Burma Road can save her. For we should in the end be compelled to take them seriously and to act in order that the threats may never be carried out. HOPE TO EMBROIL UNITED STATES As for the benefits to be gained by Germany and Italy, these are Also an article appearing in the Washington Post dated probably, first, a mighty fanfare of trumpets to attract world atten­ September 29, 1940, entitled "Italians Call Three-Power Pact tion away from the German failure to reduce Great Britain, a failure 'Last Warning' to America": which is beginning to loom as an accomplished fact; second, as American help to British grows and as the prospects of a. long war ITALIANS CALL THREE-POWER PACT "LAST WARNING" TO AMERICA­ increase a hope of embroiling the United States in the Orient and "EITHER SINCERE NEUTRALITY OR ENMITY" ;DEMANDED OF UNITED thus diverting American attention and munitions to a theater in STATES; HOWEVER, FASCISTS ADMIT PACT Is CHIEFLY PROPAGANDA which neither Germany nor Italy has any real or vital interests. RoME, September 28.-Italian commentators abandoned all pre- Whatever damage and loss Japan may cause the British Empire and tense about the United States today and frankly stated that the the United States in the Far East is that much net gain to Germany. three-cornered pact among Italy, Germany, and Japan was aimed Moreover, if Britain gets into trouble with Japan, this may prevent at America. or hamper reinforcement of the British position in the Middle East, Giovanni Ansaldo, editor of the Telegrafo, calls it the "last warn­ which may, if the invasion of Britain is given up, become for the ing," and the newspaper Regime Fascista demands "either sincere moment the main theater of war. neutrality or enmity." The pact is, in fact, as is openly avowed in the nations concerned, The comments and hopes entertained can be summed up as aimed more or less directly at the United States, and (though this is follows: soft pedaled) at the Soviet Union. It is doubtless conceived that the The United States is warned that any move against Japan or the announcement of the pact will produce great division of opinion in axis will mean war on two fronts. As a result Americans are ex­ the United States as to what ought to be done; that our people, pected to be frightened or prudent and to cease helping England. never very attentive to undeclared and obscure foreign situations, Therefore the axis, with England isolated, can quickly finish the will now begin to sit up and take notice, and that we shall have here war while Japan, without fear of the United States, can go ahead in a TUscan army in which those behind cry "forward" while those the Far East. before cry "back." Meanwhile, Russia, already halted in the Balkans and too weak to Some will say that we must now conserve all our munitions for take the offensive against the axis or even Japan, will remain quiet ourselves against the inevitable war with. Japan; others will be for keeping out of all foreign entanglements; and so on. It is shrewdly and perhaps even come to terms. chosen in the matter of time, only a few weeks before a national LITTLE RESULTS EXPECTED election, when policy is likely to become a political football, if not In a practical sense, little is expected of the treaty, since obviously between the principals in the contest-for Mr. Willkie has shown a the axis cannot help Japan in her war against China and Japan praiseworthy tendency to avoid e~barrassing the President in . the cannot help the axis in its fight against England. Moreover, it is conduct of current foreign policy-then between their vanous realized that the axis and Japan cannot even get together against supporters. · the United States as long as England stands in the way and fights on. DILEMMA APPEARS UGLY In effect, the chief object of the treaty is considered to be propa­ Indeed, the situation thus created does seem, at first sight, to gandistic. present this country with an ugly dilemma. If we do nothing in BULGARIA MAY JOIN PACT the Far East, the Japanese advance will continue, China's contacts RoME, September 28.-Bulgaria, friendliest of the Balkan coun­ with the outer world may be cut. Japan may possess herself of the tries to Russia, may join the new axis pact. whole of Indochina and the Netherland East Indies, as well as Spain also was considered likely to be a recruit in the near future reducing China to submission and establishing herself as overlord to the military accord against attacks by any other power not now of all east Asia. If we act to prevent Japan from doing all this, at war in Europe or Asia. · we may find ourselves entangled in far eastern complications at a Bulgaria· traditionally has been amenable to the "brother Slav" moment when all our efforts may be needed in the Atlantic, where influence of Russia. our interests are much more important, to save Great Britain. If Bulgaria entered the new alinement, foreign observers said, it Similarly, if Britain stands fast at Singapore, but does nothing presumably would be for protection against Greece, from which to help China, or to protect the Dutch Indies, she may find the Sofia wants an outlet to the Aegean Sea through Thrace, and also Japanese in Siam, on the frontiers of Burma and Malaya, find from Turkey, friendly with Britain. Singapore surrounded and cut off, Australia menaced; while if she ISOLATION FOR TURKEY does take strong steps-as strong as possible-to prevent these Such an alliance, these observers added, would tend to isolate things, she may find herself unable to preserve her vital positions TUrkey in a manner similar to the United States. around the Suez Canal, which depend so largely for reinforcements Authoritative Fascists have said previously that Italy and Ger­ on the resources of the British possessions around the shores of many want a settlement of still pending problems in southeastern the Indian Ocean. Europe, among which are Albanian and Bulgarian claims on Greece. But as the clever Herr von Ribbentrop enjoys a hearty chuckle A dispatch from Sofia reported that King Boris talked with his at the dilemma which he has presented to the English-speaking foreign minister, Ivan Popoff, and added that the Bulgarian finance nations, he might continue a little further the rather short-sighted minister, Dobri Bojjiloff, who has tlle close confidence of the King, line of reasoning which has led him to these conclusions. For what would visit Berlin and Rome next month at the invitation of the the United States might not do alone, what Great Britain might axis governments. not do alone, they can do together; and very far from having driven them farther apart, as the Axis leaders probably hoped, the an­ Also, an article appearing in the New York Herald Tribune, nouncement of the new pact has made much closer Anglo-American by Maj. George Fielding Eliot, suggesting a plan affecting cooperation not only imperative but inevitable. Take the military situation in Great ~ritain first of all, as the Japan's relation to the United States: key piece on which all else, at least for the moment, depends: The MAJOR ELIOT SUGGESTS A STRATEGY To STOP JAPAN, CRACK NEW basic fact here is that the Germans have completely and signally AXIs-UNITED STATES AND BRITAIN WORKING TOGETHER CAN Do IT, failed to overcome or even to diminish the fighting power, offensive HE SAYS, WITHOUT CRIPPLING DEFENSE OF ENGLAND; DELAY OR HALF and defensive, of the Royal Air Force, and that having failed to MEASURES MAY BE FATAL do so, and being utterly inferior in naval power, for them to 13896 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- SENATE DECEMBER 12 attempt an invasion would be simply suicidal. This means that risk is growhig 1ess, and In· any case~ if :Britain ·do·es fall; our Atlantic :while these conditions endure, as they seem likely to endure, Great danger will not be immediate. · . . _ Britain will still be able to maintain the blockade of the German There is indeed risk· in anything we niay do; there is a risk in outlets to the sea and of the German-held portions of the continent. sitting still and waiting on events. It is submitted that time is The British Home Fleet will still have a bas~ and remain in being. o! the essence in modern war, that having learned this lesson we It is true that our assistance will contrib:ute to the endurance of should use it" to our advantage; that we have waited and ·delayed this state of affairs, but that assistance does not seem likely, for too long, and that the world should be shown that-free peoples can the coming winter, to be needed other than in the form of addi­ act with the force and dynaln1sm which has· hitherto been the sole tional airplanes, certain munitions and supplies, and probably above property of the totalitarian conquerors. It is probable that we all else in cooperation in the training of pilots and other flying have before us a winter of war in which Germany will grow weaker. personnel-this is, on the basis of late information, the greatest Italy may falter, while China still fights on, while Japan has had British need for the immediate future. It is hardly necessary to no chance of recovery-and should be afforded none. One of our say that we should make available, and increase as may be requisite, declared enemies is alone, ·and already weakened; it-is we who are facilities in Texas and other good-weather localities for this pur­ the foOls if we allow him to grow strong and threatening again. pose. In the Far East one member of the new triumvirate which Also a letter appearing in the New York Times written by is cut off from any possible contact with the others save by the Livingston Hartley, dated September 11, 1940, suggesting tortuous route of the Trans-Siberian Railway. This nation, Japan is now engaged in a war on the continent of Asia which has already additional bases in the Pacific: lasted 4 years and seems likely to go on still longer if the Chinese ADDITIONAL BASES SUGGESTEI>-PACIFIC AND SOUTH ATLANTIC STATIONS can be aided by arms and credits. The economic and financial HELD NECESSARY FOR HEMISPHERE DEFENSE structure of Japan is dependent almost entirely on its foreign trade. To the EDITOR OF THE NEW YORK TIMES: There is · nothing at all that Germany and Italy can do to help In my letter you published on August 9 it was suggested that 50 Japan if Japan is suddenly confronted with a serious crisis. On of our over-age destroyers be released to Britain in exchange for the other hand, if .Japan is allowed to wax and grow fat at others' bases at Trinidad, Jamaica, and Antigua. Under the agreement of expense, while China goes down, Japan will always be a menace September 3 five additional bases, among them positions so impor­ and a check on ·us and on the British, for the short-sighted Herr tant strategically as Newfoundland and Bermuda, have been leased von Ribbentrop has been unable to perceive that the Britain he is in exchange for the destroyers. So comprehensive an advance of fighting is not "little England," but a world-wide empire. our defensive frontier from our eastern seaboard constitutes an HOW COOPERATION COULD WORK unprecedented increase in our North Atlantic security. Let us take a hypothetical case of Anglo-American cooperation in We have, however, other oceanic frontiers around this hemisphere the Far East and observe what the two powers can do together, which we must now prepare to defend. We have a South Atlantic though neither could do it singly: frontier, nearer to Africa than to the Caribbean, which would be 1. An absolute em"Qargo on all trade with Japan is simultaneously highly vulnerable to attack from West Africa if Germany won in pronounced by the United States and the nations of the British Europe. And since we now share control of the Pacific Ocean with Commonwealth. This cuts off practically the whole of Japan's the Japanese Navy, we have a vital interest in improving our trade outside the "-yen bloc"; tnat is, the whole of her foreign ex­ strategic position there. change; it stops almost all her imports of materials useful for the It appears a propitious moment now to follow up this step we have prosecution of war; it confronts her great business houses with taken in the North Atlantic and obtain addi:t;ional bases in these imminent ruin; it sets a definite time limit on any military oper­ other oceans. The war in Europe, the financial strain it has caused our sister republics to the south, and the widespread public approval ations she may conduct, within which she must achieve over~ whelming victory or acknowledge defeat. of what has already been done create an opportunity which, neg­ 2. The Burma Road is reopened by Great Britain, and British lected now, may not recur. divisions in Burma are moved to the Siamese frontier. Australian In the Pacific it may be possible to lease additional naval and air troops are dispatched to Burma and Malaya. At the same time bases from the British in exchange for war materials now and British and American economic pressure develops against Siam­ later. Such bases in the Fiji and Solomon Islands would alter the and the British Empire takes five-sixths of Siam's exports, while whole Pacific balance to our advantage. Developed as an extension the United States takes two-thirds of the remainder. Observe of the line from Hawaii to Samoa, they would provide us with a that this, like the first proposition, cannot be done by either coun­ southern route westward to the Philippines, the East Indies, Aus­ try alone-Siam might fear the Japanese on the east more than the tralia, and Singapore which the existing bases of the Japanese British on the. west, did not the United States embargo on Japan Navy would not block. give Bangkok pause. On our own side of the Pacific we could add greatly to the safety 3. Energetic steps are taken by both countries to aid China in of the Panama Canal by acquiring bases in the Galapagos and every possible way-credits, supplies, support of the Chinese dol­ Cocos Islands from Ecuador and Costa Rica. Here we might lease lar, and such other means as may be devised-and can, with hearty the bases outright instead of in exchange for military or naval good will. equipment. UNITED STATES WARSHIPS TO FAR EAST Finally, we must recognize that successful hemisphere defense would require a fleet base on the bulge of Brazil at Rio de Janeiro 4. The United States dispatches to the Far East, perhaps to the or Bahia. If Germany should win the war in Europe, the need vicinity of Port Darwin, or even to Singapore, certain reinforce­ for . such a base would become acute overnight. Here again we ments whi-ch will make certain that the Japanese dare not attempt would be able to pay for the base in dollars, and so contribute to an assault on the Dutch East Indies, or British Malaya, save by sup­ the prosperity and stability of Brazil. porting the effort with their main battle fleet. These reinforce­ Facing the present world situation it is not wise to dally in pre­ ments might consist of such elements as cruisers, submarines, and paring to face any storms the next 12 months may bring. Common patrol aircraft in such numbers as might be considered adequate. sense suggests that we should at once seek to expand the process 5. Britain and the United States proclaim as their joint policy a begun with the destroyers into a comprehensive naval- and air-base defensive protectorate over the Netherland East Indies, and mili­ program which will improve our prospects of maintaining peace in tary and naval consultations are undertaken with the local Dutch the Pacific and of keeping war away from the Am~ricas on our authorities looking to the security of the islands. Atlantic front. 6. The Australian Government undertakes the expansion and LIVINGSTON HARTLEY. reinforcement of the base at Port Darwin, the increase of the de­ NEW YORK, September 11, 1940. fenses of Thursday Island and the improvement of interior com­ munications with Darwin and other. north coast points. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so 7. Steps are taken to establish seaplane and other naval facilities ordered. in the Solomon and Gilbert Islands and at other points protecting the north flank of the American-Australian line of communications. VIEWS OF WINSTON CHURCHILL It is contended that by this series of steps the Japanese are con­ fronted with an insoluble problem, strategic and · economic, from Mr. HOLT. Mr. President, when my good friend from which they can escape in only one of two ways: By establishing a Ptah quoted Winston Churchill, I wish he had quoted some moderate government which will completely readjust the whole remarks of Churchill which I shall detain the Senate but a far eaitern scene on reasonable conditions, including the Chinese problem, or by coming forth to wage war under conditions assuring few moments to give to them. their defeat. We have recently seen a move to put a halo around the It is further contended that this course of action is by far the head of Winston Churchill as a great friend of America. I best insurance against war in the Far East at all-the alternative, have compiled .out of his wrJ.tings and interviews comments recession and appeasement, has been proven over and over again to have the opposite result--and insures that if war must be fought about his viewpoint in regard to the United States of America there, it will be a short and victorious war for the English-speaking which I feel the people should have. I just happened to have peoples and perhaps the turning point from which other victories a few of them with me today. Here is one: will flow. It will be noted that as far as the United States is concerned, we CHURCHILL BLAMES UNITED STATES AS CAUSE OF DICTATORSHIP are mainly involved with our fleet and naval aviation, and we need America's entrance into the war was disastrous not only for your not curtail our aid to Britain in the meanwhile even if we do be­ country but for the Allies as well, because had you stayed at home come a belligerent against Japan. The local resources of India, and minded your own business we would have made peace with the Burma, Malaya, and, above all, of Australia and New Zealand, are Central Powers in the spring of 1917, and then there woUld have very great and will help us enormously. The one great risk is been no collapse in Russia, followed by communism; no break­ that Britain may go down while we are fighting Japan; but that down in Italy, followed by fascism; and nazi-ism would not at 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 13897

