Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Report by: Trysor

For: Roger Parry & Partners

November 2017

Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

By

Jenny Hall, MCIfA & Paul Sambrook, MCIfA Trysor

Trysor Project No. 2017/580

For: Roger Parry & Partners

November 2017

38, New Road Gwaun-cae-Gurwen Ammanford Carmarthenshire SA18 1UN www.trysor.net [email protected]

Cover photograph: The northeastern field of the proposed development, looking east. Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

RHIF YR ADRODDIAD - REPORT NUMBER: Trysor 2017/580

DYDDIAD 26ain Tachwedd 2017 DATE 26th November 2017

Paratowyd yr adroddiad hwn gan bartneriad Trysor. Mae wedi ei gael yn gywir ac yn derbyn ein sêl bendith.

This report was prepared by the Trysor partners. It has been checked and received our approval.

JENNY HALL MCIfA Jenny Hall

PAUL SAMBROOK MCIfA Paul Sambrook

Croesawn unrhyw sylwadau ar gynnwys neu strwythur yr adroddiad hwn.

We welcome any comments on the content or structure of this report.

38, New Road, 82, Henfaes Road Gwaun-cae-Gurwen Tonna Ammanford Neath Carmarthenshire SA11 3EX SA18 1UN 01639 412708 01269 826397

www.trysor.net [email protected]

Trysor is a Registered Organisation with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists and both partners are Members of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, www.archaeologists.net

Jenny Hall (BSc Joint Hons., Geology and Archaeology, MCIfA) had 12 years excavation experience, which included undertaking watching briefs prior to becoming the Sites and Monuments Record Manager for a Welsh Archaeological Trust for 10 years. She has been an independent archaeologist since 2004 undertaking a variety of work that includes upland survey, desk-based appraisals and assessments, and watching briefs.

Paul Sambrook (BA Joint Hons., Archaeology and Welsh, MCIfA, PGCE) has extensive experience as a fieldworker in Wales. He was involved with Cadw’s pan-Wales Deserted Rural Settlements Project for 7 years. He also undertook Tir Gofal field survey work and watching briefs. He has been an independent archaeologist since 2004 undertaking a variety of work including upland survey, desk-based appraisals/assessments, and watching briefs.

Contents

1. Summary 1

2. Copyright 2

3. Introduction 2

4. The Development 4

5. Methodology 4

6. The Development Site 6

7. Archaeological Overview 6

8. Historical Overview 16

9. Data Collation 21

10. Assessment of Significance 22

11. Assessment of Impact 29

12. Discussion 45

13. Conclusion 46

14. Reporting 49

15. References 49

16. Reliability and limitations of sources 51

Appendix A: Written Scheme of Investigation 59

Appendix B: Gazetteer of historic assets within 500 metres 70

Appendix C: Scheduled Monuments within 500 metres to 5 km 181

Appendix D: Listed Buildings within 500 metres to 1km 186

Appendix E: Geophysical Report 192 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

1. Summary 1.1 This historic environment assessment has been undertaken by Trysor to examine likely impacts on the historic environment from a proposed development on land to the west and northwest of Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, planning application P/2017/1062 (Powys).

1.2 A site visit was undertaken by Trysor to examine the location of the development. Information was also gathered on the indirect impacts on historic assets within the wider landscape, and on their setting.

1.3 A geophysical magnetometry survey was undertaken across the whole of the development site by Ian Brooks of Engineering Archaeological Services in 2017 to inform this assessment, see Appendix E.

1.4 The assessment studied the direct and indirect impacts on all recorded historic assets within an area measuring 500 metres in radius, focused on SJ2701418959, the centre of the development. The Clwyd Powys Archaeological Trust Historic Environment Record, and data from RCAHMW and Cadw was consulted. Historical mapping was also consulted as well as aerial photographs and LiDAR.

1.4.1 In addition the indirect impact on the significance of all Listed Buildings within a 1 kilometre radius of SJ2701418959 and Scheduled Monuments within a 5 kilometre radius of SJ2701418959 was assessed.

1.5 There are 8 Scheduled Monuments within a 500 metre to 5km radius of the development. None of these would experience any impacts from the proposed development, see Appendix C.

1.6 There are 11 Listed Buildings within a 500 metre to 1km radius of the development. There would be no significant impacts from the proposed development, see Appendix D.

1.7 There are no Registered Parks & Gardens within the 1 kilometre radius.

1.8 The development site does not lie within a Registered Historic Landscape.

1.9 There would be a Low or Very Low, indirect visual impact and impact on setting for 4 historic assets within the 500 metre radius assessment area.

1.10 There is cropmark and geophysical evidence (Brooks, 2017) showing clearly that features of archaeological interest are found within the development site, see Appendix E. Nineteen of these features would experience a Very High, Direct, physical impact from the proposed

1 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

development, one would experience a High, direct, physical impact and 6 would experience a Moderate, direct, physical impact.

1.11 Further archaeological mitigation will be necessary in association with this development. Pre-decision evaluation should be considered to more fully understand the significance of the buried archaeology and a trench layout has been discussed with the Development Control Archaeologist at Clwyd Powys Archaeological Trust.

2. Copyright 2.1 Trysor holds the copyright of this report. Further copies may be made of this report without gaining permission to reproduce but it must be noted that Figures 2, 9, 10, 11 and 12 include other copyrighted material and should not be copied.

3. Introduction 3.1 Roger Parry & Partners LLP, The Estates Office, 20 Salop Road, Oswestry, Shropshire, SY11 2NU commissioned Trysor heritage consultants, on behalf of their client, to undertake an historic environment desk-based assessment and evaluation for proposed residential development and associated works, land adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB, see Figure 1.

3.2 Prior to the outline planning application being submitted, the proposal was commented on by the Development Control Section, Curatorial Services, at the Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust (CPAT, 2017). The Development Control Section, Curatorial Services, CPAT, recommended that a desk-based assessment, geophysical survey and pre- determination archaeological evaluation was undertaken before the planning application was determined.

3.2.1 It was clearly stated that if planning consent was forthcoming that it was highly likely that full excavation prior to development would be a condition.

3.3 Cadw also commented on the planning application (Cadw, 2017c). Their response was there was insufficient information relating to the survival of Offa’s Dyke as an archaeological feature within the development site. An archaeological evaluation would therefore be required with respect to the potential section of Offa’s Dyke which may pass through the western edge of the development area.

3.4 The Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment (CIfA, 2014a) and Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation (CIfA, 2014b) was used to write a Written Scheme of Investigation for a desk-based

2 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

assessment and the initial evaluation in the form of a geophysical survey.

3.5 The processes included in Heritage Impact Assessment in Wales (Cadw, 2017a) and the Setting of Historic Assets in Wales (Cadw, 2017b) was used to guide this assessment.

Figure 1: Location of the proposed development, showing the 500 metre, 1 kilometre and 5 kilometre radius assessment areas.

3 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

4. The development 4.1 It is proposed that a residential development of up to 49 dwellings is built within an area currently occupied by three fields to the east of the A483 in Four Crosses, planning application reference number P/2017/1062.

5. Methodology 5.1 The desk-based assessment considered the following, see Figure 1:

 Scheduled Ancient Monuments within a 5 km radius circle centred on SJ2701418959 (see Figure 1), as required in Cadw’s Guidance on the Setting of Historic Assets (Cadw, 2017, 11)  Listed Buildings within a 500 metre to 1km radius circle centred on SJ2701418959 (see Figure 1)  All other non-statutory historic assets recorded within a 500 metre radius circle centred on SJ2701418959 (see Figure 1)

5.2 This developed an understanding of the archaeology and landscape of the surrounding area and enabled an assessment of any direct or indirect impacts, including impact on setting and therefore impact on significance. Historic assets within 500 metres have been given an ID number for the purposes of this report, other reference numbers, such as regional HER PRNs are cross referenced in Appendix B.

5.3 Data from the regional Historic Environment Record held by Clwyd Powys Archaeological Trust was acquired for the 500 metre assessment. Data on designated historic assets was supplied by Cadw.

5.4 Historic mapping was consulted. The maps used included the early 19th century Ordnance Survey Original Surveyors Drawings, as well as late 19th and 20th century 1:2500 scale Ordnance Survey mapping and the parish tithe map.

5.5 A site visit was made by Trysor to the development site, and the surrounding area, on September 20th, 2017. Visible archaeological features within the area that would be directly affected by the development were searched for and any other historic assets on which there may be a direct impact recorded. The wider landscape was studied taking note of topography, vegetation and structures and the impact on the setting and therefore the significance of historic assets (Cadw, 2017a & 2017b).

5.6 Geophysical survey in the form of a magnetometry survey was undertaken in September 2017 by Ian Brooks of Engineering Archaeological Services Ltd (report reproduced in Appendix E).

4 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

5.7 Aerial photographs on Google Earth, dating to 2006, 2008 and 2009 were used to inform the assessment as well as aerial photographs from 2013 available from the Welsh Government Aerial photographic unit online. LiDAR data of 0.5 metre resolution was available for most of the assessment area.

5.8 Modern mapping was used to assess current public access.

5.9 All information gathered during the desktop assessment, site visit and geophysical survey was entered into a bespoke database created in Access 2003 to form an assessment dataset.

5.10 The final dataset is the source of the material output in this report, including the GIS mapping which illustrates the location of historic assets in the area, and the tables and appendices which provide detailed information on the historic assets within the study area.

5.11 Each of the records in the final assessment datasets was assessed for Period, Rarity, Documentation, Group Value1, as well as Evidential Value, Historical Value, Aesthetic Value, Communal Value2 and Setting3. Once these had been considered the significance of each historic asset was determined and scored in accordance with the categories adopted by the Welsh Archaeological Trusts i.e. Nationally Important, Regionally Important, Locally Important, Minor and Features Needing Further Investigation (Unknown), see Figure 4. Full details of this exercise and the significance of each historic asset are given in Appendix B and shown on Figure 9.

5.12 The Direct and Indirect impact on each historic asset was assessed taking into account both physical and non-physical impacts. Each type of impact was assessed as to whether it was Positive, Negative or Neutral, and the level of impact within the scale Very Low, Low, Moderate, High and Very High, taken into account the significance of the historic asset and the nature of the impact. The impact of setting was assessed according to the Setting of Historic Assets in Wales (Cadw, 2017b). It was then considered as to whether this impact affected the significance of the historic asset (Stage 3, Section 4 Page 6, Cadw 2017b)

1 Period, Rarity, Documentation and Group Value are criteria defined in the Welsh Office Circular 60/96, 1996. 2 Evidential Value, Historical Value, Aesthetic Value and Communal Value are criteria defined in Cadw’s Conservation Principles publication, 2011. 3 Setting as defined in Cadw’s Setting of Historic Assets, 2017 5 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

6. The Development Site 6.1 The development site is located in three adjacent pasture fields to the west and northwest of the farmhouse of Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Powys, at the northern edge of Four Crosses village. The surrounding landscape is relatively flat, with gentle undulations. To the west of the site is the former Welshpool to Oswestry turnpike road, known as The Street locally. Houses and cottages are spread along this road, with the village school also bordering the western edge of the southern portion of the proposed development site.