present be enthroned tn Germany. If America had stayed out of RECESS TO MONDAY the war and minded her own business, none of these "isms" would today be sweeping the Continent of Europe and breaking down Mr; ·STEWART. · I ·move ·that ·the·senate do now take a parliamentary government. · · · · recess. They want us again to go to _their aid and get the sam~ The motion was agreed to; and .(at i o'clock and 35 min~ thanks again by Winston Churchill; and if they get into an­ utes p. m.) the Senate, pursuant to its previous order, took other war in the next 5 years he will come back and loYe us a recess until Monday, December 16, 1940, at 12 o'clock once again until we finance it but afterward we will be meridian. known as Uncle Shylock. Now let me read what Winston Churchill said in his book CONFIRMATIONS on page 110 of The World Crisis: The quotation just given Executive nominations confirmed. by the Senate, December was made in August 1936. From his book, The World Crisis, 12 (legislative day of November 19), 1940 · page 110, I note: POSTMASTERS Even in this month of extreme American effort, nearly four British, French, and Italian soldiers were falling every day to one ALABAMA American. The stake of the United States in the European scene Edith Joy Ray, Munford. was incomparably small. Cora T. Culverhouse, Speigner. CHURCHILL SAYS THAT UNITED STATES PLAYED SMALL PART Margaret Dora Hamel, Woodward. He does not say that today. He says, "Oh, come on over CALIFORNIA and help us out once again. You are a great savior," but Wilton R. Young, Bijou. afterward we would be told our part "was incomparably Salve Bue, Burney. small." Russell F. Neely, Girard. In the same book, on page 450, I find this quotation: Spencer H. Cooley, Healdsburg. · In the peace conference-to European eyes-President Wilson Ruth E. Baumgartner, Hilts. sought to play a part out of all proportion to any stake which his country had contributed or intended to contribute to European Harry H. Chapman, Hornbrook. affairs .. Delma Bernard Badasci, Riverdale. Reid E. Shamhart, Santa Maria. Churchill loved us; did he not? Allan F. Walker, Sepulveda. Now, let us look at his book The Great War, on page 1365. Here is what he said: INDIANA The United States, which had lost but 125,000 lives in the whole Francis A. Hehn, Collegeville. struggle, was to settle down upon the basis of receiving through De L. Cartmell, Hagerstown. one channel or another four-fifths of the reparations paid by John Nichols, Odon. Germany to the countries she had devastated or whose manhood she had slain. LOUISIANA Wonder if the mothers of the 125,000 boys who gave their William Z. Lewis, Alco. lives felt that the sacrifice was insignificant? If we follow MARYLAND Churchill's advice today, the 125,000 will be small in com­ Emma J. Wilson, Colora. parison with the number who will be slaughtered in another Ruppert W. Suman, Glenn Dale. European war. Alexander Roy Woodland, Marion Station. CHURCHILL CRITICIZES UNITED STATES FOR NOT ENTERING WAR EARLIER MISSISSIPPI In the same book, on page 1367, Mr. Churchill again paid R. V. Lindley, Moselle. his respects to the United States with these words: MISSOURI If the United States had entered the war after the sinking of the Lusitani a, they could have judged for themselves how far it was Gladys S. Henderson, Bunker. right to go to prevent Rumania being drawn into the orbit of the Benjamin F. Carney, Crane. Central Powers. If even 2 years after the outbreak of war they had joined the Allies, they could ·have regulated at their pleasure· OKLAHOMA any arrangements made with Japan about Shantung and China Emmett D. Schimmel, Bokoshe. generally. Garland A. Douglas, Ketchum. That is Churchill. What will he think of our advice after JohnS. Gould, Southard. the war? The same as he did after the last one. This is what TENNESSEE Mr. Churchill said about us in the last war, on page 1367 of Dewey-Darnell; Hornbeak. his book The Great War: One has a right to stand on the bank; but if one has exercised ' the right for a prolonged: and agonizing. period without even throw­ ing a rope to a man struggling in the-rapids,. some allowance should - · ·HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES be made for the swimmer; who rrow clutches at this rock and now T -HURSDAY, DECEMBER 12, 1940 at that in rough or ungainly fashion. It is not open to the cool bystander; who ·afterward becomes the loyal and ardent comrade The House met at 12 o'clock noon and was called to order and brave rescuer, to set himself up as an imp!irtial judge of. events­ which never would have occurred had . he outstretched a helping ' by the Speaker pro tempore, Mr. McCoRMACK. · hand in time. The Chaplain, Rev. James Shera Montgomery, D. D., offered the following prayer: Those are the words of Winston Churchill about the activ­ ity of America in the last war, which caused :tOO,OOO Ameri­ We praise. Thee, our Heavenly Father, for the eternal pre­ can boys to lose their lives, saying that if we had stayed out . cepts enunciated by our Saviour and exemplified in His incom­ Europe would have been in better shape; but now they are parable life and character. We draw near to Thee in prayer inviting us to come over once again. Around the head of that we may feel His presence and be assured in our quest for Winston Churchill some are trying to put a halo. I ask: a life of devotion to our holy faith, that humanity's hopes "Mr. Churchill, what did you think of us when you did not may be realized in the timeless Christ. 0 Blessed One, come need us? Will you blame the bad world conditions on us to all oppressed hearts with their unfinished tasks, unsolved again? Will you pass off as small the sacrifice of our boys problems, and with their broken hopes. Give the Congress on the battlefield? Will you ridicule the attempts to help Thy benediction of grace and show us how to bring together, you as a country that tried to set itself up as the judge of for the common good of all, the great currents of human life events thereafter? Mr. Ch urchill, you need us now. Does flowing side by side. We pray that our country may be wiser that make the difference? I agree with your expressed view and all homes happier for our passing this way. Heaven's that we should mind our own business." blessings upon all Good Samaritans the wide world over, who 13898 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 12 are binding up wounds, bringing strength to the strengthless the executive department and among certain officials in the and God to the godless. In our Redeemer's name. Amen. Department of Justice. Naturally I am in no position to read The Journal of the proceedings of · Monday, December 9, between the lines and discern an ulterior motive for this atti­ 1940, was read and approved. tude. But I feel that it is bad judgment on the part of the executive department to even intimate to the people that there MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE is a rift between parallel agencies of our executive and legis­ A message from the Senate, by Mr. Baldridge, one of its lative branches in the method of performing their primary clerks, announced that the Vice President had appointed and patriotic duty to the American people-namely, that of Mr. BARKLEY and Mr. ToBEY members of the joint select eliminating un-American and subversive activities from our committee on the part of the Senate, as provided for in midst. Let me assure Chairman DIES and his committee, the act of February 16, 1889, as amended by the act of therefore, that I am in hearty accord with What they are March 2, 1895, entitled "An act to authorize and provide for trying to do and will stand unequivocally for the continuation the disposition of useless papers in the executive depart­ of their patriotic work as long as they proceed as they are ments," for the disposition of executive papers in the following now doing. [Applause.] departments and agencies: EXTENSION OF REMARKS 1. Department of Agriculture. 2. Department of Justice. Mr. HILL. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ex­ 3. Department of Labor. tend my own remarks in the RECORD and to include therein a 4. Department of the Navy. news release from the Bureau of Reclamation on the anti­ 5. Post Office Department. speculation law. 6. · Department of the Treasury. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the 7. Federal Security Agency, Social Security Board. request of the gentleman from Washington? 8. Federal Works Agency, Work Projects Administration. There was no objection. 9. Library of Congress. Mr. DICKSTEIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent 10. National Recovery Administration. to extend my own remarks in the RECORD by inserting a. radio address in answer to the Dies investigation of un-American EXTENSION OF REMARKS activities. · Mr. VOORHIS of California. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the mous consent to extend my own remarks in the RECORD and request of the gentleman from New York? to include with my remarks a speech of Mr . .William Green There was no objection. at a convention of the American Federation of Labor. PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from California? Mr. DICKSTEIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent There was no objection. to address the House for 15 minutes following the disposition Mr. VOORHIS of California. Mr. Speaker, I also ask of matters on the Speaker's table and the previous special unanimous consent to extend my remarks in the RECORD and orders for today. to include a short article from the Washington Star; and I The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the also ask unanimous consent to extend my own remarks in request of the gentleman from New York? the RECORD. There was no objection. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the EXTENSION OF REMARKS request of the gentleman from California? Mr. MUNDT. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to There was no objection. extend my remarks in the RECORD by including an address PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE by Frederic C. Walcott, president of the American Wildlife Mr. TABER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that Institute, on the subject of pollution and other conservation after the previous special orders for today that I may be per­ problems. mitted to address the House for 15 minutes. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from South Dakota? request of the gentleman from New York? There was no objection. There was no objection. Mr. O'CONNOR. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent Mr. EDWIN A. HALL. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous con­ to extend my own remarks in the RECORD and to include sent to address the House for 1 minute. therein a letter from Fred Ater, of Rudyard, Mont. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from New York? request of the gentleman from Montana? There was no objection. There was no objection. Mr. EDWIN A. HALL. Mr. Speaker, before very long there THE LATE N. B. DIAL will fall upon this House the responsibility of determining Mr. FULMER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to whether or not the Dies committee is to be continued for the address the House for 1 minute. coming year. It is my opinion that the great majority of the The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the Members strongly approve of the objectives and the general request of the gentleman from South Carolina? activities carried on by this group over the past 12 months. There was no objection. · One of the first acts of mine upon coming to Congress was Mr. FULMER. Mr. Speaker, I have requested this time for to vote for the appropriation to carry the Dies committee the purpose of announcing to the House the death on last along for 1940. At this time I want to reiterate my faith in evening of a very distinguished South Carolinian. I refer that committee and to announce that I will strongly support to ex-Senator N. B. Dial, of Laurens, S. C. the perpetuation of its work for next year. Senator Dial was elected to the United States Senate in I take this position because I have had a clear mandate 1918, serving one term. from the people in my district that they desired the investi­ It was my happy privilege to serve in the House during the gation of un-American activities to go on. At a time when last half of his term, where I had the pleasure of working . there is being precipitated on the American people all kinds with him in the interest of South Carolina and our country of Nazi and Communist propaganda, and when the general as a whole. public is being subjected to the most subversive attacks, my Senator Dial was an outstanding businessman. He was people back home are anxious to see patriotic endeavors of practical and a very successful businessman and representa­ this kind pushed. tive of his people. I have never for one moment doubted the sin~erity of the He was a stanch friend of mine and, because of the type Dies committee. It is to my deep regret, therefore, that I of life he lived, and just what his life work has meant to the observe an apparent coldness toward its work on the part of people of the State and the Nation, not only shall I miss 1940 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD-HOUSE 13899 him but his death will be a great loss to South Carolina and 3.2 percent of alcohol by weight . . This provision is deemed to have declared in effect that such beverage is nonintoxicating. to the Nation. War Department regulations and instructions have for many EXTENSION OF REMARKS years prohibited the sa~e of or dealing in intoxicating liquors on any premises used for military purposes. Beverage containing one­ Mr. PITTENGER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent half of 1 percent or more of alcohol by volume, and not more than that our colleague the gentleman from New York [Mr. 3.2 percent of alcohol by weight, is not deemed intoxicating, and CULKIN] may be permitted to extend his own remarks in the sale of such beverage is authorized by post exchanges located on military reservations in any State or Territory whose laws permit the RECORD in connection with the Army and the national­ such sale within its borders. The sale of such beverage is pro­ defense program, and to include as a part of his remarks an hibited on reservations located within any State or Territory whose article appearing in a newspaper in his district. laws do not permit such sale within its borders. Is It is believed unwise to deny a soldier, during his few hours of The SPEAKER pro tempore. there objection to the leisure time, the privileges which are enjoyed by other citizens. request of the g~ntleman from Minnesota? Experience has proven that permitting the sale of beverages as There was no objection. indicated above has accomplished excellent results. It has en­ Mr. PIERCE. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to couraged military personnel to remain on the reservation (their home) and enjoy refreshments under conditions far better than revise and extend my remarks and include therein an ad­ exist and are available to them off the reservation. dress by R. H. Evans, delivered in Baltimore, on financing It would be harmful to the men in the service to direct a pro­ the farm program. hibition against them that did not apply to other citizens. To do so would inevitably lead to intemperance. As the matter now The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without objection, it is so stands, members of the Army not on military reservations are ordered. subject to the same laws, both Federal and State, that govern the There was no objection. conduct of other citizens. They are also subject to the ever-present restriction that they must at no time do anything that will reflect PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE discredit upon the service. Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous In recent years considerable success has been attained in the matter of control of the use of intoxicating liquors by military consent that after the disposition of business on the Speaker's personnel through the wholehearted cooperation of responsible table and other special orders of the day, if any, I be per­ citizens in the vicinity of military activities. This is not only true mitted to address the House for 30 minutes on next Monday. in the vicinity of permanent posts and stations but in the vicinity The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection? of maneuver areas and other points of concentration as well. This manner of control has been found to be far more effective than There was no objection. strict prohibition, which furnishes a fertile field for bootleg SALE OF INTOXICATING LIQUORS IN TRAINING CAMPS operations. Very respectfully, Mr. HINSHAW. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to E. S. ADAMS, address the House for 1 minute and to revise and· extend my Majar General, The Adjutant General. remarks and include therein a letter from The Adjutant PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE General. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection? Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent There was no objection. to address the House for 3 minutes after the disposition of Mr. HINSHAW. Mr. Speaker, I presume Members of the the special orders heretofore made. House have, as I have, received a great many letters from The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection? constituents concerning the possible sale of intoxicating There was no objection. liquors in training camps and at Army posts. I thought it Mr. HOFFMAN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent advisable to obtain an official answer from the War Depart­ that on Monday next, after other special orders, if any, I ment on this important matter, and I desire to present here­ may be permitted to proceed for 10 minutes. with a reply from The Adjutant General presenting the law The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the and the view of the War Department concerning that very request of the gentleman from Michigan? important subject. The position of the War Department There was no objection. concerning compulsory vaccination and inoculation is also EXTENSION OF REMARKS presented. By unanimous consent, Mr. REED of New York was granted The letter referred to is as follows: permission to extend his own remarks in the RECORD. DECEMBER 6, 1940. Mr. ALEXANDER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous con­ Hon. CARL HINSHAW, House of Representatives. sent to extend my remarks in the RECORD and to insert MY DEAR MR. HINSHAW: I have your letter of December 3, 1940, therein an address which I propose to make tonight over the with which you enclosed the attached communications from Mrs. Mutual Broadcasting System entitled "A New World Order." ------, Altadena, Calif., and Mr. ------, Glendale, The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without objection, it is so Calif., relative to the vaccination and inoculation of men called for military service and the sale of intoxicating liquors at or near Army ordered. training camps or to men in uniform. There was no objection. With respect to the question of vaccination and inoculation, the Mr. VAN ZANDT. Mr. .Speaker, I have two unanimous­ principles of preventive medicine and treatment in vogue in the Army are those taught in the leading medical schools of the country consent requests. I ask unanimous consent to insert in the and accepted by the American Medical Association. It is considered Appendix of the RECORD an article entitled "Danger of War essential for the health of the Army and the success of the military With Japan" and another entitled "World War Service Given · operations that exceptions to established practice should not be Credit in Computing Railroad Retirement Benefits." made. ' The provision of law which authorizes the President to make The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without objection, it is so regulations governing the prohibition of alcoholic liquors on or near ordered. military camps and made it unlawful to sell intoxicating liquors to There was no objection. members of the military forces in uniform was contained in sec­ tion 12, act of May 18, 1917. This provision was repealed by section PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE 203 of the act of August 27, 1935, Public, No. 347, Seventy-fourth Congress. Mr. LELAND M. FORD. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous Federal statutes now in effect relating to alcoholic liquors as consent that I may address the House for 5 minutes after · affecting military reservations and personnel are as follows: the conclusion of today's business and any other special Act of February 2, 1901 (31 Stat. 748, U. S. C. 10; 1350), which orders. prohibits the sale of or dealing in intoxicating liquors upon any premises used for military purpoSe by the United States. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without objection, it is so . Section 289 of the Criminal Code of the United States, as amended ordered. by joint resolution of June 20, 1935, which in effect 'makes it illegal There was no objection. to do or to fail to do on a military reservation any act or thing which, though not made penal by any law of Congress, is made DILATORY TACTICS AND INACTION ON THE PART OF CONGRESS ' penal by the State law in which the reservation is located. Mr. REES of Kansas. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous con- Act of March 22, 1933, which provided that nothing in the National Prohibition Act shall apply to beer, etc., containing one­ sent to address the House for 1 minute and to revise and half of 1 percent or more of alcohol by volume, and not more than extend my remarks. 13900 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 12· The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without objection, it is· so DECEMBER 10, 1940. ordered. The Honorable JOHN Z. ANDERSON, House of Representatives. There was no objection. MY DEAR MR. ANDERSON: I acknowledge receipt of your letter of Mr. REES of Kansas. Mr. Speaker, I rise at this time to November 28, 1940, in which you call this Department's attention to offer my criticism as to the manner in which Congress has a recent magazine article dealing with German representation in this country. been conducting its affairs since it returned after election. With respect to t.he questions treated therein, I feel you might The House, by a substantial majority, decided to remain in wish to have the following information: The relations between session. That was a wise decision. B~t even at that it ap­ the United States and most countries are generally established by pears that those in charge of the management of the House treaty, and in the case of Germany and the United States the perti­ nent treaty is the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular determined they would meet just from time to time, and Rights, signed at Washington, December 8, 1923, a copy of which is adjourn just as quickly as they could, without taking any enclosed. This treaty still remains in effect with the exception of action on pending legislation. Mr. Speaker, there are bills on certain paragraphs of article VII, which were abrogated by a special the calendar that are at least entitled to our consideration. agreement signed at Washington on June 3, 1935, a statement con­ cerning which is enclosed with a copy of the treaty. Resolutions have been introduced since we came here 4 weeks This treaty determines the status of German consular representa­ ago and yet no consideration is being given to them. Com­ tives in this country, and upon a reciprocal basis, of our consular mittees do not even meet to talk them over. We have passed representatives in Germany. I may observe that the privileges two or three measures and no more. which are accorded the respective consular officers in articles XVII, XVIII, XIX, and XX of the treaty, and which were so accorded them Mr. Speaker, I introduced a resolution about 3 weeks ago for the appropriate exercise of their official functions, conform with asking for a joint committee from the Senate and House to general international practice, and do not constitute diplomatic provide Congress with information about our defense pro­ immunity. I may also mention that treaties of a similar nature were gram with a view of helping those responsible for carrying subsequent to 1923 negotiated with several other governments. The Department publishes each month, tn the form of a diplomatic out this program. That" resolution was referred to a commit­ list, the names of all those diplomatic officers accredited to this tee and that is all. Government, together with their immediate families. The regula­ What I want to say is this, Mr. Speaker, that while we are tions of the Department of State also require a record of the names of the members of the households of these diplomatic officers. The in session the least we could do is to give consideration to Department of State, furthermore, keeps a record of all foreign con­ bills pending before the House, to which I have directed your sular officers serving in the United States and United States terri­ attention. Not a hand has been turned to work on this pro­ tory; and a record is likewise maintained of all employees, both gram. Perhaps they should be supported, and possibly not, foreign and American, of foreign diplomatic and cdnsular establish­ ments. These lists are open to inspection by any Member of but we should vote on them. Congress. Furthermore, Mr. Speaker, a great deal of publicity is being Apart from the groups mentioned above, a record is kept of an­ given to the fact that more revenues are going to be required other category of persons who are associated with foreign agencies. to carry on the ever-growing obligations being charged This includes those persons, both foreign and American, who are required to register with the Department of State under the terms against the Federal Treasury. The Members of this House of the act of June 8, 1938, as amended August 7, 1939, to require the know that, and yet our powerful Ways and Means Committee, registration of certain persons employed by agencies to disseminate that has the responsibility of providing for the raising of such propaganda in the United States, and for other purposes. This list revenues, has not held a single meeting in the last month. Is open to inspection by the general public. It may be mentioned that although there has been an increase That committee should have been holding hearings and giving in the staffs of the German consulates in the United States, these consideration to the most important question of providing have not been out of proportion to increases in the staffs of other revenues so we would have that information at the beginning foreign government establishments in this country. In view of press assertions made with specific regard to the German Consulate of the next session. General at New York, I might mention that the records of the It is extremely unfortunate, Mr. Speaker, that with all this Department indicate that as of October 1, 1939, there were 9 officers pending legislation and in view of the complex problems that and 40 employees In that consulate, and that as of October 1, 1940, are facing this Congress and the people that we have not there were 8 officers and 40 employees. given the attention we should to the matters pending before This Department has not been unmindful of its responsibility to be informed of the activities of foreign consular representatives in us. This is no time for dilly-dallying. This is a time when this country., and of determining whether such activities conform Congress as well as the other departments of the Government with their official status and duties in the United States. In this should be giving their undivided attention to the ever­ connection I enclose for your information the Department's state­ ment to the press dated July 5, 1940, regarding the German consul mounting and perplexing problems that are before us. general in New Orleans. mTLER'S BRANCH OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES I have endeavored herei.n to give you all possible information from the Department of State and other authorized sources, in the light Mr. ANDERSON of California. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ of Which you may be able to appraise any assertions alleging that mous consent to address the House for 1 minute. the competent agencies of this Government are not closely follow­ The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without objection, it is so ing such activities within the United States as may be Inimical to American interests. ordered. Sincerely yours, There was no objection. CORDELL HULL. Mr. ANDERSON of California. Mr. Speaker, on last Mon­ day mY colleague the gentleman from California [Mr. LELAND Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to revise and extend my own remarks and to include therein my reply from the M. FoRD] called the attention of the House to an article that · Secretary of State. appeared recently in the Reader's Digest entitled "Hitler's The SPEAKER pro tempore. ·Without objection, it is so Branch Offices in the United States." I read that article ordered. some time ago and addressed a letter to the Secretary of State with reference to it, expressing concern. This morn­ There was no objection. ing I received a reply from the Secretary of State and a PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE copy of a treaty between the United States and Germany Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to entitled "A Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Consular address the House for 1 minute and to revise and extend my Rights." The title of that treaty is open to some discussion, remarks and to include therein excerpts from a speech deliv­ I should say, among Members of the House, and I am sure ered by Mr. John W. Scott, of the Federal Power Commission. they will be interested in the reply of the Secretary of State. I shall ask permission to include it with my remarks. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without objection, it is so "Diplomatic immunity'' or "consular rights" may be a ordered. necessary part of any treaty between the United States and a There was no objection. friendly nation. .[Mr. RANKIN addressed the House. His remarks appear If, however, "consular rights" means freedom of action for in the AppendiX Of the RECORD.] saboteurs and spies within our borders, it seems to me it is Mr. HINSHAW. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to time we changed the law. [Applause.) address the House. 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 13901

The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without objection, it is so UNION MEN, NONUNION MEN, AS WELL AS MIGRANTS, SHOULD BE ordered. PROTECTED FROM RACKETEERING There was no objection. Mr. HOFFMAN . . Mr. Speaker, it is gratifying to learn that, Mr. mNSHAW. Mr. Speaker, since making the announce­ at the suggestion of the First Lady of the Land, an investiga-· ment I did a moment ago a number of Members have asked tion was made as to whether an unfortunate migrant, the whether I intended to have reprints made of this letter from head of a family, was denied here in Washington the oppor­ The Adjutant General. I do. If there are any Members who tunity to earn a livelihood because he could not comply with desire copies, communicate with my office and we will supply the demand of a union for the payment of a fee of $300. you. The investigation showed that while the union fee was EXTENSION OF REMARKS $300, the migrant was given the privilege of making a down payment of $50 and having the balance deducted from his Mr. TOLAN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to wages by the union. extend my own remarks in the RECORD and to include therein · As a matter of principle, it is immaterial whether the fee a statement by Dr. Paul Taylor, of the University of Cali- was $300 or 3 cents, the point is that no one has authority. fornia, on the migrant problem. · in this. land to levy a fee for the privilege of working. Again, The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without objection, it is so it made no difference to the migrant whether the fee was· ordered. 3 cents or $300, as long as he did not have it, he could not There was no objection. pay it. . THE DIES COMMITTEE It would be more satisfactory if the House would appoint Mr. RICH. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ad­ a committee to determine whether not only migrants but dress the House for 1 minute and to revise and extend my union men and nonunion men were denied the privilege of remarks. working on the defense program because they did not have The SPEAKER pro· tempore. Without objection, it is so the cash to lay on the dotted line of a union's permit to ordered. work or dues card. There was no objection. For several weeks the House has had before it ample evi­ Mr. RICH. Mr. Speaker, I am just as glad to see the dence to show that our defense was being rendered more Members as they seem to be to see me. [Applause.] But costly, was being delayed, American workingmen forced to if we spend our time during the next 2 weeks as we did in pay tribute unjustly. The same facts have appeared in the· the last 2, we might as well all go hunting or fishing in a public press. cruiser. [Laughter.] The House, though it has been in session, has not seen fit I rose at this time to comment on the statement made by to learn the actual conditions. Beyond question, although the gentleman from New York, the Honorable EDWIN HALL, not only the occupants of the White House and Members of in reference to subversive activities in this country, and to Congress have been fully advised of the un-American activi­ mention the work of the Dies committee. I realize it is going ties which were delaying our aid to England, slowing down our to cost money to continue the Dies committee, but I say own de.fense work, no action was taken until the First Lady, that such money will be well spent and cheap insurance appearmg before the House committee studying migration measured against the protection it will afford the billions of problems, listened to the story of Mrs. Thomas, who charged dollars we are allotting to build battleships and armaments that her h1Jsband, an electrician and a migrant, could not for 2,000,000 men, for the one thing spies and saboteurs can­ obtain employment at Fort Belvoir because he could not not stand is his exposure to the light of public opinion. The meet the union demand. Asked about this situation, the Dies committee is ferreting out these subversive agents who First Lady, put on the spot, suggested, in substance, that it are trying to undermine this country. More power to them. would be well for the committee to call those who knew The committee is working with the help of the Government about the situation and learn the facts. itself, the police, the F. B. I., the people, but somehow the same It is a strange commentary upon our vaunted democracy Government agencies have not been able to do what we want that although the injustice that was being done our workers done in rounding them up. It takes an organization of the and our needy was known to our executive officers, to the Congress to point these things out to the people of the Congress, no action was taken until in a public hearing the country, and we have enough red-blooded, two-fisted Ameri­ situation was brought before an occupant of the White House. cans, who will see that they are locked up if we just point Here in Washington, where are housed the Department of them out to them; good, sound Americans, too. Justice, the executive department, and where Congress is in With the help, the aid, and the assistance of the good session, it has been a matter of common knowledge that people of the country and the law-enforcement branches of hundreds of men have been just as effectively held up and the Government, we shall be able to put these fellows who their money -taken from them by the practice of denYing em­ are against our country behind bars, where they belong, or ployment to those who are not members of a union, on else put them up in front of a firing squad. [Applause.] Government jobs, as would have been done had they been [Here the gavel fell.] robbed on the street at the point of a gun. Yet no department of the Government, although the situa­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS tion has been called to the attention of all, has had the Mr. YOUNGDAHL. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous con­ courage or the disposition to take the initiative and end the sent to revise and extend my remarks and to include therein practice or even to inqUire into it until a member of the an editorial from the Minneapolis Times Tribune. Chief Executive family had the situation bluntly put before The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without objection, it is so her in such a manner that longer delay could not be tolerated: ordered. Back in the early days of the automobile, cars lacked :1 There was no objection. self-starter; each had to be cranked before the motor would Mr. MICHENER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent turn over. that the gentleman from Connecticut [Mr. MILLER] may be It is regrettable that Congress will only move to ascertain permitted to extend his own remarks in the RECORD and to the truth or the untruth of such charges as have been made include therein an editorial. on the floor of the House from time to time when spurred The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without objection, it is so into action by a suggestion from the Executive Mansion. ordered. The story to.which the First Lady listened was not a new There was no objection. one. It was not a novel one. It was one which had been told The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under the special order of on the House floor and in the press many times. Not as to the House heretofore entered, the gentleman from Michigan migrants but as it affected members of unions, workingmen [Mr. HoFFMAN] is recognized for 15 minutes. who were not me~bers of a union, men who were on _relief, 13902 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 12 men who would be thrown on relief if they were not per­ was told that his job as foreman had been given to a friend mitted to work. More than one illustration of a similar of another worker. situation was related by me on the :floor of the House. Letters Another union man, .40 years of age, married, with two chil­ disclosing an unjust and deplorable a condition as that told dren, came to Washington from Akron, Ohio, about 3 weeks by the wife of the migrant were placed in the RECORD. ago. He had been a plumber since he was 16 years old; was Let me give you a few instances which show that the mi­ a member of a union at Akron, Ohio, where he paid $55 in grant, Mr. Thomas, is in no worse situation than are thou­ 1937 to Local 219. sands of others. The complaints here laid before you were He applied for work at Fort Belvoir on Saturday, Decem­ made to me either in person, by letter, or by phone call. ber 7. Finally he saw the superintendent for Potts & Callahan A Purcellville, Va., citizen, married, with two children who Construction Co., who told him he would have to see the union. enlisted and served in the Navy from 1913 to 1920, then served He saw the union steward who was on the job at Fort Belvoir in the Coast Guard, obtained work at Fort Belvoir only after and was sent to Local No. 5, located at 527 Ninth street NW. going to the office of the carpenters union at Tenth and K There he was told by E. S. Ott that he would have to pay $12 Streets NW. and paying $27.10 for a permit to work. He before he could go to work. agreed to pay $25 more in 30 days and $2.10 monthly. The He did not have the $12, so in his behalf I called a District wage rate was $13 a day. By working on a Saturday he welfare organization, and, finally, through the activities and made $29, as the pay for holidays is double-time pay. . whole-hearted cooperation of one of its officers, arrangements A Washington City plumber and steamfitter joined the As­ were made so that this plumber could go to work and with his sociation of Journeymen Plumbers and Steamfitters of the family stay off the relief rolls. It was agreed that he nlight United States and Canada when living at Pittsburgh in 1909. pay the union out of his wages, though whether the union Upon coming to Washington 8 years ago, he brought with waived payment on the dotted line, or whether some charitably him his union clearance card and dues book showing dues inclined person or organization advanced it, I do not know . . fully paid as required by sections 166 and 170 of the constitu­ Mr. DISNEY. Will the gentleman yield? tion, bylaws, and rules of his own union. He applied to Wash­ Mr. HOFFMAN. I yield to the gentleman from Oklahoma. ington Local No. 5, which is governed by the same constitu­ Mr. DISNEY. I understand on reliable authority that at tion, bylaws, and rules that governed the Pittsburgh union. Fort Sill a man cannot get a job unless he first puts up $50 Under the constitution and bylaws he was entitled to mem­ with the union. bership in local 5. In violation of its own constitution, by­ Mr. HOFFMAN. That is true all over the United States. laws, and rules of its own local, local 5 refused to accept his Mr. DISNEY. I only know of conditions in my own State. application because, as its officers told him, its members Has the gentleman gone far enough to find out what is done here were without jobs. So he was barred from working on a with this money after it is paid into the union? union job. Being unable to work as a union plumber or Mr. HOFFMAN. No. That was the purpose of the reso­ steamfitter he went to work in an open shop. Then the lution I offered on September 24, which the majority party local union assessed a fine against him of $250-$24 back dues has not seen fit to take up and put through. That was one and a new initiation fee of $150. A total of $424. purpose of the resolution. I wanted to find out how much For 28 years this man was a member of the union, paid all ~as collected, what they did with the money, and if there dues, never had a fine assessed against him, and has held IS any reason why an American citizen cannot exercise his every office connected with the organization, including that of constitutional right to work without paying. I wanted to get president and business agent. He is now 54 years of age, in this information so that then we might enact legislation good health, and able to work. which would permit American citizens to work when they He made this statement: wanted to. Fort Belvoir is a closed shop; the work at Bolling Field is an open A Severn, Md., worker, relates his experience: shop. The union will not permit any to work at Fort Belvoir until I see by the press reports that you are opposed to the shake-down he pays the fine and the back dues of $250, new initiation fee of rackets of the various unions on national defense projects. $150, a total of $424, but at the same time it permits its own mem­ I_ would like to call to your attention the fact that the carpenters bers to work side by side with nonunion men on the open shop at 'lnuon, Local No. 101, is using the same shake-down racket at Fort Bolling Field. Meade, Maryland, that is being used at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, and other Army posts. He says: Under this hurry-up of construction at these various posts, good There are four in my family. I am out of a job and I would like carpenters are at a premium, and they are hiring anything that to know why it is that I cannot go to work on the defense program. calls himself a carpenter. The union is charging these men $57.50 to join the local. They A retired major of the Signal Corps, a man with a record of seem to have some sort of working agreement with the contractor 25 years' service who came up through the ranks, who served to _keep them on until their union dues have been paid, and then 16 years in the NavY, when he applied for a job at·Fort George quite a few of them are laid off and a new bunch is put on. I am a carpenter and have been working at • • • and other G. Meade was granted a permit to work by Local 101 of the Army posts under temporary civil-service appointments for the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners only on the past • • • years, and have a good record at all of them at condition that he agree to pay $23.50 out of his first week's which I have worked. · I am employed by contractor building barracks at • • • at wages and $8.50 weekly thereafter until $57.50 was paid. present time. Have been there over 2 weeks. There was nothing Get the situation. It is true this man is not a migrant, but said at the time of my employment by contractor or anyone else he wanted to work. He served in our NavY for 16 years. He that I must join the union. Now I am told by union representa­ had intelligence enough-he had ambition sufficient to come tive that I must join the union and pay $57.50 or lose my job. This union representative is supposed to be a carpenter working up from the status of an enlisted man to the rank of major­ on the job, but the Government is paying him $10 per day and and yet when the country finds itself in danger of invasion $20 on Saturday and Sunday to work, but all he does is walk around and he desires again to serve it, he can do so only if he agrees with a book and pencil, trying to scare all of the workmen to pay to pay an unjustifiable tribute. Strange treatment for a this kick-back to the union. To date, to my knowledge, this union representative has cost the democracy to mete out to one who served her in her time Government, for salary alone, $220 since I have been employed here. of need. I understand there is a representative in each unit and there is Another man belonged for 20 years to Local 58 of the Up­ about seven units here. There is one thing that I would like to know. Is this union holsterers and Draperies Hangers. He said he always paid representative supposed to go around on a Government reservation his dues. He is married and has three sons. He was given a and at the Government's expense trying to force men on a national­ permit to work upon his promise to pay the union, and defense proJect to join the union and pay this kick-back, and can a man be discharged for not paying it? worked 56 hours in 7 days, but be.cause his name did not I understand that there has been quite a few men laid off for appear on the pay roll did not receive his pay until the 18th this reason, though the books show them to be laid off for other of November, while his permit to work expired on November 9. reasons. He could not and did not pay his dues because he had not I a~ not opposed t? unions if they are run right, but I am opposed to paymg a Commumst-controlled union for the privilege of working received his money. He was discharged. When he inquired for my Government. 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 13903 Here is a letter from another Washington carpenter, who to work, the right to work guaranteed by our Constitution, is could not get work because he did not have the union fee: denied to American citizens? Why is it that American citi­ The article I read tonight in the Washington Times-Herald is zens are denied the right to work in defense of their Govern­ absolutely true. I tried to get a job last week at Fort Belvoir, Va., ment, while they are conscripted to fight for it? as a carpen t er. But I was turned down because I couldn't pay the Do you speculate as to why, on occasion, men are denied fee the union demanded. I have been out of work for a long time, but I do not want to go on relief if I can help it. membership in a union even though they are willing and able Over at Fort Meade, Md., I was told last week there wasn't any to pay? The answer is plain. If the number of carpenters more carpenters needed. But it is common knowledge that if you or plumbers or steam fitters at work at Fort Belvoir and these have the price you can get a job. How much longer are honest American workmen going to be idle other jobs can by hook or crook be limited to members of the because they haven't the price for a job? I and my family must unions, then the union members limited in number, those live in one room because I haven't the money to pay the high rents union members are in the class of the privileged few, who here in Washington. get not only a job at a good wage but time and a half for Something should be done about getting the unemployed back to work before this, our native land, thinks about embarking upon overtime, and for Saturday and Sunday double time. Do you another European war that will leave us all broke in the end. get the point? If you do not, those who are running the As has been stated. here on the floor of the House on prior unions' business, those who are skimming the cream from occasions, the Government needs these men. They need the Government defense projects, see it and get it. work. The union demands cash down for a permit to work. Another phase of the situation came to notice this past Now, get that--"permit to work." Where does the union week. A letter came in which stated that two men employed get authority to say that a man shall not work until he has by the District had taken leave, presumably the 30 days and a permit from it? 15 days leave granted Government employees-one without Congress blanketed into the Federal service a few hundred pay, the other with pay-and were working at Fort George G. thousand employees. Postmasters were given jobs for life. Meade. But here in Washington are men-family men; men in need; Billions of dollars have been appropriated for relief to men who, unless they obtain employment, must go on the create Government jobs for the unemployed. Government relief roll or be helped by private charity. These men are employees never miss a pay check. They never have a re­ not shirkers. The Government needs their services, but they duction in their salary. They are secure in their jobs. The cannot get the Government jobs which are available. There Government grants them 45 days' sick and vacation leave. is just one reason: An organization refuses to permit them Some of them take that leave, though they are paid for their time,- and go out and deprive a man who needs a job of the to work. opportunity of working. Talk about the employer's blacklist, of which organized One of these District employees is married, has two sons. labor and the Senate Civil Liberties Committee complain so He does not own his own home. He stated that he had 52 bitterly. Here is a labor organization which has a blacklist days' accumulated leave to his credit and, as he wanted to of its own. The theory is that you can get on that list if you earn money to purchase a home, he took his Government have the price. Talk about special privilege. Talk about leave and sought employment at Fort George G. Meade, where the privileged few. Talk about the economic royalists. Con­ he received $1.50 per hour. He joined the Baltimore union, demn them all as bitterly as you will, and where the criticism is just I will go with you. and, so far, according to his statement, but 55 cents has been Here is a labor organization using every practice which deducted from his 2 days' pay. Quite in contrast to the policy of the local union as testified by C. F'. Preller, business they have condemned when used by the employers and adding agent of the Electrical Workers Union of Washington, who to the unfair labor practices of the employers the burden of said that their union fee was $300, $50 of which must be the payment of a