6.2 The underlying bedrock belongs to the Allt-tair-ffynnon Formation, which includes siltstone and mudstone which was formed approximately 453 to 455 million years ago during the Ordovician Period when the local environment would have been dominated by deep sea conditions. The bedrock is overlain by Devensian glaciofluvial sheet deposits, deposited during the last Ice Age and including sands and gravels.

7. Oldfield: Archaeological Overview 7.1 Oldfield Farm is found within an archaeologically-rich landscape which has attracted a considerable level of interest during the past three decades. The main focus of archaeological activity has been within the Parc Hafod housing development, which lies immediately to the south of the proposed development site.

During the early 1980s, CPAT investigated a group of Bronze Age ring ditches in the vicinity, which had been identified as cropmarks on aerial photographs in the area surrounding Four Crosses (Warrilow et al, 1986). In the late 1980s, CPAT investigated a series of undated pit alignments, also seen on aerial photographs, across the wider landscape around Four Crosses (Owen & Britnell, 1989). It has been evident since that time that there are prehistoric funerary monuments in the wider landscape, and also that the pit alignments and other evidence of ancient field boundaries extended across the landscape to the east of Four Crosses and also underlying the village. This includes the area around Oldfield Farm, where possible ring ditches, boundary ditches and a trackway have been identified as cropmarks within the proposed development site itself.

This concentration of evidence focused considerable attention on Four Crosses during the following two decades, as new housing estates were built around the village core and road and service improvements were also added.

Between 2002 and 2007, a series of archaeological evaluations and excavations were undertaken in advance of the development of the Parc Hafod housing estate, Four Crosses. In 2002, CPAT undertook a desktop survey, with Archaeophysica carrying out a geophysical survey of the proposed housing site (Jones, 2002). In 2003, thirteen evaluation

6 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

trenches were opened at the Parc Hafod site by Marches Archaeology (Kenney, 2003) to explore some of the features identified by the geophysical survey of the previous year. Work at Parc Hafod culminated with the excavation in 2004 to 2006 of a large area by Cotswolds Archaeology in advance of the construction (Cotswolds Archaeology, 2007).

J.C. Halsted has also undertaken research and small-scale excavation in the area as part of his PhD study of Late Neolithic and Bronze Age settlement in the Welsh Border region (Halsted, 2011). Halsted provided a useful overview of the evidence at Four Crosses, but also further demonstrated that the area of archaeological interest extended beyond the village and into the landscape around Oldfield Farm.

A detailed report of the Cotswold Archaeology excavations was published in 2017 (Havard et al, 2017), documenting that the number of known ring ditches and barrows in the area had increased to 27, and also that there were individual cremation burials outside the monuments.

These investigations demonstrated that Parc Hafod and Four Crosses was the focus of significant activity from the late Neolithic and Bronze Age, through to the Iron Age, Roman and Early Medieval periods.

7.2 Palaeolithic and Mesolithic (250,000BC – 4,000BC). 7.2.1 There are no records of artefacts or sites associated with the Palaeolithic period within a 500 metre radius of the proposed development site.

7.2.2 The excavation of the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age barrow cemetery at Four Crosses in 1984 (Warrilow et al, 1986) found some evidence of Mesolithic activity (ID number 49). This included two samples of residual charcoal which gave radiocarbon dates to the 6th millennium BC. They also discovered small flint blades and a retouched blade thought to be of Mesolithic type. Although the Mesolithic finds were out of context, due to later prehistoric disturbance, they would appear to indicate that there was indeed activity in the wider district during the Mesolithic.

7 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

7.3 Neolithic and Earlier Bronze Age (4000BC – 1500BC). 7.3.1 There is evidence of significant Neolithic and Early Bronze Age activity within a 500 metre radius of the proposed development site. A concentration of funerary and ritual sites at the site of the Parc Hafod housing estate in Four Crosses was of particular significance and indicates the presence of settled, organised and sophisticated agricultural communities in the district from the fourth to second millennia BC.

7.3.2 Most of these monuments survived as sub-surface features, identified from aerial photographs or by geophysical survey and explored from the early 1980s onwards. The excavation of the whole Parc Hafod site was ultimately undertaken in advance of the destruction of many of these features when the housing estate was developed circa 2004- 2006.

7.3.3 A number of significant Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age funerary monuments still survive in the wider landscape. Five ring ditches were known to exist at Four Crosses by the end of the 20th century and excavations undertaken by CPAT in the 1980s indicated that these were of Beaker to Early Bronze Age date. These include examples from Four Crosses, and within the wider landscape to the east of the village (e.g. PRNs 50554 & 3600), which were excavated by CPAT in 1984-85 and produced artefact evidence of late Neolithic, Beaker activity and radiocarbon dates demonstrating activity from the late Neolithic into the Middle Bronze Age. One of the ring ditches excavated at this time, (ID number 56) was located within the proposed development area.

7.3.4 The excavations undertaken at Parc Hafod between 2004 and 2006 by Cotswolds Archaeology threw much more light on the extent and complexity of the prehistoric and later archaeology of Four Crosses. It allowed for the identification of a total of 27 ring ditches and barrows in the area. The 8 ring ditches of the cemetery group identified by previous workers were numbered 1 to 8, but the numbering sequence was increased by Cotswolds to 27, all now referred to as barrows. A concordance table below, Table 1, gives reference numbers used by Cotswold Archaeology in the published 2017 report, ID numbers used by Trysor in this report and CPAT HER PRNs, with the numbering used in site names. Barrows 2, 3 and 8 (Cotswold Archaeology numbers) had been excavated by CPAT in the 1980s, and barrows 9-20 (Cotswold Archaeology numbers) excavated in 2004-2006. It was noted that the barrows are set out as a roughly linear group on a north-south alignment.

7.3.5 It is important to note that of these barrows 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18 and 19 (Cotswold Archaeology numbers) were too shallow or slight to produce either cropmarks or geophysical readings – they were only

8 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

identified during the complete excavation of the site. This has implications for any future archaeological work in the vicinity as it indicates that cropmarks and geophysical survey may not reveal the true extent of archaeological remains around Four Crosses.

7.3.6 It is also important to note that Cotswolds Archaeology report (Havard et al, 2017) that there remains a lack of certainty in the dating of some of the monuments and features and a securely dated sequence is still lacking. Dating evidence is sparse and precision on the sequence of monument building and burials is not possible. Few radiocarbon dates were obtained as there was insufficient material to sample (Barrow 9 had charred plant remains in small quantities which could not be dated, for instance). Two graves within Barrow 12 included some grains and nut shells, but these were not suitable for radiocarbon dating. A single cremation set apart from the barrows gave an early Bronze Age date and dates from Barrows 14 and 15 suggest that construction of the funerary barrows continued into the early Iron Age. The implication is that the barrow cemetery was in use for over 2,000 years.

7.3.7 Interestingly, two inhumation burials were excavated by Cotswolds Archaeology (Havard et al, 2017, 33-34) which had been truncated by the cuts of ring ditches. This may indicate that there was a burial tradition associated with the site before the main period of barrow building began.

Cotswolds Trysor CPAT CPAT HER NGR Excavated Archaeology ID HER Barrow- (Yes or Barrow No. Number Primary cemetery No) Havard et al in this Reference number in 2017 report Number site name 1 56 50559 Site 1 SJ2702818926 Yes 2 51 50525 Site 2 SJ2708218814 Yes 3 5 5372 Site 3 SJ2708018740 Yes 4 55 50556 Site 4 SJ2720518841 Yes 5 - 50517 Site 5 SJ2752619195 Yes 6 - 6423 Site 6 SJ2755019180 Yes 7 - 50554 Site 7 SJ2811019390 Yes 8 11 6129 - SJ2707618798 Yes 9 29 38091 Ring Ditch SJ2711618711 Yes IV 10 25 38087 Ring Ditch SJ2709718725 Yes III 11 - - - SJ2708118730 Yes 12 - - - SJ2709818731 Yes 13 - - - SJ2710818743 Yes 14 24 38086 Ring Ditch II SJ3708218769 Yes 15 - - - SJ2707018763 Yes 16 91 128667 Ring Ditch SJ2706818774 Yes VI

9 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Cotswolds Trysor CPAT CPAT HER NGR Excavated Archaeology ID HER Barrow- (Yes or Barrow No. Number Primary cemetery No) Havard et al in this Reference number in 2017 report Number site name 17 - - - SJ2706318781 Yes 18 - - - SJ2707618791 Yes 19 - - - SJ2709018788 Yes 20 88 128166 Ring Ditch V SJ2706618841 Yes 21 18 23661 Ring Ditch I SJ2692819033 No 22 2 3630 Ring Ditch 2 SJ2729019120 No 23 - 38112 - SJ2814119488 No 24 - 38110 - SJ2826819198 No 25 - 38114 - SJ2866118875 No 26 - 2504 - SJ2866918736 No 27 - - - SJ2683018900 Yes - 57 70709 - SJ2685019250 No - 1001 - - SJ2691519065 No Table 1: Concordance table giving the different reference numbers used in various sources. No one source at present has records for all currently known ring ditches/barrows in Four Crosses/Llandysilio

10 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Figure 2; The extent of the 2004-2006 excavations at Parc Hafod, Four Crosses, also showing the Iron Age pit alignments and Romano-British field system underlying the area and some of the barrows in the wider landscape. Surviving sections of Offa’s Dyke are also shown (Published in Tim Havard, Timothy Darvill & Mary Alexander (2017) A Bronze Age Round Barrow Cemetery, Pit Alignments, Iron Age Burials, Iron Age Copper Working, and Later Activity at Four Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys, Archaeological Journal, 174:1, 1-67, DOI:10.1080/00665983.2017.1238687)

11 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

7.4 Later Bronze Age and Iron Age (1500 BC – AD43). 7.4.1 Across most parts of Wales there is considerable evidence for settlement during the Iron Age, a period characterised by the remains of hillforts and defended enclosures, some excavated examples of which have been found to have their origins in the late Bronze Age. There are no such Iron Age settlements recorded within 500 metres of the proposed development site, but there are several recorded, scheduled hillforts within a 5km radius, including the large Llanymynech Hill Camp (scheduled monument MG030), 2.6km to the north and the smaller Bryn Mawr Camp (scheduled monument MG158) 1.7km to the west.

7.4.2 There is rare and significant evidence of Iron Age industrial and agricultural activity at Four Crosses itself, again revealed by the complete excavation of the Parc Hafod housing site in the period 2004-2006.

7.4.3 As early as the 1980s, aerial photography had identified an area of pit alignments mostly extending eastwards from Four Crosses village. Excavations on the A483 bypass route to the west of the village in 2010 (Jones & Grant, 2011), showed that the pit alignments also extend in that direction (ID Number 92). Geophysical surveys and excavations were also carried out in the early 21st century at Parc Hafod (Cotswolds Archaeology, 2007) and in the landscape further to the east (Halsted, 2011) to attempt to better understand these features. One pit alignment (ID number 89) identified by geophysical survey in 2002 was verified during an evaluation excavation before the Parc Hafod site was developed. Three trenches crossed the line of the pit alignment and identified three round pits as well as two rectilinear pits. A radiocarbon date of 385-115BC was obtained from one of these pits, indicating that its fill was of later Iron Age date. This has been taken as evidence that the pit alignments which can be traced across the area are of Iron Age origin and that they probably represent land divisions of the period.

7.4.4 Further evidence of Iron Age activity was found during the excavation of a Bronze Age Ring Ditch (ID number 51) by CPAT in 1984. This excavation uncovered an Iron Age hearth (ID number 52) and two adjacent pits partly overlaying the Ring Ditch. Oak, ash and gorse charcoal within the pits were dated to 180±60bc. When Cotswold Archaeology excavated the whole site in 2004-2006, they found the remains of a significant copper smelting site dating to the mid- to late- Iron Age. The evidence included a series of furnace pits and slag deposits (Havard, Darvill & Alexander, 2017, 16) and further radiocarbon dates from the primary fill of one of the furnace pits which dates the features to the middle to later Iron Age (370-110 cal.BC). This also puts the period of metalworking activity into the same period as when the pit alignments were perhaps falling out of use and becoming infilled.

12 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

7.5 Roman (AD43 – AD410) 7.5.1 There is some evidence of activity during the Roman period within a 500 metre radius of the proposed development site. The possible line of a Roman road has been recorded to the west of Four Crosses village (CPAT PRN 87449) although no archaeological evidence has been found to demonstrate its existence. Two finds of Roman jewellery have been recorded in the same area, namely two Dolphin brooches (ID numbers 84 & 86). Some thirty sherds of poorly preserved Roman pottery were also found during excavations at the Parc Hafod housing development in 2004-2006, indicating a focus of activity here during Roman times (Havard et al, 2017, 23).

7.5.2 Some indications of a Romano-British field system, represented by a series of infilled ditches (ID number 1015), had been identified and partly excavated in 2003 and 2005 at the site of the Parc Hafod housing development (Kenney, 2003; Cotswolds Archaeology, 2005). The 2017 report into the Parc Hafod excavations revealed more fully the evidence which allowed the dating of the ditches to the Roman period. This consisted of the boundary ditches of a rectilinear field system, set out on a north-northwest to south-southeast alignment. To the west of this was a second series of boundary ditches on a northwest-southeast alignment which included apparent rectilinear enclosures at its northern end. The ditches had been periodically recut, with the surviving fill including small quantities of Severn Valley Ware, dating to the 2nd to 4th century AD date demonstrating that the field systems are of Roman date.

7.6 Early Medieval (AD410 – AD1100). 7.6.1 There is little evidence of Early Medieval activity within 500 metres of the proposed development, despite one of the finest Early Medieval monuments in the British Isles, Offa’s Dyke (ID number 19), passing along the western side of the proposed development site. The Dyke is thought to have been constructed to mark the border between Powys and Mercia in the 8th century AD, initially at the behest of the Mercian king Offa. Although substantial sections of the bank and ditch survive in the modern landscape, the section which approaches Four Crosses from the north is thought to be obscured beneath the modern A483 road. It reappears as an upstanding earthwork in the southern part of the village, where the remains are protected as a scheduled monument (SAM Number MG033). A geophysical survey undertaken in 2017 for this assessment (Brooks, 2017) has shown that there are two parallel, linear features (ID numbers 1003 and 1004) running through the northern part of the proposed development site which could correspond with a missing section of the Dyke. Archaeological evaluation would be required to examine the character of these features before this can be verified however. There is no surface indication of the Dyke in this area and archaeological interventions just

13 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

to the south have not identified any trace of the Dyke on this alignment (Grant I.,2009a & 2009b & Hankinson, R., 2007), strengthening the possibility that the Dyke lies beneath the A483 as it runs north from Four Crosses.

7.6.2 The only other recorded evidence of Early Medieval activity in the assessment area comes from an excavation of the Bronze Age Ring Ditch (ID number 51) by CPAT in 1984 (Warrilow, W. et al, 1986). This ring ditch lay within what became the Parc Hafod housing development site. An iron javelin head and an iron spearhead of Early Medieval type, probably of 6th or 7th century date, were found in the upper fill of the ring ditch. These artefacts appeared to be associated with a small cemetery group of five single inhumations. These graves were aligned east to west, in the Christian tradition, but a radiocarbon date of 100±70bc from one of the graves would put the burials into the late Iron Age or early Roman period. However, it was acknowledged by the excavators that a mixed sample had been supplied for dating and that the radiocarbon date was likely to be misleading. An Iron Age hearth was also present nearby and material associated with activity around the hearth could well have become mixed with later deposits. According to the regional HER record, in 2005, Cotswolds Archaeology undertook further excavations in the same area and identified another seven graves. Cotswolds Archaeology dated these to the Roman period on the basis of sherds of Roman pottery found in one grave (Havard et al, 2017, 21). Clearly, there is an element of doubt about the true date of this small cemetery group, but CPAT continue to record them as being of likely Early Medieval date in the regional HER, and CPAT’s most recent review of the evidence has also led them to conclude an Early Medieval date (Jones, N.W. & Hankinson, R, 2011) although this predates the Havard et al report in 2017.

7.7 Medieval (AD1100 – AD1539). 7.7.1 There is relatively little recorded evidence of Medieval activity within the assessment area. The most significant historic asset dating to the period is the parish churchyard, within which the present St. Tysilio’s church stands. The medieval church no longer survives, however, as it was removed and replaced by the present building (ID number 12) in 1867-68.

7.7.2 Despite this relative paucity of archaeological evidence, much of the wider district would have been settled and well-organised during the Medieval period.

7.7.3 It is possible that some farmsteads within the assessment area are of medieval origin, although their present farmhouses and buildings are outwardly of post-medieval or modern character. One local example of a listed medieval building, found 660 metres to the north of the

14 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

proposed development site, is the Rhandregynwen Cowhouse Range (Listed Building ID number 8512), which is a rare survival of a late medieval, cruck-framed, hall house.

7.7.4 During excavations in advance of the construction of the A483 bypass to the west of Four Crosses village, a late-medieval corn drying kiln (ID number 87) was discovered in a field just to the south of the parish church. The kiln was radiocarbon dated to the 15th-17th century and is evidence of the potential for the survival of medieval or later features in the local landscape.

7.7 Post Medieval & Industrial (AD1539 – present day). 7.7.1 Many of the sites recorded within a 500 metre radius of the proposed development site date to the Post Medieval period.

7.7.2 Many of the historic assets of Post Medieval date relate to the settlement, agriculture and land management of the area during the past five centuries, including farmsteads, field boundaries, cottages and houses.

7.7.3 An important group of buildings of post medieval date are associated with the development of Four Crosses as a village during Victorian times. These include the former Police Station (ID number 72), Railway Station, Creamery (PRN 96032), public houses (ID numbers 14), Independent Chapel (ID number 21) and the village school (ID number 20).

15 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

8. Oldfield Farm: Historical overview 8.1 The proposed development site consists of three adjacent pasture fields which form part of Oldfield Farm, formerly known by its Welsh version, Cae Hen. All three fields are of post-medieval date and are defined by hedgerow boundaries.

8.2 Historic maps show the area from the mid-18th century onwards. John Roques Map of Shropshire, dating to 1752, is the earliest map showing any detail of the area, see Figure 3. This shows that the area to the southeast of Llandysilio parish church described as “Domgay Common”, which may indicate that the land around Oldfield was not completely enclosed even by the mid-18th century. The map does not provide sufficient detail to be certain of the extent of cultivation at this point in history however. Roque clearly shows the line of Offa’s Dyke on his map, running north to south through the Llandysilio area. He shows the Dyke passing to the west of Llandysilio church, which may call into question the accuracy of his depiction as the line of the Dyke is currently thought most likely to follow the line of the Four Crosses to Llanymynech road known as The Street, which passed east of the parish church.

Figure 3; An excerpt of Roque’s Map of Shropshire

16 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

8.3 Within a decade of Roques’ map being published, the construction of the turnpike road network in the area had seen the creation of new and better roads between Welshpool and Oswestry. One branch of the turnpike road network ran through the Four Crosses area to ford the Vyrnwy south of Llanymynech. This section of the turnpike road later became known as The Street. This is clearly depicted on John Cary’s Map of England and Wales, which dates to 1794, see Figure 4.

Figure 4; An excerpt of Cary’s Map of England and Wales, 1794

8.4 The earliest map showing the property is the Ordnance Survey’s Original Surveyors Drawings, Shrewsbury sheet, surveyed in 1817, see Figure 5. The Original Surveyors Drawings represent the first detailed map series of the whole country. They do not generally map field boundaries in detail and no details of any field system are shown on the 1817 map for the area around Oldfield Farm. This map shows Oldfield farm, as well as a small settlement known as Street and the site of the Four Crosses Inn, which later gave its name to the village.

Figure 5: The faint 1817 Ordnance Survey Original Surveyors Drawing shows Cae Hen / Oldfield farm and the area of the proposed development (encircled here). This map clearly seems to show that Offa’s Dyke had been built over by the turnpike road at Street.

17 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

8.5 The Ordnance Survey published their 1 inch to 1 mile scale First Series maps for the area in 1836 (Sheet 60) and 1838 (Sheet 74), see Figure 6. These maps are based on the 1817 survey. These again do not map field systems, but Caen Hen (Oldfield Farm) is shown as well as the small village of Street. Note that the Ordnance Survey depict “Offa’s Dyke” differently on the two maps. To the north they marked the road to Llanymynech as “Offa’s Dyke” suggesting that the 18th century turnpike road had been built over the Dyke. To the south they showed Offa’s Dyke continuing as a line to the east of the road known as The Street, parallel and immediately to the west of Cae Hen/Oldfield farm and potentially within the proposed development area.

Figure 6; An excerpt of the 1836 First Edition Ordnance Survey Map. This map appear to show Offa’s Dyke continuing as a line to the east of the road known as The Street, parallel and immediately to the west of Cae Hen/Oldfield farm and potentially within the proposed development area.