tribute which they have no right to exact, paid in cash. and which, all too often, their fellow laboring men cannot pay. This District employee stated that another man, a painter I ask the executive department, By virtue of what social by trade, employed by the District, took leave without pay legislation does one group of workingmen levy tribute-upon and was now working as a carpenter operating a power saw another? on the job at Fort George G. Meade. I ask the Attorney General and the Department of Justice, I am not giving the names of these men, for I have no Where in the Code of the United States, where in the Statutes desire to cause them any embarrassment, but in justice to of the United States, is there authority which permits John other men who are out of work it does seem proper to call Doe, standing at the gate of a factory, to compel Richard Roe attention to section 58 of title 5 of the United States Code. to pay a fee before he can enter to work on the job which is That section reads as follows: a waiting him? Unless otherwise specifically authorized by law, no money appro­ I ask the Work Projects Administration--charged, as it is, priated by any act shall be available for payment to any person with finding jobs for the unfortunate, those who lack food, receiving more than one salary when the combined amount of said clothing, and shelter-Why do you submit to the actions of salaries exceeds the sum of $2,000 per annum. (May 10, 1916, ch. those who deny an opportunity to work to men who, if they 117, sec. 6, 39 Stat. 120; Aug. 29, 1916, ch. 417, 39 Stat. 582.) cannot work, must, with their families, be supported by your My information is-and it may not be accurate-that each organization? of these men received $2,100 per year. The money to pay I go back, and I say to the Department of Justice, which that salary is, in part at least, appropriated by Congress. justifies this extortion, Why is it, charged with the execution So, too, is the money which they receive at Fort George G. of the law, with the prosecution of those who violate it, you Meade. It would seem advisable that we either repeal this take no action? · law or that it be enforced, and that we learn through an I turn to the Department of Labor, call its attention to the investigation just how many Government employees, who National Labor Relations Act, which provides that every man are entitled to a 30-day and 15-day leave, are working on may bargain through representatives of -his own choosing, these Government jobs in competition with men who have no and I ask the Secretary of Labor, Why is it that, before men regular employment or who are on relief rolls. can work, they must meet the demands of those who were Inasmuch as the Select Committee to Investigate the never chosen by the workers as their bargaining agents? Interstate Migration of Destitute Citizens (H. Res. 63 ·and H. Again, I ask the Department of Labor, Have you joined Res. 491) was appointed to inquire into the interstate migra­ forces to compel all workers in America, if they would support tion of destitute citizens and matters affecting them and has themselves by their toil, to join a union, to pay the fees ex­ no authority to inquire into matters affecting other citizens, acted by that union? Or is the right to work here in America it is apparent, in view of the information which has been still one to be exercised without cost? given the House, that another committee of the House I ask the President of the United ·States, who would have should be appointed, as was requested in House Resolution us preserve the democracies of the world, Why is it that, here 612, introduced by me on September 24, to inquire into the in Washington and throughout our land, the God-given right activities of those who are delaying work upon our defense 13904 CONG-RESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 12 program, rendering that work more costly, a greater burden tO get Jobs for 30 days, so -that the fees -they would have· to to the taxpayers, and exacting an unjustifiable tribute from pay to the walking delegate would be $83 out of a total they American labor. might receive of $160. Of course. they could not afford to In support of such a resolution, either the 'one offered by pay it. . me or one introduced by a member of the majority, your This entire labor pro.gram and this entfre progr~m we support is earnestly solicited. [Applause. 1 have been told is for the benefit of the workingman has been EXTENSION OF REMARKS allowed to ·degenerate under the operations of the· adminis­ tration into a scheme to promote .the welfare of the walking Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that delegates. It is about time that the Secretary of Labor was the remarks I made may appear in the Appendix of the instructed by the President that those regulations were in­ RECORD instead of the body of the RECORD, in order that the tended for the benefit of the workingman and not for the insertions may go along with it. benefit of the walking delegate. The entire scheme for privi­ The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the leges for the workingman is going to collapse unless it be­ request of the gentleman from Mississippi? comes a scheme for the benefit of the workingman and not There was no objection. of the walking delegate. Mr. PATRICK asked and was given permission to extend his We cannot go on and have these things done which pre~ o.wn remarks in the RECORD. vent our people from being employed, prevent skilled laborers The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under the special order of from going to work, and keep them on relief at a time when the House heretofore entered, the gentleman from New York the Government is anxious to procure workers. I do not [Mr. TABER] is recognized for 15 minutes. know whether or not we have any sense of responsibility here LABOR AND THE DEFENSE PROGRAM in the Congress, but I think that it is time we take deliberate Mr. TABER. Mr. Speaker, the President of the United and progressive action toward putting an end to that States has asked for unity in connection with our defense situation. · program. I feel that my record in connection with the de­ Now, while I am at it, I want to call attention to another fense program entitles me to ask for unity from the Presi­ situation that I think is absolutely ridiculous. We have dent of the United States, that he may force those in the created by law an Advisory Commission to the Council for departments and agencies of the Government to conduct National Defense, and on that Advisory Commission, Mr. themselves in such a manner that patriotic Americans can Knudsen and Mr. Stettinius and a go.od many others are give unity to the defense program. For ·my own part, I have employed. I make no criticism of Mr. Knudsen or Mr. supported appropriations for defense in cash amounting to Stettinius or the others in this connection, but all the. power $8,500,000,000 and in contract authorizations amounting to that has been given to them has been that they are to be $3,500,000,000, to be used during the fiscal year 1941. an Advisory Commission to the Council for National De­ What is our current situation? The barracks for which fense. Now, what is the Council for National Defense? The we provided the money and the camps in which the boys who Council for National Defense is made up of the Secretary of are drafted and the guard boys who are taken under the War, the Secretary of the Navy, the Secretary of the Interior, resolution that we passed will be placed are not being con­ the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of Commerce. structed according to schedule because, they say, we are un­ When we call men of the type of Mr. Knudsen and Mr. Stet­ able to get skilled help. The work in the factories is not tinius into the Government of the United States, they ought going along as it should and as Americans are able to make to have a position of authority so they can do something and it go in the construction of airplanes and munitions and accomplish something for national defense. [Applause.] ammunition because they are unable to get skilled help. Why They are the inen who ought to have the power to let con­ is it they are unable to get skilled help? tracts. They are the type of men who, because of their expe­ You read the other day of the hearing before the Select rience, are in a position to check whether or not the contracts Committee to Investigate the Interstate Migration of Desti­ are being performed in the interest of the Government. tute Citizens in which it was testified that an electrician was Is it not tinie now that the set-up of the Government of the unable to secure employment becauses he was asked to pay United States was put on a basis so that when we call into $300 to join the union. You have heard of many other cases, the Government service the ablest men in industry we give to which the gentleman from Michigan has called attention,· them a chance to do the jo.b? where people were unable to secure employment because they I am saying here that the most important thing we can do, were required to pay exorbitant fees to join the union. and the most important thing that the President can do, to In connection with the construction of barracks all over promote unity in the Government of the United States and this country carpenters have been required to pay as high as amongst the people of the United States is to put the Govern­ $75 and $85 to a union in order to be permitted to go to work ment's house in order, so we can have honest-to-goodness for a few weeks. Masons and plumbers are required to pay defense and so we can get into shape to protect the United several hundred dollars as an initiation fee. ·As I understand, States of America from all enemies within and without. The it runs up as high as $400 and $500. A man who wants a job President asked fo~ unity. Let him show the way to unity. ·as a common laborer in the District of Columbia is required [Applause.] to pay $87 to join the union. [Here the gavel fell.J The other day in a camp just outside of Washington a man EXTENSION OF REMARKS who had been out of work for a long time applied to the con­ Mr. HILL. Mr. Speaker, in view of the remarks made by tractor for a job. He was told that he could go to work in my good friend and colleague the gentleman from New York the storeroom in charge of the tools. He moved in there, [Mr. EDWIN A. HALL], and also by my good friend the gentle­ and in a few minutes he was told that the foreman's son had man from Pennsylvania [Mr. RicHJ, I believe it is apropos to have that job and that he could go to work as a laborer. to ask unanimous consent to extend my remarks in the REc­ He was told that he would receive $6 a day and would have ORD and to include therein an editorial in the morning Post. 15 days of work. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to there­ He had been at work a couple of hours and dug a couple quest of the gentleman from Washington? of boles in the ground, when the walking delegate came There was no objection. . around and told him that if he was going to stay on the job The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under the previous order of he would have to pay $56 to join the union. He might re­ the House, the gentleman from New York [Mr. DicKSTEIN] is ceive 2 weeks' work, 5 days a week at $6 a day; he might recognized for 15 minutes. receive $60 for his work, but he would have to pay $56 to join the union. THE DIES COMMITTEE Up in my territory they were told that they would have to Mr. DICKSTEIN. Mr. Speaker, originally I intended to pay $75 to join the union and a couple of dollars a week dues talk on some other subject, but I shall have to get to that a 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 13905 little later. Sitting in the chamber and listening to the elo­ ing of $235,000 in actual money, plus thousands of dollars quent speeches made-by_my , c_olleagues the .gentleman from :Which the printing bill will amount ·to? . Their only concrete Pennsylvania [Mr. RicH], and by _my good friend t}Je gentle-: ~ccomplishment was front-page publicity, issued from Orange~ man from New York [Mr. EDWIN A. HALL], in which they come Tex. to the defense of the Dies committee, giving their position on Mr. VOORHIS o'f California. Will the gentleman yield? the committee's work and warning us that now they are going Mr. DICKSTEIN. I gladly yield to my colleague. to give them another blank check for one or two million dol-: Mr. VOORHIS of California. I -would rather not try to lars, I want to ask the gentlemen or any other gentleman in answer the gentleman's question in his time, but if he will this Chamber a question in all fairness and sincerity. I do not yield to me for that purpose I would like to ask unanimous know how else I can clarify the problem before us. I am consent to procee_d for 10 minutes at the conclusion of the more than willing to support any legislation to rid this coun­ other special orders. try of all the so-called "fifth columnists," Communists, or Mr. DICKSTEIN. You can get time. I am asking you the Fascists, whether foreign or domestic, but in two long question now. years-- Mr. VOORHIS of California. I am going to answer it Mr. HOFFMAN. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? .when I get my 10 minutes. Mr. DICKSTEIN. I would prefer not to yield just now. Mr. DICKSTEIN. I have an engagement upstairs. · Can Mr. HOFFMAN. I wanted to call the gentleman's atten- you possibly tell me and the Congress if you have brought iri tion to a statement that I do not believe is accurate about any law on "fifth columnists," that you have been talking these two Members. about, and the spies that you are talking about? Have you Mr. DICKSTEIN. If that is what the gentleman wants to done anything constructive by which the Government can call my attention to, I shall be glad to yield. They made the pick up these so-called "fifth columnists"? That is all I am statement that they are going to support a Dies inquisition asking you. for another year or two. Mr. VOORHIS of California. Yes. The question cannot Mr. HOFFMAN. The Dies committee-they did not say be ~nswered in just a sentence, I will say to the gentleman "inquisition" at all. from New York. In the first place, one law has been passed. Mr. DICKSTEIN. I beg the gentleman's pardon. I will .That is the so-called Voorhis Act, which requires the registra­ withdraw the word "inquisition." tion of organizations of a political nature with foreign con­ Mr. HOFFMAN. How about the statement the gentleman nections and foreign control. The enforcement of that will just made that they said they would stand for a million or give information to this Nation and to the people of this Nation two million dollars of appropriations? and will enable the Department of Justice to make investiga­ Mr. DICKSTEIN. No; they did not use that term exactly. tions regarding such organizations, which are very important. But since they are supporting the gentleman from Texas, Mr. Now, the gentleman asked for a law to define what a "fifth DIES, and he has asked for a million or more appropriation, columnist" is. I would like to know how the gentleman is I assumed they would support him all along the line. going to write a law which will describe how you are going to Mr. HOFFMAN. All right; let us keep the record straight. separate the mental processes of a person who thinks one way Mr. DICKSTEIN. I want to ask those gentlemen and from the mental processes of a person who thinks another any other gentlemen who are stanch supporters of the Dies way, and make it technically admissible evidence. There are investigating committee, including any member of the com­ two problems here, not one. One problem-- mittee itself, after 2 years of investigation, how are you going Mr. DICKSTEIN. Well-- to deal with a "fifth columnist"? I think if you had one Mr. VOORHIS of California. The gentleman asked me a right in your room you could do nothing with him. What question. laws have you on the statute books today whereby you could Mr. DICKSTEIN. All right. Go on, but do not make a destroy a "fifth columnist"; and what is the definition of a long speech in my time. "fifth columnist"? What must he do to be classed in this Mr. VOORHIS of California. I have asked for time on my category? What overt act must he have committed to be own account. That is what I want. · defined as a "fifth columnist" within the statutory provisions Mr. DICKSTEIN. All right. Answer the question. of our laws? Mr. VOORHIS of California. There are two problems. Mr: LELAND M. FORD. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman One is the problem of apprehending people who are. violators yield? of laws that we have on the statute books. The other prob­ Mr. DICKSTEIN. In just a minute I will yield for a ques­ ·lem is the problem of exposing the activities of agents of tion. totalitarian powers which are operating in this Nation with Is there any law on the books today that defines a "fifth a view to propagandizing their opinions. That is a job where columnist" and states what overt acts he must have com­ there is not necessarily a violation of law involved, and the mitted in order to be arrested and convicted -and destroyed-? · only remedy that a demecracy has got is the exposure of that Refer me to one statute. ' kind of·thing. - [Applause.] Mr. LELAND M. FORD. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. DICKSTEIN. Now let me answer the gentleman, if I Mr. DICKSTEIN. Yes; for that· purpose: may. The gentleman knows that I have a high regard for Mr. LELAND M. FORD. For a felony. Harry ·Bridges him and his ability as a Member of this House, as I have for committed a- felony, and he ma-y be deported, and· there has · all other ·Members ·of this ·Hol,lse; In-the first place, I object ·been no action taken. - to the Dies committee's taking credit for the registration of Mr. DICKSTEIN. I am talking of a "fifth columnist." aliens in this country. There sits the man, the Speaker of Mr. LELAND M. FORD. He is a-"fifth columnist." this House today, the gentleman from Ma...~achusetts, Mr. ·Mr. DICKSTEIN. Harry Bridges is known as a radical, JoHN W. -McCoRMACK, who is responsible for that Registra­ who may be just as bad as a "fifth columnist," but that ·does tion Act. It was he, myself, and other members of his com­ not answer my question at all, because as an immigrant Harry mittee who fought hard to put the Registration Act, to register Bridges would come under the general deportation _laws. foreign agents in this country, on the books. I am talking of laws to apply to "fifth columnists" and Mr. VOORHIS of California. Will the gentleman yield? saboteurs. Mr. DICKSTEIN. I am answering your question. Mr. LELAND M. FORD. Well, why is he not deported? Mr. VOORIDS of California. But the gentleman puts an Mr. DICKSTEIN. Well, I do not want to get into an argu­ entire misconception on what I said. ment about that again. Mr. DICKSTEIN. You said that the Dies committee put Mr. LELAND M. FORD. He can be deported for having the Registration Act on the books, to register all foreign committed a felony. agents. Am I correct? Mr. DICKSTEIN. We will get to that later on if I have Mr. VOORHIS of California. It was my own bill that was time. I am asking you, the Congress, what law has the Dies passed recently. The bill of the gentleman who is sitting in committee brought in in the last 2 years to justify the spend- the Speaker's chair, the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. 13906 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 12 McCoRMACK], we all feel is one of the most important statutes he said among other things that he likes the gentleman from that has been passed for a long time, but the bill I referred Texas, Mr. DIES better than he likes me. Well, that is all to is one which I myself introduced, and is a different bill right; he is entitled to his views. In fact, however, he is ask­ from the McCormack Act. I will explain it if I can get the ing the Congress to continue the Dies committee indefinitely; time to speak. I have already explained it before. to continue them as long as they want to function. That is Mr. DICKSTEIN. Now, the second question is, Have you one of the points of the program of the K. K. K. for which convicted one saboteur or "fifth columnist" in 2 years? As he came to Washington. Another press release appeared in far as Browder is concerned, it was upon his own confession the Evening Star of December 11. By the way, I did not have that he had committed an overt act that he convicted him­ a chance to meet the imperial wizard yesterday, even though self without the help of the Dies committee. he claims he conferred with Members of Congress in the Mr. VOORHIS of California. Does the gentleman yield to Capitol. me in order to answer the question? I tell you, Mr. Speaker, that while we are focusing our great Mr. HOFFMAN. You do not mean that anyone has come efforts on ridding the country of foreign agents, "fifth in voluntarily and confessed, do you? columnists," saboteurs, and spies, the domestic crop of under­ Mr. DICKSTEIN. Well, he did not come voluntarily. cover wreckers is creeping up on us in certain parts of our But he gave them all the necessary information himself. country. The K. K. K. is doing a smashing business and has Mr. HOFFMAN. Oh-- been this past year. While there was an investigation-and Mr. VOORHIS of California. Will the gentleman yield to I ask the gentleman from California [Mr. VooRmsJ to cor­ me to answer that? rect me if I am wrong, for I do not seek to throw any slander Mr. DICKSTEIN. I Will be glad to yield to you to answer or malice upon any committee or any Member-the K. K. K. the question without taking up all of my time. I have some­ claims that the Dies committee exonerated the K. K. K. in the thing else to discuss. State of Pennsylvania in the last meeting of that committee Mr. VOORHIS of California. The gentleman asked me when they were looking for saboteurs who destroyed one of the the question whether the committee has convicted anybody. Hercules powder plant units in which 250 people were killed. Mr. DICKSTEIN. Yes. Mr. VOORHIS of California. The gentleman is in error. Mr. VOORHIS of California. The committee is not a law­ Mr. DICKSTEIN. If I am in error, then I apologize. But enforcing body, it cannot convict anybody; that is the job of I have some evidence which I would be glad to show the gen­ the Department of Justice. tleman which indicates that the Ku Klux Klan is spreading Mr. DICKSTEIN. But the committee was acting as a law­ the information that while the committee was making some enforcing body and telling everybody what should be done sort of investigation in New Jersey a member of the com­ and how it should be done. The committee was holding mittee exonerated the K. K. K. and all the little kleagles­ itself out as such. while they were conducting an investigation for saboteurs. Mr. VOORHIS of California. No; it is not so. Mr. VOORHIS of California. Mr. Speaker, will the gentle­ Mr. HOFFMAN. Just the other day, if the gentleman will man yield? yield, he said the committee was only a publicity organiza­ Mr. DICKSTEIN. Certainly I yield. tion. Now he says it is a law-enforcement organization. Mr. VOORHIS of California. The gentleman has made a Mr. DICKSTEIN. I said the committee tried to act as very serious statement which should not go unchallenged. such. It was the committee itself that tried to take upon The purpose of the committee in its inquiries in that instance itself the prerogatives of a law-enforcing body. I still think was to bring out the fact that there had been in New Jersey they are only a publicity organization. a joint meeting between the bund and the Klan. I was there; Mr. HOFFMAN. That is two things. I was a member of the subcommittee that held hearings on Mr. DICKSTEIN. And it may be three. that matter. , Mr. LELAND M. FORD. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman Mr. DICKSTEIN. All I can say to the gentleman is that yield? my information is to the effect that the Klan claims that Mr. DICKSTEIN. I cannot yield. Mr. Speaker, I cannot an exoneration was made on behalf of its organization in the spend any more time on that. I have another important State of New Jersey in the last hearing of the committee. matter to speak about. Mr. VOORHIS of California. It was the opposite of an The grand kleagle of the Klan was in town a few days ago exoneration, I may say to the gentleman from New York. As and, Mr. Speaker, from him I received one of the finest com­ I say, I was at that meeting. The facts that were brought out pliments imaginable, and that was his statement that he did did not appear to us as being very complimentary. not like me very much. He said so in a release he made on Mr. DICKSTEIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent December 11. to proceed for 1 additional minute. Mr. HOFFMAN. Maybe they are mistaken, maybe they The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the just think they do not like the gentleman. request of the gentleman from New York [Mr. DICKSTEIN]? Mr. DICKSTEIN. That is all right. I still consider it a There was no objection. compliment. I have never received such a compliment in the Mr. DICKSTEIN. France fell not alone through the mach­ many years I have been in the Capitol, as a statement coming inations of Nazi agents but through the lack of willingness from the K. K. K. that they do not like me. to fight for democracy on the part of its native Fascists and Now, this new imperial wizard, James A. Colescott, a horse Communists. Let us not make the mistake here of prosecut­ doctor, has taken over the business of the K. K. K. Whether ing a few minor Nazi agents while the really dangerous or not he has any stock in the shirt business I do not know. "native Fascist" groups go unmolested, free to ply their anti­ What made me discuss this question today is the fact-im­ democratic wares in the market places of the Nation. I portant in my estimation-that he has the audacity, the think it is important for the American public to realize this temerity, to make a statement in the public press-now, listen fact at a time when some of the worst elements in our country to this-that "many Members of Congress belong to the Klan, are suddenly asserting that they are ardent anti-Nazis. They running from 10 to 75 percent of representation in some were not anti-Nazi until a few short n10nths ago. Suddenly States." I defy him to produce the proof. I defy him to they shifted-and while preaching the same things which the present such evidence. I do not believe it, I do not believe Nazis want-restriction .of the rights of labor, anti-alienism, it, Mr. Speaker; and I think it is very improper for any group anti-Semitism, discrimination against the Negro; they claim or organization to bring in Members of Congress as members to be anti-Nazi. Judge a man by his deeds, not by his words. of any organization, because that is each person's own indi­ The Ku Klux Klan, whose traditions of fascism are the oldest vidual business. But here a man deliberately, in a statement in the United States-it was linked to the Black Legion, a given to newspaper reporters, makes such an accusation. I terror organization resembling the Thugs of ancient India have the statement right here. Yesterday, Wednesday, De­ and the Iron Guard of Rumania today-has suddenly an­ cember 11, the imperial wizard issued a statement in which nounced that it is fighting the bund. Last August 18, the 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 13907 Ku Klux Klan held_a joint rally with the German-American· ·lt is gtatifying to note that Filipino leaders in public and Bund at bund-owned Camp Nordland, in Andover, N.J. private life have publicly expressed their undivided loyalty The American people were disgusted with that love feast to and cordial cooperation with the United States in any between native and foreign Fascist groups. Realizing this, emergency that may arise. If war comes, it is well to know the Klan decided a few days later that it had to clear itself that the Filipinos are an important element in our inventory somehow. It therefore announced that the joint rally was of assets. held in an attempt to Americanize the German-American In a statement inserted in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Q Bund. What was obvious to every intelligent American­ · few days ago by Senator ERNEST W. GIBSON, whose late that an attempt had been made to unite foreign and native father was a real friend of the Philippines, Mr. Manuel Roxas, Fascist groups under an American flag which would hide the secretary of finance of the Philippine Government, with the swastika-could not be admitted, of course, by the Ku Klux explicit approval of President Manuel L. Quezon, said that Klan. The Klan leaders in New Jersey who were supposed the international events are giving the Filipinos grave worries, to have been removed from the Klan by higher officials of that they appreciate the regime of liberty and peace in their that secret order are still in power. Despite the. attempt country under the American flag, that they are eager to by higher Klansmen to clear themselves by announcing that serve under that flag in defense of America in the Philippines, these New Jersey Klansmen would be banished for having in the Orient, and anywhere, and, finally, that the 10-year · held the rally with the bund, these same Klansmen still hold economic transition period has proved too short and should office in that State. These same Klansmen are now going be extended. about announcing that they are against the bund in an at­ I am inserting in the RECORD, if permissible, Mr. Speaker, tempt to whitewash themselves of the stain which was left a most illuminating ~xposition of the international ~spects of by their intriguing with their country's enemies. It is easy Philippine-American relationship by a prominent business­ to say you are against the bund when the whole country is man in Manila, a trustee of the University of the Philippines, against the bund. But it is not so easy to whitewash your­ an authority on Philippine economic problems, and a close self when you still stand for all the things the bund wants­ and careful student of national and international questions. as does the Ku Klux Klan. Even the information spread by He is Mr. Horace B. Pond, whom I had the pleasure to meet the Klan claiming that the Dies committee had cleared the when I visited the Philippines 5 years ago. I commend to the Klan will not deceive the American people. other Members of Congress the reading of Mr. Pond's pro­ With the lesson of what happened in France before them, found and timely thesis, for it raises questions that have been the American people know that the native Fascist groups but superficially dealt with heretofore in congressional com­ and their financial backers, the industrialists who want to mittee hearings and in the public prints and debates. The appease Nazi Germany, present the greatest danger to our matter referred to is as follows: democracy. When the Klan suddenly announces that it is PHll.IPPINE NEUTRALIZATION, NAVAL BASES, AND TRADE PREFERENCES against· the bund, after holding a joint rally with it officered On July 4, 1946, under the provisions of present law, the President by uniformed bund storm troopers and marked by expressions of the United States is required by proclamation to. "withdraw and surrender all right of possession, supervision, jurisdiction, control, of cordiality between bund and Klan leaders, we all know 9r sovereignty then existing and exercised by the United States in that the group is attempting to make up for some of the and over the territory and people of the Philippine Islands" and discredit into which it feU after the rally. When the Klan to "recognize the independence of the Philippine Islands as a sepa­ and other groups like it attempt to restrict the legitimate rate and self-governing nation and acknowledge the authority and control over the same of the government instituted by the people rights of labor by terrorism and intimidation and to persecute thereof under the constitution then in force." aliens for the most part innocent, when their members them­ The President of the United States is also required to "notify selves are the greatest danger to democracy, it is time to the governments with which the United States is in diplomatic correspondence" of such action, and to "invite said governments to investigate and expose them and their backers. When I say recognize the independence of the Philippine Islands." This is not expose them, I mean a r.eal investigation which will show the discretionary but mandatory. sinister ambitions and the carefully hidden aims of all the The future political status of the Philippines has thus been secret terror groups. To quote Jay Field: definitely determined. This, of course, is still subject to change if Congress wills it. There are, however, three questions of vital It is, of course, imperative to take measures against the foreign interest to the Philippines which, under the provisions of present and openly Nazi organizations and individuals, but it is equally law, must still be determined-they are neutralization, naval bases, vital to guard against the native Fascists and Nazi sympathizers and trade preferences. who wrap the American flag around them to hide the swastika The question of trade preferences has for several years beep. much beneath. debated. The question of neutralization has recently been raised. The question of naval bases has been little discussed publicly, either [Here the gavel fell.] in the Philippines or in the United States. These questions are PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE not simple; they not only are difficult, if not impossible, to answer but to a considerable extent are interrelated. Regarding them Mr. VOORHIS of California. Mr. Speaker, at the conclu­ there has been much confusion, not only in terminology but even sion of the other special orders for today, I ask unanimous more as to their implications and effects. consent to address the House for 10 minutes. It is not my intention to suggest answers to these questions, but rather to present the difficulties in the way of satisfactory answers, The SPEAKER pro tempore.· Is there objection to the for it is only by understanding the difficulties that the questions request of the gentleman from California [Mr. VooRHIS]? can be intelllgently considered. There was no objection. NEUTRALIZATION The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a previous special Section 11 of the PhUlppine Independence Act provides that "the order of the . House, the gentleman from Michigan [Mr. President (of the United States) is requested at the earliest prac­ CRAWFORD] is recognized. ticable date to enter into negotiations with foreign powers with a view to the conclusion of a treaty for the perpetual neutralization INTERNATIONAL ASPECT OF PmLIPPINE INDEPENDENCE of the Philippine Islands, if and when Philippine independence shail have been achieved." Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. SIJ€aker, in the 3 minutes allotted Two questions present themselves. First, will a neutralization to me, I simply wish to call the attention of the House to our treaty give- security to the Philippines, and, second, is it possible Philippine problem. to negotiate a neutralization treaty by which foreign nations will The situation in the Far East is today extremely delicate. agree to respect or to guarantee the territorial integrity and the independence of the Philippines? It is potential of grave possibilities. The Philippine Islands There are two general types of neutralization treaties. Both are are in the midst of that region. Our :flag still :flies in sover­ agreements among several nations regarding the status, rights, and eignty over that archipelago of 114,000 square miles and over obligations of a particular nation. One type is merely an agree­ ment to respect the territorial integrity and the independence of a 16,000,000 people. particular nation-a sort of nonaggression pact as to that nation; Our Government is determined to give total defense, not the other is an agreement by which the signatory nations mutually only for its continental domain but also for its outlying Terri­ guarantee the territorial integrity and the independence of a par­ tories and possessions, and it appears we may go so far as ticular nation. The latter type seemingly would give greater security to the nation most concerned than would the former. to extend our defense to all Latin America and the British It must, however, be admitted that in the world of today there Empire. 1s little respect for, belief in, or reliance on international agreements LXXXVI---875 13908 ·CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 12 as a means of checking aggression or of providing security. This Section 10 (b) of the Philippine Independence Act authorizes and is not surprising in view of the failure of many nations to respect empowers the President of the United States "to enter into negotia­ such treaties. In the last World War a treaty for the neutraaza­ tions with the Government of the Philippine Islands, not later than tion of Belgium was violated; it was treated as a mere "scrap of 2 years after his proclamation recognizing the independence of the paper." The Treaty of Versailles, which ended that war, and the Philippine Islands, for the adjustment and settlement of all ques­ Lacarne agreements, which corrected some of its defects and in­ tions relating to naval reservations and fueling stations of the equalit ies, have been torn to shreds. The Kellogg Pact, which out­ Unit.ed States in the Philippine Islands," and that "pending such lawed war as an instrument of national policy, is neither effective adjustment and settlement the matter of naval reservations and nor has it been ob6erved: The Washington treaties, by which na­ fueling stations shall remain in its present status." tions having interest s in the Far East agreed to respect the terri­ The United States may thus retain naval bases in the Philippines torial integrity of and the "open door" in China, have been violated. after independence. The question is, however, whether the United Germany by treaty agreed to respect the territorial integrity of States will consider that its interests will be served by so doing. Poland, but has now sei~ed Poland and divided it with Russia. Opinion on this question is divided. Some authorities contend Italy has seized Ethiopia and Albania. Russia has by pressure that naval bases in" the Philippines are a source of weakness as limited the sovereignty of· Latvia, Lithuania, and Esthonia, and has they could not long-be defended, and that they will eventually be now attacked Finland because Finland was unwilling tQ be a puppet the cause of trouble with Japan. Those who hold this opinion state of Russia. The aggressor in each case was, and in some cases contend that the United States should, at the earliest possible date, still is, a member of the League of Nations, and all are signatories get out <>f the Philippines and retire to the east of a line drawn of the Kellogg Pact. International agreements today seemingly from the Aleutian Islands west of Hawaii to the Panama Canal; are far too often observed only as long as self-interest is satisfied and that when the United States gets out of the Philippines it or it is advantageous to restrain the greed for power. should stay out and assume no further responsibility for them, Will the present wars change world attitudes and national poa­ regardless of what happens to the Philippines. cies so as to bring stability to international relations and security Those who hold the contrary view contend that there are strong for those nations which are relatively weak in armaments? No one, advantages in advanced naval bases far from American shores; of course, can answer that question, for the wars are still in prog­ that the question of naval bases in the Philippines is incidental to ress. But should those nations which profess a desire for order larger questions of policy in the Far East; that the abandonment and decency and a respect for international engagements finally of the Philippines would also probably make necessary the aban­ win, there still might be no assurance of stability or of security for donment of Guam; that, as a result, the maintenance of treaty smali nations, for even the winners are likely to be mentally, .rights would be impossible, thus making necessary the withdrawal physically, and financially exhausted, and thus unlikely to fight for by the United States from all interests in China; that it might, the rights of others when strong self-interest is not involved. Even and probably would, ultimately result in the Philippines coming before the present wars the desire for peace was stronger than that under the hegemony of Japan; that the abandonment of Philippine self-interest which considered neceE:sary the independence and naval bases would be a reversal of the century-old policy that such territorial integrity of Austria and Czechoslovakia. Although bases are necessary to match those of other powers; that such · France was under obligations to Czechoslovakia, France did not go abandonment would even further upset the status quo in the to war when Germany insisted on taking over Sudetenland, nor Far East and precipitate an international crisis which might lead when, in violation of the Munich Accord, Germany finally took over to war; and that international good behavior and obligations to all of Czechoslovakia. the Filipino people, deliberately assumed or developed, would make None of the occidental nations which signed the Washington it necessary for the United States at all-times to protect them. treaties has considered that its interests in China, which have been I shall not discuss the questions of naval strategy which are . affected by the action of Japan contrary to those treaties, are involved in these conflicting opinions, for I am not. competent to worth the cost of a war. do so; nor shall I discuss the moral issues which have been raised. If a neutralization treaty for the Philippines were to be concluded, That is not my present purpose, which is merely to present the is there any more reason to believe that the occidental nations which problems which enter into a consideration of the question of naval · might be parties thereto would consider their interests worth fight­ bases in the Philippines . . ing for if the provisions of such a treaty were violated? Naval bases in the Philippines, after independence, would place a While no categorical statement can be made as to the value of definite responsibility ·an the United States. They would make it . neutralization for the security of the Philippines, it does seem that necessary for the United States to protect the Philippines from out­ in the world of today a neutralization treaty by which the signa­ side aggression, and thus to maintain Philippine independence. , tortes merely agreed to respect, but not to guarantee, the territorial The imposition by another power of its sovereignty over, or any inte~rity and independence of the Philippines would be a slender encroachment on· the territorial integrity of, the Philippines would reed indeed on which to depend for security. make valueless United States naval ba·ses therein. The United . If Europe were in a state of war, or even if diplomatic tension, if States also would · necessarily assume responsibility for internal the United States were completely out .of the Philipp_ines, and if a peace and order, for the United States could not permit another ' major-power should attempt to seize-the Philippines or to limit its power to intervene iii the Philippines. ·Is it likely that the United .sovereignty, the United States, or any other nation, probably would States, with no autho'rity in the Philippines, would assume such a , not fight the aggressor. . - _ responsibility? If such responsibility were to be assumed, then But would a neutralization treaty by which the signatories guar­ the United States probably would require some control over forej.gn . antee the territorial integrity and independence of the Philippines .relations; otherwise treaties made by the Philippines might result · give security to the Philippines? It probably would if the United in complications which would make untenable the Philippine States were a party to it. But, considering the state of public naval bases of the United States. The United States also probably opinion in the United States, it is hardly conceivable that the would require at least such reserve powers as to Philippine internal · United States, once it retires from the Philippines, would be willing affairs as would be commensurate with the responsibility whiCh · to assume obligations to oppose with force any nation which might naval bases would impose. As complete independence has been ·threaten Philippine territorial integrity or independence. Nations definitely provided for, naval bases of the United State~ 1n the go to war only for the defense or the enforcement of rights or inter­ Philippines would seem to be untenable. ests which they consider to be vital. The maintenance of Philippine It has been argued that the United States, without political territorial integrity and independence is not likely to be considered ·authority, has a naval base at Guantanamo, in Cuba. From the by the United States a vital interest or as involving national honor. point of view of the United States the situation as to Cuba is not The Filipino people undoubtedly would have the sympathy of the comparable with that of the Philippines. A base in Cuba not people of the United States, but hardly the support of its Army only is important for the protection of the mainland of the United ·and Navy. States and the Panama Canal; but Cuba comes within the scope Japan also is unlikely to enter into a treaty to guarantee Philip­ of the Monroe Doctrine. The United States, under that doctrine, pine independence and territorial integrity. In fact, in January would not permit any nation to encroach on the territory or the 1936 the spokesman of the Japanese.Foreign Office stateq "the Japa­ ·independence of Cuba. The Philippines, however, is some 8,000 nese Government renounces the idea that the great powers should miles from the west coast of the United States, making protection conclude agreements guaranteeing the freedom, integrity, or neu­ of the Philippines difficult and costly, while the Monroe Doctrine trality of another nation." This was interpreted at the time as does not apply to the Philippines. The reason for a naval base in _indicating that Japan will not be a party to any Pacific pact for the Cuba cannot, therefore, by any stretch of the imagination, have neutralization of the Philippines. _any application to the Philippines. It is evident that without the United States and Japan a Philip­ pine neutralization treaty would be valueless. TRADE PREFERENCES Thus it would seem that any international agreement for the neu­ Section 13 of the Philippine Independence Act provided, as tralizat ion of the Philippines which it may be possible to negotiate originally approved and accepted, that "after the Philippine Islands is not likely to give security to the Philippines; and that there is have become a free and· independent nation there shall be levied, little prospect that a neutralization pact which might ensure se­ collected, and paid upon all articles coming into the United States curity can be concluded, partly because the United States probably from the Philippine Islands the rates of duty which are required to would not be willing to enter into any pact by which the United be levied, collected, and paid upon like articles imported from States would guarantee Philippine territ orial integrity and inde­ other foreign countries." The amendments to the act which were pendence, and partly because Japan has renounced the idea of any approved and accepted in 1939 did not change this provision. pact to "guarantee the freedom, integrity, or neutrality of another Thus, on and after July 4, 1946, as the law now stands, there nation." will be no trade preferences in the trade relations between the NAVAL BASES Philippines and the United States. On the other hand, the retention by the United States of naval The act, while providing for no trade preferences after inde­ bases in the Philippines after independence would in effect guar­ pendence, did, however, require a later consideration of Philippine­ antee Philippine independence. American trade relations after independence by providing, in effect, . 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 13909 that at least 1 year prior to July 4, 1946, there shall be held a con­ the past 3 or 4 years have not been such as to make reciprocity ference of representatives of the two Governments "for the pur­ successful when it is based on the most-favored-nation principle; pose of formulating recommendations as to future trade relations that is, on the principle of nondiscrimination. This historic policy between" the United States and the Philippines after independence. oi the United States may not be adapted to the abnormal conditions As the act definitely provides for no trade preferences after now prevailing in the world and which may continue to prevail for independence, this provision for a conference can only be inter­ a generation or mere to come. · preted as indicating that the question of trade preferences after Trade preferences and trade reciprocity are not the same. Trade independence would again be considered. Statements by President preferences imply discrimination against other nations, while trade Roosevelt when he recommended the approval of the act by Con­ reciprocity does not. In fact, all reciprocal-trade ageements en­ gress, and by the Philippine Legislature in its resolution accepting tered into by the United States contain the most-favored-nation the act, also makes this clear. clause, so that, with the sole exception of Cuba, a reduction of the Accordingly, early in 1937, a joint Philippine and American com­ duty for the products of one nation applies automatically to the mittee was set up "to study trade relations between the United products of all other nations which in their trade relations do not States and the Philippines and to recommend a program for the discriminate against the United States. Thus a reciprocal-trade adjustment of Philippine national economy." This was within the agreement between the United States and the Ph111ppines would give requirements of the act, which imposed no limitations whatever to no trade preferences to the Philippines, for whatever concessions the trade relations between the two countries which might be con­ were granted to the Philippines would be equally applicable to most sidered or recommended by the conference which Congress au­ other countries. thorized. It-is on trade preferences, rather than on trade reciprocity, with Unfortunately, however, the executive departments of the two the United States that Philippine economy has been based, and Governments, althoug_h not required by law to do so, undertook to it is the loss of trade preferences which would result in disaster limit the scope of the work of the committee by stating that "it to the Philippines. was further agreed that preferential trade relations between the RECAPITULATION United States and the Philippines are to be terminated at the earliest practicable date consistent with affording the Philippines a It thus is evident that for the Philippines' neutralization, naval reasonable opportunity to adjust their national economy. There­ bases and trade preferences are real proble~ which wm not be after it is contemplated that trade relations between the two easy to solve. Furthermore, none of these problems can be cquntries will be regulated in accordance with a reciprocal trade solved independently of the other two, for, as I have said before, agreement on a nonpreferential basis." This is taken from a joint all three problems are interrelated and the solution of one affects statement signed by the present High Commissioner, Mr. Francis B. the solution of the others. Thus, should neutralization be effected, Sayre, who then was Assistant Secretary of State, and by President United States naval bases probably could not be retained by the Manuel L. Quezon. United States in the Philippines, for neutralization and naval The Joint Preparatory Committee on Philippine Affairs, limited bases are incompatible. This was recognized at the time the orig­ by these instructions, formulated recommendations for the exten­ inal Philippine Independence Act was drafted. President Hoover, sion of trade preferences after independence in accordance with a in his veto message, stated, "The bill makes no effective provision plan by which they would each year after independence have been for the maintenance of their independence thereafter from out­ progressively reduced until by the end of 1960 they would have side pressure, except a prom~se of effort on our part toward neu­ been completely eliminated. These recommendations were em· tralization. We have the option to continue the maintenance of bodied in a bill which was presented to Congress early in 1939. military and naval bases. Other nations are unlikely to become In support of the principle which was laid down in the joint parties to neutralization if we continue such bases, and neutraliza­ statement above quoted, Mr. Sayre stated at hearings on the b1ll tion is a feeble assurance of indepe:t;tdence in any event unless we before the -Senate Committee on Territories and Insular Affairs: guarantee it." "It has been the historic policy of the United States for more than Former Senator Cutting, one of the sponsors of the act, in com­ a century to carry on its trade and commerce with foreign coun­ menting on the message of the President, said, "I do not think tries on the most-favored-nation basis, or, in other words, on the there is any inconsisten<;y in the option given the President of basis of equality and nondiscrimination. Every preference granted entering into a neutralization agreement or of maintaining m11i­ exclusively to one nation constitutes a discrimination against all tary and naval bases. He does not have to do either one. Obviously others; and discrimination invites retaliation, counterdiscrimina­ he cannot do both. If at any time the United States should enter tion, and rising trade barriers. A preferential trade arrangement into a neutralization agreement with other nations about the between nations is a form of barrier which, particularly in recent Philippines, one of the terms of such agreement would certainly be years, we have been striving earnestly to eliminate. To continue our withdrawal from our military and naval bases. · It is impossible indefinitely, or to declare that we intend to continue indefinitely a to argue to the contrary." preferential arrangement with the Philippines after their inde­ This reasoning applies with equal force to trade preferences, which, pendence would, therefore, be in a direct confllct with our funda­ if granted, must be reciprocal. Neutralization presumes equality mental commercial policy of nondiscrimination and trade liberali­ of treatment for the products of all nations which agree thereto. zation. The single exception to our historic poltcy is the case of If the United States were given indefinitely trade preferences in Cuba. Such an exception should not be extended." the Philippines it is doubtful whether other nations, whose prod­ The National Foreign Trade Council of the United States "took ucts would thus indefinitely be discriminated against in the Philip- issue with the principles enunciated • • • which had restricted . pines, would be willing to assume the obligations which neutraliza­ the recommendations of the Joint Preparatory Committee, and tion presumes. No other nation can be expected to guarantee a clearly showed that severance of preferential trade relations with preferred economic position for the United States in the Philip­ the Philippines would cause far greater injury to our trade relations pines; and, therefore, the United States is not likely to seek such than would their maintenance." guaranty. While, theoretically, the recommendations of the cOmmittee pro­ On the other hand, if the United States were to retain naval vided for a continuation of trade preferences until 1961, practically bases in the Ph111ppines, it would be in the interest of the United that would not have been the case, for long before 1961 the prefer­ States to continue, at least for a considerable period of time, trade ences would have been of little value either to the United States preferences in the trade relations with the Philippines. or to the Philippines. Long before the full duties were applied and Most students of Philippine economy agree that if such trade preferences were terminated most Ph111ppine industries which are preferences are terminated when Philippine independence is recog­ dependent on the American market would have found the prefer­ nized, Philippine economic and social stab111ty will be jeopardized. ences insufficient to permit survival. With naval bases in the Philippines the United States would have The Senate committee tabled the bill as to trade relations after a real interest in such stability, for instability might require inter­ independence. Congress did, however, approve a bill amending the vention and, with naval bases, the United States could not permit provisions of the Philippine Independence Act as to trade relations Intervention by another nation. until independence, and, further, amended the provision for a con­ The best assurance of stability is the maintenance of the Philip­ ference to the effect that a conference shall be held at least 2 years pine level of living. If that falls as a result of the closing of the prior to July 4. 1946, and that of the American members three shall United States tariff door to Ph111ppine products, and if, at the same be Senators appointed by the President of the Senate, three shall be time, there were to be a curtailment of social services, internal Representatives appointed by the Speaker of the House and three difficulties might quickly develop. The events of the last 10 years shall be appointed by the President of the United States.' show that in many countries economic distress has led to dis­ This means that a new conference is to be held between repre­ astrous social upheavals, revolutions, or dictatorships; demagogs sentatives of the two Governments for the consideration of trade thrive on dissatisfaction and poverty. relations after independence. Thus, like a dog chasing his tall, we go around in a circle. Neu­ Whether the recommendations of the Joint Preparatory Commit­ tralization is not likely to afford security or to be attainable, and, tee as to the trade relations after independence were tabled because if it were, neither naval bases nor trade preferences could be re­ the Senate committee was unwilling to endorse the principle enunci· tained. Naval bases, while probably making necessary the continu::t­ ated as to trade preferences or the particular plan which was recom­ tion of trade preferences, probably are not feasible for the United mended by the committee or whether from the point of view of the States after complete independence. Naval bases are incompatible Philippines for sinister reasons is immaterial. The fact is that the with neutralization and independence. Trade preferences are con­ principle has not, as to the Philippines, been approved by Congress trary to the century-old policy of the United States and thus may and that a new conference is to be held. Thus the question of trade be incompatible with independence. · preferences has not yet been finally determined. The complete independence of the Ph111ppines seemingly ts as­ Nevertheless, we must recognize · that the ·policy of the United sured. But the problems of neutralization, naval bases, and trade States as to trade preferences as enunciated by Mr. Sayre is the preferences have not been solved. historic policy of the United States, and that under that policy From the maze of inconsistencies and incompatibilities it may trade preferences and Independence are incompatible. On the other be possible to extract a solution, but one would be foolhardy who hand, there are authorities who state that world conditions during today would predict what that solution w111 be. 13910 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 12 The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a previous special then take it over and make it a communistic republic, if order, the gentleman from California [Mr. LELAND M. FoRD] possible. is recognized for 5 minutes. This destructive program of the C. I. 0. goes against my . THE C. I. 0. grain, and I say here and now that I would like to see this Mr. LELAND M. FORD. Mr. Speaker, I have just cut out Congress snap these people back to the position in which of the Santa Monica Outlook an article dated December 6, they belong, headed Sound Truck Used by the C. I. 0. in Effort To Win I want to say for the benefit of the Congressmen that they need not fear this group; that they do not represent a ma­ Over Workers at Douglas Aircraft Co. Factory. I presume you jority of our people, nor anywhere near a majority; but they men know that these agitators work day and night to cause are the loud-mouthed, noisy minority, well organized. We all the unrest, dissatisfaction, and dissension that they can. have had plants employing a thousand employees wherein What is behind all of this C. I. 0. program; to have the C. I. 0. less than 100 have made their wishes prevail over the ma­ take over and run the aircraft factories, our shipbuilding jprity. These people, therefore, do not represent the con­ industry, our lumber industry, steel, automobiles, and all of structive labor movement. They never have and they never these plants that are so necessary to carry on the progr~m will. The only way that they have gotten by is through their of our national defense? ruthless tactics of coercing and beating up men, threatening Let us become realists and look this thing in the face. The men, throwing stink bombs into men's homes, threatening C. I. 0. opposed the national-defense program from its in­ to attack their families, and a program of general destruction. ception. They opposed the Neutrality Act. They . oppose_d They do · not represent 5 percent of labor, but, through their conscription, and I believe it will be conceded that by their noisy, loud-mouthed representations, one would think they every act they have done everything they possibly could to were a majority. The time has come when the C. I. 0. move­ disturb, disrupt, and destroy the national-defense program. ment, with their sit-down strikes, their communistic, Euro­ We all know that many of these so-called leaders-but, pean tactics, will have to go; and I hope before this program really, the misleaders--of the union movement have been goes much further, before it is delayed and sabotaged, that made up of racketeers, highjackers, Communists, and danger­ legislation will be enacted which will throw these C. I. O.'s . ous alien criminals, such as Harry Bridges. We all know out of their now dominating position. Meeting the question . that these misleaders of men in these destructive labor unions fairly, it resolves itself into this: Is this a country still of are Communists, fellow travelers, or persons who hold vie~s the American people, by the people, and for the people, or is that would destroy this Government, and that now that their it going to be run by a bunch of European Communists, of golden opportunity is here to destroy our national-defense the C. I. 0., by the C. I. 0., and for the C. I. 0.? program, they are going to make the most of it. Let us look [From the Radio Officers Union, San Francisco, Calif., December 6, at the facts. In their attempt. to destroy airplane produc­ 1940] tion they called a strike at Vultee; they stopped delivery of To West Coast Radio Officers: · planes that are necessary to our Army for training of our It may interest radiomen, particularly A. C. A. men, to learn that men; they are ·strikii,lg against the shipbuilding operators; on or about November 8, 1940, A. C. A. Marine Local 6, Seattle, was raided by a person or persons unknown and a large amount of there have been jurisdictional strikes that have slowed down printed Communist propaganda was removed from the !?remises. A and interfered with our national-defense program; they are clean sweep was made of the place, taking down posters, pictures, advocating and putting into effect strikes in the forests, inter­ magazines, pamphlets, books, and just about everything in sight fering with our lumber industry; they have made the state­ that smacked of Moscow. The Local 6 secretary, T. J. Van Ermen, who has been such a diligent worker for Joseph Stalin for many ment that they are going to take over all industry, including years lost his entire library, which included the complete works of air plants, automobile plants, shipbuilding, steel plants, Earl 'Browder, Z. R. Foster, and many other pro-Soviet writers. lumber industry, and shipping; and I understand the sub­ Included in the loot were complete lists of "who's who" in the marine division of A. C. A. and a much-thumbed book containing stance of a remark made by Mr. Sidney Hillman was that a plan to sovietize America. This pla':l P?inted out the posit_ive "industry had better get aboard or take the consequences." necessity of seizing control of commumcat10ns and transportation Does it· seem possible, in what has been called free America, in order that at a given signal from Moscow Communists could that through the leadership of the C. I. 0. and Sidney Hill­ completely tie up the entire country. Immediately after the raid Mervyn Rathborne resigned from the man', this program can be stopped, our national-defense pro­ A. c. A. and the C. I. 0. Jake Winocur, Boston A. C. A. delegate, gram sabotaged, and this country not only left defenseless also disappeared when news of the Seattle raid reached the east but eventually turned over to the Communists? coast. Roy Pyle, Herr H;anson, and F. W. Robinson, ex-secretary of Local 2, New York, probably having received word that the raids Does it seem fair that the C. I. 0. group, no matter what were coming, ducked out of sight long ago. Chester Jordan and the wage schedule is, appear to want more? That no matter Comrade Yurgionas are now feeling the heat of a Government in­ what the working conditions are, they can take exception vestigation and, along with Van Ermen, will no doubt turn up to them and cause trouble, riots, strikes, and dissension, and missing shortly. Does all this make sense? Is it not a fulfillment of what the C. T. U. long ago promised would eventually happen? get away with it, while, on the other hand, this country has The question now is, Who is pulling these raids on A. C. A. drafted the manpower of the country and hundreds of thou­ marine division locals? Is it the F . B. I.? We wouldn't know. sands of men have had to leave their businesses, which they But we do know that much evidence is being collected, and for a purpose. We also know that C. T . U. members and the many have built up, upon which they were making hundreds of A. c. A. men who have secretly joined C. T. U. will not become dollars a month, and willingly and patriotically accept $30 involved in the coming purge. per month? Contrast these men who are willing to lay down These are indeed serious times. Communist traitors disguised as their lives for their country, to make the supreme sacrifice labor leaders have for years been undermining our democratic form of government. They have attacked the Dies committee be­ to defend the country, with the racketeers and saboteurs who cause Mr. DIES has exposed them. They have attacked the Depart­ refuse to cooperate in a program to furnish them with ma­ ment of Justice for the same reason. Their attack on the A. F. terials with which to defend the country. If there is no of L., and particularly the C. T. U., has come as a direct result of our fight to purge Communists from the American merchant place else to put them; every one of them who is spreading marine. this dissension should be placed in a concentration camp, . It has often been said that radiomen are meek, timid, and where they will be safe; but not in the Army, where they cowards. But have you heard anyone lately saying that about C. T. U. members? You bet you haven't. We took on a fight may further carry on their program of sabotage. against tremendous odds when the A. C. A.-N. M. U. combine was I should think that every mother and every father and going to town. Many of us took beatings at the hands of N. M. U. every relative of every man who has been drafted would goon squads. Many of us lost our jobs when the A. C. A.-N. M. U. rightfully resent the demands of this destructively com­ forced shipowners to fire us. That was 3 years ago. Today we are on top. The c. T. U. is the dominant radio oflicers' union, and in munistic C. I. 0., European labor movement. control on the east and Gulf coasts. The "Commies" are now on the These men who have gone into the draft have willingly run. and patriotically made their sacrifices, but not the C. I. 0. Our fight to purge the American merchant marine of Communists is nearly won. It will be completely won when west . coast radio group. They are going to make the defense program of this oflicers throw off their fear of the Rathborne-Curran-Bndges clique country cost as much as possible in their correlated program and join hands with C. T. U. men as free Americans. We will then to first destroy the financial structure of this country and have unity-the American kind. 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 13911 Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to revise and ex• in just the same way, therefore you have nothing to lose if tend my own remarks in the RECORD and to include a radio you follow us." officers' union publication, dated December 6 to follow con- . Mr. LELAND M. FORD. If the gentleman had listened to secutively the remarks I have just made. ' my speech, he would have noticed that I referred to the The SPEAKER pro tempore