18 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

8.6 The first detailed map of the field system of the area is the Llandysilio parish tithe map of 1840, see Figure 7. This map is the first to show a clear depiction of the field system of the district. Cae Hen/Oldfield house and buildings are shown in field parcel 407. The field system around the farmyard is very different to that seen in the modern landscape. Field parcel 396 is still recognisable and is the northernmost of the three fields included in the proposed development site. Field parcel 406 lies to its south. This field is still recognisable, and its eastern side forms the southern part of the proposed development site, although its western side has already been built over and is now the location of the village school and two houses. The third field in the proposed development site lies to the north of Oldfield farmhouse but had not been created at the time of the tithe survey. This field is an amalgamation of field parcel 397 and part of field parcel 404, both shown on the tithe map.

Figure 7; An excerpt of the 1840 Llandysilio parish tithe map with the approximate area of the proposed development shaded green.

19 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

8.7 The accompanying parish tithe apportionment, which dates to 1839, records the details of the four field parcels which are now part of the proposed development site. The owner of Cae Hen/Oldfield farm at that time was John Arthur Lloyd, and the tenant was one Francis Evans. The fields were named as follows; 396 Road Field, 397a Ysbaddaden (part of), 404 Stubble, 406 Cae Hean.

8.8 The First Edition 1:2500 scale Ordnance Survey map of 1886 shows the field system around the proposed development site to be similar in most respects to the picture presented by the modern layout, see Figure 8. It would appear that changes had been made during the late 1860s, when the railway line was constructed just to the east of Cae Hen/Oldfield farmyard. At this time it would seem that the field parcels numbered 397a and part of 404 on the tithe map were merged as a new field, 254 on 1886 Ordnance Survey map. The 1901, Second Edition of the 1:2500 map shows a very similar picture, although by that time the village school had been constructed at the eastern edge of the field numbered as 406 on the parish tithe map.

Figure 8; An excerpt of the 1886, 1:2500 scale Ordnance Survey map. The dotted line to the east of the road known as The Street represents the predicted line of Offa’s Dyke.

20 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

9. Data Collation 9.1 The CPAT HER enquiry for the 500 metres radius assessment area yielded 135 records for historic assets.

9.2 Out of the 135 records, 40 were removed from the project dataset;

 8 records were duplicates of other records  1 was for a Place name only with no physical historic asset  1 was for the settlement  1 was part of the church and not needed  9 were administrative records of Offa’s Dyke with no additional information  8 were for collections of features  3 were recorded in the wrong place, or appeared to be in the wrong place from analysis of the evidence  9 were findspots, either from metal-detecting, fieldwalking, or excavation but not linked to specific feature.

For fuller details see Section 16.

9.3 Fifteen new records were created in the project database by Trysor for this project, most of these for anomalies detected during the geophysical survey, see section 11.11.

9.4 After the site visit, the historic map search, the evaluation and the rapid assessment of the readily available data the final dataset for the 500 metres radius assessment area contained 110 records for historic assets.

9.5 Eleven Listed buildings within 500 metre to 1 kilometre were assessed separately for indirect impacts that would impact on the significance of the historic asset.

9.6 Eight Scheduled Monuments within 500 metre to 5 kilometres were also assessed separately for indirect impacts that would impact on the significance of the historic asset.

21 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

10. Assessment of Significance 10.1 The significance of each historic asset was determined and scored in accordance with the categories adopted by the Welsh Archaeological Trusts i.e. Nationally Important, Regionally Important, Locally Important, Minor and Features Needing Further Investigation (Unknown), see Table 2 and Figure 9. Full details of the results of this exercise are given in Appendix B.

10.2 Within the 110 records there were seven Listed Buildings and one Scheduled Monument.

Table 2: Significance of assessed historic assets ID Significance of Historic Asset Historic Asset Name Number Historic Asset Status FOUR CROSSES BARROW Nationally Important 5 CEMETERY, SITE 3 LLANDYSILIO CHURCH Nationally Important Listed Building 12 (ST TYSILIO) LLANDYSILIO CHURCH Nationally Important Listed Building 13 (ST TYSILIO), YARD FOUR CROSSES, Nationally Important Listed Building 14 GOLDEN LION HOTEL FOUR CROSSES, Nationally Important Listed Building 15 `STREET HOUSE' 19 OFFA'S DYKE Nationally Important Scheduled Monument LLANDYSILIO, 'THE OLD Nationally Important Listed Building 20 SCHOOL' FOUR CROSSES, Nationally Important Listed Building 21 DOMGAY CHAPEL FOUR CROSSES, Nationally Important Listed Building 22 `DOMGAY HOUSE' FOUR CROSSES BARROW Nationally Important 55 CEMETERY, SITE 4 (BRONZE AGE) FOUR CROSSES BARROW Nationally Important 56 CEMETERY, SITE 1 (BRONZE AGE) FOUR CROSSES BARROW Nationally Important 85 CEMETERY FOUR CROSSES BARROW Regionally Important 2 CEMETERY, DOMGAY LANE RING DITCH 2 FOUR CROSSES BARROW Regionally Important 11 CEMETERY, SITE 2 (SATELLITE RING DITCH) FOUR CROSSES BARROW Regionally Important 18 CEMETERY, RING DITCH I

22 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID Significance of Historic Asset Historic Asset Name Number Historic Asset Status FOUR CROSSES BARROW Regionally Important 24 CEMETERY, RING DITCH II FOUR CROSSES BARROW Regionally Important 25 CEMETERY, RING DITCH III FOUR CROSSES BARROW Regionally Important 29 CEMETERY, RING DITCH IV FOUR CROSSES BARROW Regionally Important 49 CEMETERY, SITE 2 (MESOLITHIC) FOUR CROSSES BARROW Regionally Important 50 CEMETERY, SITE 2 (NEOLITHIC) FOUR CROSSES BARROW Regionally Important 51 CEMETERY, SITE 2 (BRONZE AGE) FOUR CROSSES BARROW Regionally Important 52 CEMETERY, SITE 2 (IRON AGE) FOUR CROSSES BARROW Regionally Important 53 CEMETERY, SITE 2 (DARK AGE) FOUR CROSSES BARROW Regionally Important 54 CEMETERY, SITE 2 (DARK AGE) FOUR CROSSES BARROW Regionally Important 88 CEMETERY, RING DITCH V FOUR CROSSES, Regionally Important 89 DOMGAY LANE, PIT ALIGNMENT I FOUR CROSSES BARROW Regionally Important 91 CEMETERY, RING DITCH VI FOUR CROSSES FIELD Locally Important 1 SYSTEM FOUR CROSSES FIELD Locally Important 10 SYSTEM, PARSON'S LANE FOUR CROSSES FIELD Locally Important 26 SYSTEM, LINEAR CROPMARK I FOUR CROSSES FIELD Locally Important 27 SYSTEM, LINEAR CROPMARK II FOUR CROSSES BARROW Locally Important 33 CEMETERY, RING DITCH V 23 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID Significance of Historic Asset Historic Asset Name Number Historic Asset Status 35 CAE HEN TRACKWAY Locally Important FOUR CROSSES BYPASS, Locally Important 59 GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY AREA 4/5, ENCLOSURE CHURCH HOUSE FARM; Locally Important 67 LLANDYSILIO FARM FOUR CROSSES, MAES Locally Important 70 OFFA MILESTONE FOUR CROSSES, Locally Important 71 CHURCH HOUSE POST BOX FOUR CROSSES, Locally Important 72 LLANDYSILIO POLICE STATION FOUR CROSSES, BRYN Locally Important 73 OFFA COTTAGE FOUR CROSSES, STREET Locally Important 74 FARM FOUR CROSSES, Locally Important 75 SHAFTESBURY OUTBUILDINGS FOUR CROSSES, ROSE Locally Important 76 COTTAGE FOUR CROSSES, BRYN Locally Important 79 OFFA FOUR CROSSES, Locally Important 81 CHURCH HOUSE OUTBUILDING II FOUR CROSSES, BOW Locally Important 84 BROOCH LLANDYSILLIO, DOLPHIN Locally Important 86 BROOCH LLANDYSILIO CORN Locally Important 87 DRYING KILN FOUR CROSSES PIT Locally Important 92 ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT A FOUR CROSSES PIT Locally Important 93 ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT B FOUR CROSSES PIT Locally Important 94 ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT D FOUR CROSSES PIT Locally Important 95 ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT E 1015 OLDFIELD Locally Important

24 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID Significance of Historic Asset Historic Asset Name Number Historic Asset Status FOUR CROSSES RIDGE Minor Importance 3 AND FURROW II STREET FARM RIDGE Minor Importance 4 AND FURROW FOUR CROSSES BARROW Minor Importance 8 CEMETERY, DOMGAY LANE RING DITCH 5 DOMGAY LANE HOUSE Minor Importance 17 SITES FOUR CROSSES FIELD Minor Importance 28 SYSTEM, LINEAR CROPMARK III BRIDGE HOUSE LINEAR Minor Importance 30 CROPMARK I BRIDGE HOUSE LINEAR Minor Importance 31 CROPMARK III BRIDGE HOUSE LINEAR Minor Importance 32 CROPMARK II FOUR CROSSES FIELD Minor Importance 42 SYSTEM, LINEAR CROPMARK I FOUR CROSSES FIELD Minor Importance 43 SYSTEM, LINEAR CROPMARK III HAULFRE LINEAR Minor Importance 44 CROPMARK FOUR CROSSES, THE Minor Importance 61 CLAWDD, TRENCH 3, PITS FOUR CROSSES, THE Minor Importance 62 CLAWDD, TRENCH 8, DITCH I FOUR CROSSES, THE Minor Importance 63 CLAWDD, TRENCH 8, DITCH II FOUR CROSSES, THE Minor Importance 64 CLAWDD, TRENCH 9, DITCH FOUR CROSSES, THE Minor Importance 65 CLAWDD, TRENCH 3, POST HOLE FOUR CROSSES, THE Minor Importance 66 CLAWDD, TRENCH 4, PIT FOUR CROSSES, Minor Importance 68 GOLDEN LION HOTEL, STRUCTURE

25 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID Significance of Historic Asset Historic Asset Name Number Historic Asset Status FOUR CROSSES, Minor Importance 69 GREENWOOD RIDGE AND FURROW FOUR CROSSES, STREET Minor Importance 77 COTTAGE 78 FOUR CROSSES, SMITHY Minor Importance FOUR CROSSES, Minor Importance 80 CHURCH HOUSE OUTBUILDING I FOUR CROSSES, Minor Importance 82 CHURCH HOUSE GRAVEL PIT FOUR CROSSES, ROSE Minor Importance 83 COTTAGE, RIDGE AND FURROW FOUR CROSSES BARROW Unknown 6 CEMETERY, DOMGAY LANE RING DITCH 3 FOUR CROSSES BARROW Unknown 7 CEMETERY, DOMGAY LANE RING DITCH 4 FOUR CROSSES PIT Unknown 9 CIRCLE 16 LLANDYSILIO CROPMARK Unknown FOUR CROSSES PIT Unknown 23 ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT G 34 CAE-HEN ENCLOSURE Unknown 36 RECTORY TRACKWAY Unknown FOUR CROSSES PIT Unknown ALIGNMENTS, 37 ALIGNMENT B (WESTERN SECTION) 38 CAE-HEN ENCLOSURE Unknown FOUR CROSSES PIT Unknown 39 ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT F DOMGAY LANE LINEAR Unknown 40 CROPMARK FOUR CROSSES PIT Unknown 41 ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT H FOUR CROSSES PIT Unknown 45 ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT I DOMGAY LANE LINEAR Unknown 46 CROPMARK II

26 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID Significance of Historic Asset Historic Asset Name Number Historic Asset Status FOUR CROSSES FIELD Unknown 47 SYSTEM FOUR CROSSES PIT Unknown 48 ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT J FOUR CROSSES BYPASS, Unknown 57 GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY AREA 1, RING DITCH FOUR CROSSES BYPASS, Unknown 58 GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY AREA 1, DITCH FOUR CROSSES BYPASS, Unknown GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY 60 AREA 9, BANK AND DITCH FOUR CROSSES, Unknown 90 DOMGAY LANE, PIT ALIGNMENT II 1001 OLDFIELD Unknown 1002 OLDFIELD Unknown 1003 OLDFIELD Unknown 1004 OLDFIELD Unknown 1005 OLDFIELD Unknown 1006 OLDFIELD Unknown 1007 OLDFIELD Unknown 1008 OLDFIELD Unknown 1009 OLDFIELD Unknown 1010 OLDFIELD Unknown 1011 OLDFIELD Unknown 1012 OLDFIELD Unknown 1013 OLDFIELD Unknown 1014 OLDFIELD Unknown

27 LandLand AdjacentAdjacent toto OldfieldOldfield Farm,Farm, FourFour Crosses,Crosses, Llanymynech,Llanymynech, SY22SY22 6RB6RB Desk-BasedDesk-Based AssessmentAssessment P/2017/1062P/2017/1062 (Powys)(Powys)

00 150150 300300

6767 8080 1212 8080 metresmetres 8282 1313 8282    8181   8181     7171 8484  7171 2020 5757 2323 1616 5858  8787  8787  3636   88  9292   1010  22  1010 1,0021,002 1,0081,008  1,0021,002 1,0061,006 1,0011,001  99 1,0091,009 3939  77 1,0071,007 1,0091,009  3939  77  4040   4646 7070  4747 3434 8686  1818     11 1,0041,004   9494  1,0041,004  9494  4545    9393 1,0031,003  3535 1,0031,003  3737  4141  1,0101,010 9595 7979 1,0051,005  1,0101,010     5656 7373  1,0131,013 1,0131,013  3838 1,0111,011 7676  1,0141,014   1,0141,014 5252 5050  4343 4242 7272 8888 5454 5050 5151 4242  33  8383 7272  5454  1,0121,012   5555  66  8585  7878 1,0151,015    5353 5959  4949 6868 4949     1111  9090  8989 1414  2424 Proposed development area 2727   1717 1919 2626   7474  9191  3030 350 metre radius assessment area  55 2828  1515  2525  3131 Significance of Historic Assets 2121 2929  4848  Locally Important (25) 44  3232 6060 7777 3232 Minor Importance (24) 2222 4444  Nationally Important (12)    7575 Regionally Important (15) 6969  7575 6969  Unknown (34)   3333 6565 6666 6363 6161 Ancient and Semi Natural Woodland  6262   Plantation on Ancient Woodland Site OrdnanceOrdnance SurveySurvey ©© CrownCrown CopyrightCopyright 2015.2015. AllAll rightsrights reserved.reserved. LicenceLicence numbernumber 100022432100022432  6464 Figure 9: The 500 metre assessment area showing significance of historic assets, labelled with Project ID number 2828 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

11. Assessment of Impact 11.1 The Direct and Indirect impact on each historic asset was assessed taking into account both physical and non-physical impacts, and whether the impact was Positive, Negative or Neutral. Each impact was assessed within the scale Very Low, Low, Moderate, High and Very High, taken into account the significance of the historic asset and the nature of the impact. A full table is found in Appendix B but a summary is tabulated in Table 3 below and illustrated in Figure 11.

Table 3: Impact on assessed historic assets within the 500 metres assessment area Level of Level of Level of ID Historic Asset Site Historic Asset Direct Indirect Impact on Number Name Type Impact Impact Setting FOUR CROSSES RING DITCH Very High None None 18 BARROW CEMETERY, RING DITCH I CAE-HEN ENCLOSURE Very High None None 34 ENCLOSURE 35 CAE HEN TRACKWAY TRACKWAY Very High None None CAE-HEN DEFENDED Very High None None 38 ENCLOSURE ENCLOSURE FOUR CROSSES ROUND BARROW Very High None None BARROW CEMETERY, 56 SITE 1 (BRONZE AGE) OLDFIELD RING DITCH Very High None None 1001 (POSSIBLE) 1002 OLDFIELD UNKNOWN Very High None None 1003 OLDFIELD UNKNOWN Very High None None 1004 OLDFIELD DITCH (POSSIBLE) Very High None None 1005 OLDFIELD DITCH (POSSIBLE) Very High None None 1006 OLDFIELD HEARTH (POSSIBLE) Very High None None 1007 OLDFIELD UNKNOWN Very High None None 1008 OLDFIELD HEARTH (POSSIBLE) Very High None None OLDFIELD PIT ALIGNMENT Very High None None 1009 (POSSIBLE) 1010 OLDFIELD UNKNOWN Very High None None OLDFIELD RING DITCH Very High None None 1011 (POSSIBLE) 1012 OLDFIELD UNKNOWN Very High None None 1013 OLDFIELD UNKNOWN Very High None None 1014 OLDFIELD DITCH (POSSIBLE) Very High None None FOUR CROSSES ROUND BARROW High None None 85 BARROW CEMETERY CEMETERY FOUR CROSSES FIELD SYSTEM Moderate None None 1 FIELD SYSTEM FOUR CROSSES FIELD BOUNDARY Moderate None None FIELD SYSTEM, 27 LINEAR CROPMARK II FOUR CROSSES FIELD SYSTEM Moderate None None 47 FIELD SYSTEM

29 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Level of Level of Level of ID Historic Asset Site Historic Asset Direct Indirect Impact on Number Name Type Impact Impact Setting FOUR CROSSES RING DITCH Moderate None None 88 BARROW CEMETERY, RING DITCH V FOUR CROSSES PIT PIT ALIGNMENT Moderate None None 94 ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT D FOUR CROSSES PIT PIT ALIGNMENT Moderate None None 95 ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT E FOUR CROSSES, MILESTONE None Low Low 70 MAES OFFA MILESTONE FOUR CROSSES, HOUSE None Low Low 73 BRYN OFFA COTTAGE FOUR CROSSES, HOUSE None Low Low 76 ROSE COTTAGE FOUR CROSSES, PUBLIC HOUSE None Very Low Very Low 14 GOLDEN LION HOTEL FOUR CROSSES RING DITCH None None None BARROW CEMETERY, 2 DOMGAY LANE RING DITCH 2 FOUR CROSSES ROUND BARROW None None None 5 BARROW CEMETERY, SITE 3 FOUR CROSSES RING DITCH None None None BARROW CEMETERY, 6 DOMGAY LANE RING DITCH 3 FOUR CROSSES RING DITCH None None None BARROW CEMETERY, 7 DOMGAY LANE RING DITCH 4 FOUR CROSSES PIT PIT CIRCLE None None None 9 CIRCLE FOUR CROSSES FIELD SYSTEM None None None 10 FIELD SYSTEM, PARSON'S LANE FOUR CROSSES RING DITCH None None None BARROW CEMETERY, 11 SITE 2 (SATELLITE RING DITCH) LLANDYSILIO CHURCH None None None 12 CHURCH (ST TYSILIO) LLANDYSILIO CHURCHYARD None None None 13 CHURCH (ST TYSILIO), YARD FOUR CROSSES, HOUSE None None None 15 `STREET HOUSE'

30 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Level of Level of Level of ID Historic Asset Site Historic Asset Direct Indirect Impact on Number Name Type Impact Impact Setting LLANDYSILIO ENCLOSURE;FIELD None None None 16 CROPMARK BOUNDARY OFFA'S DYKE LINEAR None None None 19 EARTHWORK LLANDYSILIO, 'THE SCHOOL None None None 20 OLD SCHOOL' FOUR CROSSES, NONCONFORMIST None None None 21 DOMGAY CHAPEL CHAPEL FOUR CROSSES, HOUSE None None None 22 `DOMGAY HOUSE' FOUR CROSSES PIT PIT ALIGNMENT None None None 23 ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT G FOUR CROSSES RING DITCH None None None 24 BARROW CEMETERY, RING DITCH II FOUR CROSSES RING DITCH None None None 25 BARROW CEMETERY, RING DITCH III FOUR CROSSES FIELD BOUNDARY None None None 26 FIELD SYSTEM, LINEAR CROPMARK I FOUR CROSSES FIELD BOUNDARY None None None FIELD SYSTEM, (POSSIBLE); 28 LINEAR CROPMARK TRACKWAY III FOUR CROSSES RING DITCH None None None 29 BARROW CEMETERY, RING DITCH IV FOUR CROSSES RING DITCH None None None 33 BARROW CEMETERY, RING DITCH V RECTORY TRACKWAY None None None 36 TRACKWAY (POSSIBLE) FOUR CROSSES PIT PIT ALIGNMENT None None None ALIGNMENTS, 37 ALIGNMENT B (WESTERN SECTION) FOUR CROSSES PIT PIT ALIGNMENT None None None 39 ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT F DOMGAY LANE FIELD BOUNDARY None None None 40 LINEAR CROPMARK FOUR CROSSES PIT PIT ALIGNMENT None None None 41 ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT H FOUR CROSSES PIT PIT ALIGNMENT None None None 45 ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT I DOMGAY LANE FIELD BOUNDARY None None None 46 LINEAR CROPMARK II 31 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Level of Level of Level of ID Historic Asset Site Historic Asset Direct Indirect Impact on Number Name Type Impact Impact Setting FOUR CROSSES PIT PIT ALIGNMENT None None None 48 ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT J FOUR CROSSES OCCUPATION SITE None None None BARROW CEMETERY, 49 SITE 2 (MESOLITHIC) FOUR CROSSES ROUND BARROW None None None BARROW CEMETERY, 51 SITE 2 (BRONZE AGE) FOUR CROSSES HEARTH None None None 52 BARROW CEMETERY, SITE 2 (IRON AGE) FOUR CROSSES CEMETERY None None None 53 BARROW CEMETERY, SITE 2 (DARK AGE) FOUR CROSSES FINDSPOT None None None 54 BARROW CEMETERY, SITE 2 (DARK AGE) FOUR CROSSES ROUND BARROW None None None BARROW CEMETERY, 55 SITE 4 (BRONZE AGE) FOUR CROSSES RING DITCH None None None BYPASS, (POSSIBLE) 57 GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY AREA 1, RING DITCH FOUR CROSSES DITCH None None None BYPASS, 58 GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY AREA 1, DITCH FOUR CROSSES ENCLOSURE None None None BYPASS, 59 GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY AREA 4/5, ENCLOSURE FOUR CROSSES BANK AND DITCH None None None BYPASS, 60 GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY AREA 9, BANK AND DITCH CHURCH HOUSE FARMSTEAD None None None 67 FARM; LLANDYSILIO FARM FOUR CROSSES, POST BOX None None None 71 CHURCH HOUSE POST BOX FOUR CROSSES, POLICE STATION None None None 72 LLANDYSILIO POLICE STATION

32 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Level of Level of Level of ID Historic Asset Site Historic Asset Direct Indirect Impact on Number Name Type Impact Impact Setting FOUR CROSSES, FARM None None None 74 STREET FARM FOUR CROSSES, OUTBUILDING None None None 75 SHAFTESBURY OUTBUILDINGS FOUR CROSSES, HOUSE None None None 79 BRYN OFFA FOUR CROSSES, OUTBUILDING None None None 81 CHURCH HOUSE OUTBUILDING II FOUR CROSSES, FINDSPOT None None None 84 BOW BROOCH LLANDYSILLIO, FINDSPOT None None None 86 DOLPHIN BROOCH LLANDYSILIO CORN CORN DRYING KILN None None None 87 DRYING KILN FOUR CROSSES, PIT ALIGNMENT None None None 89 DOMGAY LANE, PIT ALIGNMENT I FOUR CROSSES, DITCH None None None 90 DOMGAY LANE, PIT ALIGNMENT II FOUR CROSSES RING DITCH None None None 91 BARROW CEMETERY, RING DITCH VI FOUR CROSSES PIT PIT ALIGNMENT None None None 92 ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT A FOUR CROSSES PIT PIT ALIGNMENT None None None 93 ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT B 1015 OLDFIELD DITCH None None None FOUR CROSSES OCCUPATION SITE None None 50 BARROW CEMETERY, SITE 2 (NEOLITHIC) FOUR CROSSES ROUND BARROW High None None 85 BARROW CEMETERY CEMETERY FOUR CROSSES RIDGE AND Not Not RIDGE AND FURROW assessed assessed as FURROW II as of of Minor 3 Minor Significance Significan ce STREET FARM RIDGE AND Not Not RIDGE AND FURROW assessed assessed as FURROW as of of Minor 4 Minor Significance Significan ce

33 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Level of Level of Level of ID Historic Asset Site Historic Asset Direct Indirect Impact on Number Name Type Impact Impact Setting FOUR CROSSES RING DITCH Not Not BARROW CEMETERY, assessed assessed as DOMGAY LANE RING as of of Minor 8 DITCH 5 Minor Significance Significan ce DOMGAY LANE HOUSE Not Not HOUSE SITES assessed assessed as as of of Minor 17 Minor Significance Significan ce BRIDGE HOUSE FIELD BOUNDARY Not Not LINEAR CROPMARK I assessed assessed as as of of Minor 30 Minor Significance Significan ce BRIDGE HOUSE FIELD BOUNDARY Not Not LINEAR CROPMARK assessed assessed as III as of of Minor 31 Minor Significance Significan ce BRIDGE HOUSE FIELD Not Not LINEAR CROPMARK BOUNDARY;TRACKW assessed assessed as II AY as of of Minor 32 Minor Significance Significan ce FOUR CROSSES FIELD BOUNDARY Not Not FIELD SYSTEM, assessed assessed as LINEAR CROPMARK I as of of Minor 42 Minor Significance Significan ce FOUR CROSSES FIELD BOUNDARY Not Not FIELD SYSTEM, assessed assessed as LINEAR CROPMARK as of of Minor 43 III Minor Significance Significan ce HAULFRE LINEAR FIELD BOUNDARY Not Not CROPMARK assessed assessed as as of of Minor 44 Minor Significance Significan ce

34 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Level of Level of Level of ID Historic Asset Site Historic Asset Direct Indirect Impact on Number Name Type Impact Impact Setting FOUR CROSSES, PIT;DITCH Not Not THE CLAWDD, assessed assessed as TRENCH 3, PITS as of of Minor 61 Minor Significance Significan ce FOUR CROSSES, DITCH Not Not THE CLAWDD, assessed assessed as TRENCH 8, DITCH I as of of Minor 62 Minor Significance Significan ce FOUR CROSSES, DITCH Not Not THE CLAWDD, assessed assessed as TRENCH 8, DITCH II as of of Minor 63 Minor Significance Significan ce FOUR CROSSES, DITCH Not Not THE CLAWDD, assessed assessed as TRENCH 9, DITCH as of of Minor 64 Minor Significance Significan ce FOUR CROSSES, POST HOLE Not Not THE CLAWDD, assessed assessed as TRENCH 3, POST as of of Minor 65 HOLE Minor Significance Significan ce FOUR CROSSES, PIT;DITCH Not Not THE CLAWDD, assessed assessed as TRENCH 4, PIT as of of Minor 66 Minor Significance Significan ce FOUR CROSSES, BUILDING Not Not GOLDEN LION assessed assessed as HOTEL, STRUCTURE as of of Minor 68 Minor Significance Significan ce FOUR CROSSES, RIDGE AND Not Not GREENWOOD RIDGE FURROW assessed assessed as AND FURROW as of of Minor 69 Minor Significance Significan ce

35 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Level of Level of Level of ID Historic Asset Site Historic Asset Direct Indirect Impact on Number Name Type Impact Impact Setting FOUR CROSSES, HOUSE Not Not STREET COTTAGE assessed assessed as as of of Minor 77 Minor Significance Significan ce FOUR CROSSES, BLACKSMITHS Not Not SMITHY WORKSHOP assessed assessed as as of of Minor 78 Minor Significance Significan ce FOUR CROSSES, OUTBUILDING Not Not CHURCH HOUSE assessed assessed as OUTBUILDING I as of of Minor 80 Minor Significance Significan ce FOUR CROSSES, GRAVEL PIT Not Not CHURCH HOUSE assessed assessed as GRAVEL PIT as of of Minor 82 Minor Significance Significan ce FOUR CROSSES, RIDGE AND Not Not ROSE COTTAGE, FURROW assessed assessed as RIDGE AND as of of Minor 83 FURROW Minor Significance Significan ce

11.2 Table 4 shows that most recorded historic assets within the 500 metre assessment area would not be exposed to any significant indirect, impact from the development. Buried archaeological features within the proposed development area will, however, be exposed to a significant, direct, physical impact. Full details of the assessment of direct and indirect impact for each of the historic assets in Table 2 can be found in Appendix B.

11.3 One Scheduled Monument is found within 500 metres of the proposed development area. This is part of Offa’s Dyke, which survives as an upstanding earthwork to the south of the development site.

11.4 There are seven Listed Buildings within the 500 metres assessment area. There would be a Very Low Negative, indirect, visual impact on one of these (Golden Lion Hotel, ID number 14), with a Very Low impact on its setting but no impact on its significance (see Table 2, Appendix B and Figures 9 & 11.

36 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

11.5 There are no Registered Historic Parks and Gardens within any of the assessment areas.

11.6 There are no World Heritage sites within any of the assessment areas.

11.7 The development site does not lie within a registered Historic Landscape.

11.8 The proposed development would lie within the northern part of the Arddleen LANDMAP Historic Landscape Aspect Area (MNTGMHL501), see Figure 12, which is described as; “Regular, straight-sided, lowland fieldscapes on the western side of the floodplain of the Severn valley in the Four Crosses and Llandrinio areas, north of Pool Quay. The distinctive field patterns in this area appear to represent enclosure in the late 18th and 19th centuries of lowland commons and medieval open fields, the latter represented by areas of ridge and furrow cultivation. Early settlement and land use indicated by complexes of Neolithic to Bronze Age burial and ritual monuments in the Four Crosses area and by possibly later prehistoric pit alignments and enclosed farmsteads. The early medieval Offa's Dyke crosses the area. Dispersed farmsteads and houses of medieval and post-medieval origin. Small nucleated church settlements of early medieval origin at Llantysilio and Llandrinio, with small nucleated settlement of medieval origin at Arddleen. The present-day nucleated settlements at Four Crosses and Arddleen originated in the 18th century onwards from their position on the road, railway and canal networks. The late 18th-century Montgomeryshire Canal and the dismantled later 19th-century Cambrian Railway line between Oswestry and Buttington run through the area.”

11.8.1 The overall evaluation of this aspect area is Outstanding and the justification is given as “Straggling area of regular fields occupying flat land above the Severn floodplain. The area contains significant remains of ridge and furrow field systems associated with medieval and later farms and farmsteads all of which overlie significant areas of earlier and later prehistoric settlements and burial monuments and is overlain by canal archaeology and a Turnpike road. Its complexity contributes to its high scores.”

11.9 The development area would stand in the extensive Rural Landscapes LANDMAP Cultural Landscape Aspect Area (MNTGMCL051), see Figure 13, which is described thus; “The Aspect Area is essentially a catch-all of landscapes surrounding other Aspect Areas. It reveals an eclectic mix of landscape type, from fertile lowlands to bleak moorlands, and forms a buffer between oither Aspect Areas that are more culturally distinctive or diverse. Surprisingly, there are few statutorily protected landscape types - such as SSSIs or SLAs within the area. Nevertheless, Rural Landscapes forms the background to the more detailed painting on the

37 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

canvas of Montgomeryshire, contributing greatly to the county''s soubriquet of Powis paradwys Cymru.”

11.9.1 The overall evaluation of this aspect area is High and the justification is given as “High as a varied, visually rich rural landscape of a wide topographical range that provides the framework for the Study Area as a whole”

11.10 There are no conservation areas within the 500 metre assessment area.

11.11 There is cropmark and geophysical evidence showing clearly that buried features of archaeological interest are located within the development site. Any development within the proposed development area would be likely to have a significant, direct, physical impact on this buried archaeology. Features previously identified from aerial photographs were recorded in the CPAT HER, and geophysical survey confirmed the presence of these and indicate new additional features.

11.11.1 Certain features within the development area had already been identified from aerial photographs and recorded in the regional Historic Environment Record. One feature ID number 56, HER PRN 50559 and geophysical anomaly S has already been excavated.

11.11.2 Other features have been identified from the geophysical survey carried out by Ian Brooks of Engineering Archaeological Services in 2017, see Appendix E and Table 4 and Figure 10 below.

Geophysical Regional Type of Anomaly ID HER geophysical Field Interpretation (Brooks, Number PRN? evidence 2017) A None None Ferromagnetic Field 1 Modern fencing Ferromagnetic Field 1 Metal stay for B None None electricity pole Anomaly Field 1 Unknown, possibly C 1003 None related to Offa’s Dyke Anomaly Field 1 Unknown, possibly D 1004 None related to Offa’s Dyke Anomaly Field 1 Part of field system PRN 50519, and E 1005 50519 same as ID Number 47 (O) Anomaly Field 1 Part of ring F 18 23661 ditch/barrow G 18 23661 Anomaly Field 1 Part of a ring ditch H 1002 None Anomaly Field 1 Unknown

38 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Geophysical Regional Type of Anomaly ID HER geophysical Field Interpretation (Brooks, Number PRN? evidence 2017) Anomaly Field 1 Probably a smaller I 1001 None ring ditch Ferromagnetic Field 2 Agricultural J None None machinery parked in the field Ferromagnetic Field 2 A buried hearth or K 1006 None oven, or ironwork Ferromagnetic Field 2 A buried hearth or L 1008 None oven, or ironwork M 35 38098 Anomaly Field 2 Side of trackway N 35 38098 Anomaly Field 2 Side of trackway Anomaly Field 2 Continuation of O 47 50519 Anomaly 1005 (E) Anomaly Field 2 Enclosure attached P 34 3809 to corner of Anomaly 0 Anomaly Field 2 Pit alignment? Or Q 1009 None modern service trench? Anomaly Field 2 Faint, oval feature Unnumbered 1007 None 28 metres by 18 metres Ferromagnetic Field 3 Fence around R None school playing fields Anomaly Field 3 Barrow excavated S 56 50559 1981 to 1983 Anomaly Field 3 Nothing visible in T 1013 None excavation report of barrow Anomaly Field 3 Similar in size and shape to Anomaly U 1011 None S so likely to be similar sort of feature – barrow V 1010 None Anomaly Field 3 Unknown Anomaly Field 3 Unknown, may relate to roman W 1012 None field boundaries to south in Parc Hafod Table 4: Concordance table giving Geophysical Anomaly reference, Trysor ID number, CPAT HER PRN and current interpretation of the feature

39 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Figure 10: Plotting of the geophysical anomalies labelled with the Geophysical Anomaly Reference with the Trysor ID Number for this report in brackets.

11.12 No palaeoenvironmental potential was identified at the proposed development site, which lies in well-drained pasture fields.

40 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

11.13 There are no place-names of significance have been identified on the list of Historic Place Names within the proposed development area. The name of Oldfield Farm was originally Cae Hen (Old Field), but it is not know what this name refers to.

11.14 The boundary banks around the development site are post-medieval in date and include hedged and fenced boundaries on low earthwork banks.

41 LandLand AdjacentAdjacent toto OldfieldOldfield Farm,Farm, FourFour Crosses,Crosses, Llanymynech,Llanymynech, SY22SY22 6RB6RB Desk-BasedDesk-Based AssessmentAssessment P/2017/1062P/2017/1062 (Powys)(Powys)

00 150150 300300

6767 8080 1212 8080 metresmetres 8282 1313 8282    8181   8181     7171 8484  7171 2020 5757 2323 1616 5858  8787  8787  3636   88  9292   1010  22  1010 1,0021,002 1,0081,008  1,0021,002 1,0061,006 1,0011,001  99 1,0091,009 3939  77 1,0071,007 1,0091,009  3939  77  4040   4646 7070  4747 3434 8686  1818     11 1,0041,004   9494  1,0041,004  9494  4545    9393 1,0031,003  3535 1,0031,003  3737  4141  1,0101,010 9595 7979 1,0051,005  1,0101,010     5656 7373  1,0131,013 1,0131,013  3838 1,0111,011 7676  1,0141,014   1,0141,014 5252 5050  4343 4242 7272 8888 5454 5050 5151 4242  33  8383 7272  5454  1,0121,012   5555  66  8585  7878 1,0151,015    5353 5959  4949 6868 4949     1111  9090  8989 1414  2424 2727   1717 1919 2626   7474  9191  3030  55 Development Area 2828  1515  2525  3131 2121 2929 500 metre assessment area  4848  44  3232 Level of Impact 6060 7777 3232 2222 4444  No Impact    7575 High Direct Negative 6969  7575 6969  Moderate Direct Negative   3333 No Direct, Low Indirect Negative, Low Negative on Setting 6565 6666 6363 No Direct, Very Low Indirect Negative, Very Low Negative on Setting 6161  6262 Very High Direct Negative   OrdnanceOrdnance SurveySurvey ©© CrownCrown CopyrightCopyright 2015.2015. AllAll rightsrights reserved.reserved. LicenceLicence numbernumber 100022432100022432  6464 Figure 11: The 500 metre assessment area showing the direct and indirect impact on recorded historic assets, labelled with Project ID number 4242 LandLand AdjacentAdjacent toto OldfieldOldfield Farm,Farm, FourFour Crosses,Crosses, Llanymynech,Llanymynech, SY22SY22 6RB6RB Desk-BasedDesk-Based AssessmentAssessment P/2017/1062P/2017/1062 (Powys)(Powys)

00 150150 300300 MNTGMHL715MNTGMHL715 00 150150 300300 DyffrynDyffryn MeifodMeifod metresmetres

MNTGMHL501MNTGMHL501 ArddleenArddleen

Development Area

500 metre assessment area

MNTGMHL231MNTGMHL231 LANDMAP Historic Landscape Aspect FourFour CrossesCrosses Overall Evaluation High Low ContainsContains NaturalNatural ResourcesResources WalesWales informationinformation Moderate ©© NaturalNatural ResourcesResources WalesWales andand DatabaseDatabase Right.Right. AllAll rightsrights Reserved.Reserved. ©© NaturalNatural ResourcesResources WalesWales andand DatabaseDatabase Right.Right. AllAll rightsrights Reserved.Reserved. Outstanding OrdnanceOrdnance SurveySurvey ©© CrownCrown CopyrightCopyright 2015.2015. OrdnanceOrdnance SurveySurvey ©© CrownCrown CopyrightCopyright 2015.2015. Unassessed AllAll rightsrights reserved.reserved. LicenceLicence numbernumber 100022432100022432

Figure 12: The 500 metre assessment area showing the LANDMAP Historic Landscape aspect, labelled with LANDMAP Aspect Area Number and Name 4343 LandLand AdjacentAdjacent toto OldfieldOldfield Farm,Farm, FourFour Crosses,Crosses, Llanymynech,Llanymynech, SY22SY22 6RB6RB Desk-BasedDesk-Based AssessmentAssessment P/2017/1062P/2017/1062 (Powys)(Powys)

00 150150 300300 metresmetres

MNTGMCL003MNTGMCL003 VyrnwyVyrnwy RiverRiver ValleyValley

MNTGMCL051MNTGMCL051 RuralRural LandscapesLandscapes

Development area

500 metre assessment area LANDMAP Cultural Landscape Aspect Overall Evaluation High Low ContainsContains NaturalNatural ResourcesResources WalesWales informationinformation Moderate ©© NaturalNatural ResourcesResources WalesWales andand DatabaseDatabase Right.Right. AllAll rightsrights Reserved.Reserved. Outstanding OrdnanceOrdnance SurveySurvey ©© CrownCrown CopyrightCopyright 2015.2015. AllAll rightsrights reserved.reserved. LicenceLicence numbernumber 100022432100022432

Figure 13: The 500 metre assessment area showing the LANDMAP Cultural Landscape aspect, labelled with LANDMAP Aspect Area Number and Name 4444 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

12. Discussion 12.1 A significant amount of archaeological excavation has been undertaken undertaken on land immediately adjacent to the proposed Oldfield development site, and across the wider area, since the 1980s. This body of information is available to help interpret the characteristics of many of the features showing up as anomalies on the geophysical survey undertaken to inform this assessment (Brooks, 2017).

12.2 A review of the literature relating to previous archaeological work at and around Four Crosses, in particular the Cotswolds Archaeology report on excavations undertaken in 2004-2006 at the adjacent Parc Hafod housing development site (Havard et al, 2017), identifies a number of themes;

12.2.1 Extensive excavations at Parc Hafod and on the A483 bypass produced relatively scant dating evidence.

12.2.2 Surprisingly little was found in terms of artefact evidence to help date the main features. Even the Roman boundary ditches have been dated on the basis of a very small number of sherds.

12.2.3 Very few radiocarbon dates have been obtained from previous excavations, as there seems to have been insufficient suitable material for dating.

12.2.4 Those features which showed up strongly as geophysical anomalies and as cropmarks at Parc Hafod and elsewhere in the Four Crosses area have been found to be relatively well-preserved upon excavation.

12.2.5 Area excavations at Parc Hafod have identified many features, including barrows, which are less well-preserved and which did not show up on either geophysical surveys or as cropmarks prior to excavation. Undisturbed areas within the proposed development site may therefore have more potential than is immediately apparent.

12.2.6 The line of Offa's Dyke, north of the Scheduled section to the south of the village school, has not been identified despite several different evaluations being undertaken along its predicted course (Hankinson, 2007; Grant, 2009; Jones, 2009). Historic mapping does not resolve the position of the Dyke in the area of the proposed development site and there is no surface trace of the monument.

12.2.7 In summary, it seems unlikely that limited archaeological evaluation within the proposed development site would produce significant dating evidence. This has occurred previously in the area. In 1999, Cambrian Archaeological Projects dug 7 trenches further south at The Clawdd (Halfpenny, 2000) but produced no dating evidence of worth, identifying only a jumble of features of unknown period and function.

45 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

13. Conclusion 13.1 There is no significant impact on historic assets, either indirect or direct, physical or visual, beyond the boundaries of the proposed development site.

13.2 There is evidence of significant, buried archaeological remains within the proposed development area. These features are identifiable as cropmarks and/or anomalies detected by geophysical survey.

13.3 Previous excavations on adjacent and nearby sites allows for the interpretation of some of the main buried feature within the proposed development site, which appears to include evidence of prehistoric barrows and pit alignments and Roman field systems.

13.4 Following discussion with the Development Control Archaeologist at the Clwyd Powys Archaeological Trust, it is considered that a pre- determination programme of evaluation would be an appropriate response to the issues highlighted in this desk-based assessment. A proposed evaluation trench plan is included below as Figure 14 with details of the trenches in Table 5.

13.4.1 Such an evaluation should target;

 features identified through geophysical survey which cannot be readily identified (ID numbers 1002, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1010, 1011, 1012 and 1013).

 linear features ID numbers 1003 and 1004, at the northwestern part of the proposed development area. These may represent surviving elements of a lost section of Offa’s Dyke.

 areas which appear blank on the geophysical survey results and have no cropmark evidence

13.4.2 The evaluation should not disturb major features such as ring ditches (ID numbers 18 and 1001), the probable prehistoric pit alignment (ID number 1009), field system (ID number 47) and trackway (ID umber 35). These features compare with excavated examples at Parc Hafod, immediately to the south.

13.4.3 Ring ditch ID number 56 will also be excluded from the evaluation, as it was fully excavated by CPAT in the 1980s (Warrilow, 1984). Ring ditch ID number 88 should also be excluded as it underlies the boundary between Parc Hafod and Oldfield, the Parc Hafod section of the feature having been excavated in the early 21st century by Cotswold Archaeology (Havard et al, 2017).

46 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Figure 14; Proposed trench plan for the Oldfield Farm development site

47 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Trench Size Direction Reason Number 27 metres x 2 metres ENE to WSW To evaluate geophysical anomalies C 1 (1003) and D (1004), which may relate to Offa’s Dyke 25 metres x 2 metres ENE to WSW To evaluate geophysical anomalies C 2 (1003) and D (1004), which may relate to Offa’s Dyke 35 metres x 2 metres NNW to SSE To evaluate geophysical anomalies H (1002) and the archaeological 3 potential of the area with no geophysical anomalies 6 metres x 4 metres ENE to WSW To evaluate geophysical anomalies K 4 (1006) 30 metres x 2 metres ENE to WSW To evaluate un-numbered 5 geophysical anomalies (1007) 30 metres x 2 metres NNW to SSE To evaluate the archaeological 6 potential of the area with no geophysical anomalies 6 metres x 4 metres ENE to WSW To evaluate geophysical anomalies L 7 (1008) 30 metres x 2 metres NNW to SSE To evaluate geophysical anomalies V (1010) and the archaeological 8 potential of the area with no geophysical anomalies 30 metres x 2 metres NNW to SSE To evaluate geophysical anomalies S (1011) and the archaeological 9 potential of the area with no geophysical anomalies 25 metres x 2 metres ENE to WSW To evaluate geophysical anomalies T (1013) and the archaeological 10 potential of the area with no geophysical anomalies 35 metres x 2 metres NE to SW To evaluate geophysical anomalies W (1012) and the archaeological 11 potential of the area with no geophysical anomalies Table 5: Proposed trench details for the Oldfield Farm development site

48 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

14. Reporting 14.1 Copies of this report will be provided to the client, National Monument Record and the Regional Historic Environment Record.

15. References 15.1 Map sources Ordnance Survey, 1817, 2” to 1 mile Original Surveyors drawing, Shrewsbury Sheet Ordnance Survey, 1836, 1 inch to 1 mile First Edition Series, Sheet 56 Ordnance Survey, 1886, 1:2500, 1st edition Ordnance Survey, 1901, 1:2500 2nd edition Llandysilio Parish, Tithe Map, 1840 Llandysilio Parish, Tithe Apportionment, 1839

15.2 Web-based materials British Museum, 2016, Online Gallery: Ordnance Survey Drawings http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/ordsurvdraw/index.html Cynefin, 2016, Tithe Maps of Wales http://cynefin.archiveswales.org.uk/en/tithe-maps/ RCAHMW, List of Historic Placenames, https://historicplacenames.rcahmw.gov.uk/placenames/map

15.3 Published sources Cadw, 2010, Conservation Principles for the Sustainable Management of the Historic Environment in Wales Cadw, 2017a, Heritage Impact Assessment in Wales Cadw, 2017b, Setting of Historic Assets in Wales Havard, T, Darvill, T & Alexander, M, 2017, A Bronze Age Round Barrow Cemetery, Pit Alignments, Iron Age Burials, Iron Age Copper Working, and Later Activity at Four Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys, Archaeological Journal, 174:1, pp. 1-67, DOI:10.1080/00665983.2017.1238687 Owen, G and Britnell, B, 1989, Pit Alignments at Four Crosses Llandysilio Powys in Montgomeryshire Collections relating to Montgomeryshire and its Borders, Vol. 77, pp.27-40 Pryce, T, 1902, History of the parish of Llandysilio, Collections, historical & archaeological relating to Montgomeryshire Vol. 32, (1902), pp. 227- 294. Warrilow, W, Owen, G and Britnell, B, 1986, Eight Rind-ditches at Four Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys in Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society Vol, 52 pp. 53-87

49 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

15.4 Unpublished Sources Cadw, 2017c, Planning Application – Proposed Residential Development and Associated Works, Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, revised December 2014a, Standard and Guidance for an Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, revised December 2014b, Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation. Cotswold Archaeology, 2007, Post Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design, Report number 06046 CPAT, 1995, A483 Swansea to Manchester Trunk Road Improvement at Four Crosses, Powys Archaeological Assessment, Report number 154 CPAT, 1997, A483 Swansea to Manchester Trunk Road Improvement at Four Crosses, Powys Stage 3a: Geophysical Evaluation, Report number 239 CPAT, 2007, Four Crosses effluent rising main, Powys Archaeological watching brief, Report number 903 CPAT, 2011, A483 Four Crosses Bypass, Powys, Interim report on excavations in 2010, Report number 1115 CPAT, 2017, P/2017/1062 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech – Pre-determination Archaeological Evaluation. Grant, I, 2009a, Eagles Glen, Four Crosses, Powys Archaeological Evaluation, CPAT Report number 990 Grant, I, 2009b, Eagles Glen, Four Crosses, Powys Archaeological Excavation, CPAT Report number 1013 Halfpenney, I, 2000 , 'The Clawdd', Four Crosses, Oswestry: Desk-top assessment and Archaeological Evaluation. Cambrian Archaeological Projects Report Halstead, J, 2011, Settlement patterns from the Late Neolithic to the Late Bronze Age: The central Welsh border region in context, PhD for the University of Birmingham Hankinson, R , 2007 , Llandysilio School, Four Crosses, Powys, Archaeological Evaluation, CPAT Report number 902 Marches Archaeology, 2003, Land off Domgay Lane Four Crosses Powys, Report on an archaeological evaluation Report number 297 Trysor, 2017, Written Scheme of Investigation for an Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment and Evaluation for Proposed Residential Development and Associated Works, Land adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB

15.5 Data Sources Clwyd Powys Archaeological Trust, Historic Environment Record, data received 20/09/2017 – Enquiry Number E6303 Cadw, Listed Building all-Wales dataset, downloaded March 2017 Cadw, Parks and Gardens all-Wales dataset, downloaded August 2015 Cadw, Scheduled Ancient Monument all-Wales dataset, downloaded March 2017 Cadw, Registered Historic Landscapes dataset, supplied June 2014

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16. Reliability & Limitations of Sources 16.1 In line with the requirements of the CIfA Standards & Guidance notes for Desk-based Assessments (CIfA, 2017, Point 3.3.6), the following observations on the usefulness and reliability of the sources used have been made.

16.2 The cartographic sources used include a range of Ordnance Survey maps produced during the 19th and 20th centuries, most of which provided sufficiently clear and accurate representations of the evolving landscape of the assessment area.

16.2.1 The earliest map source was the 1830 Ordnance Surveyors Original Surveyors Drawings, of which digital copies are available through the British Museum website.

16.2.2 The parish tithe map and apportionment of 1840 and 1839 are available for inspection at the National Library of Wales and on the Cynefin website “The Tithe Maps of Wales”. The tithe map and apportionment are both clear and informative sources.

16.3 The main source of data for the assessment was the Clwyd Powys Archaeological Trust HER. The HER data contained many records for features identified from cropmarks, geophysical survey and excavations. Some of these records were duplicated causing some confusion. Some of the evaluations provided little useful information, other than undated features which could be pits or ditch terminals. The final report in 2017 on the Cotswold Archaeology excavations in 2007 has not been added to the HER records. Table 6 below tabulates comments on data provided.

16.4 Data from the National Monuments Record was informative and generally accurate, but limited in the number of records and their relevance to the assessment.

16.5 Data from Cadw on Listed Buildings gave a reasonable level of detail.

16.6 Google Earth aerial images of the assessment area were also used online and provide reasonable coverage for the whole assessment area.

16.7 LiDAR imagery available from Natural Resources Wales was of good quality for this area, and helped confirm existing sites, but did not show any new features in close proximity to the development site.

16.8 RCAHMWs’ List of Historic Placenames in Wales website was consulted but held no information of relevance to this assessment. More detail could be gained from historic maps which were consulted in the course

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of the assessment. The locational information on the place-names website is poor, and the names often do not relate accurately to the location shown.

Table 6: Comments on HER data supplied by CPAT HER Historic Asset Record Historic Asset Name Trysor comments PRN Type created? Four Crosses barrow Multiple site No record Duplicate record, 3596 cemetery, site 4 created each phase now recorded separately Four Crosses field Field system Record created 3601 system Four Crosses barrow Multiple site No record Duplicate record, 3604 cemetery, site 2 created each phase now recorded separately Four Crosses barrow Multiple site No record Duplicate record, 3605 cemetery, site 1 created each phase now recorded separately Four Crosses Barrow Ring ditch Record created 3630 Cemetery, Domgay Lane ring ditch 2 Street Farm Road No record Place-name only 3979 Placename created Four Crosses Ridge Ridge and furrow Record created 5021 and Furrow II Street Farm Ridge and Ridge and furrow Record created Minor 5022 Furrow Four Crosses barrow Round barrow Record created 5372 cemetery, site 3 Four Crosses Barrow Ring ditch Record created 6072 Cemetery, Domgay Lane ring ditch 3 Four Crosses Barrow Ring ditch Record created 6074 Cemetery, Domgay Lane ring ditch 4 Four Crosses Barrow Ring ditch Record created 6075 Cemetery, Domgay Lane ring ditch 5 6076 Four Crosses pit circle Pit circle Record created Four Crosses field Field system Record created Rather vague record 6077 system, Parson's Lane unclear exactly what it relates to Four Crosses barrow Ring ditch Record created 6129 cemetery, site 2 (satellite ring ditch) Llandysilio Church (St Church Record created 7607 Tysilio) Llandysilio Church (St Churchyard Record created 7608 Tysilio), yard Llandysilio, Old House;School No record Duplicate of PRN 7639 Church Cottage created 32352 (National School) Four Crosses, Golden House Record created 7710 Lion Hotel

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HER Historic Asset Record Historic Asset Name Trysor comments PRN Type created? Four Crosses, `Street House Record created 7711 House' Llandysilio cropmark Enclosure;field Record created 7969 boundary Domgay Lane House House Record created 8806 Sites Four Crosses Settlement No record Not used in this created project, individual 15660 elements already recorded Llandysilio Church Church No record Duplicate record for 16410 created church Four Crosses Multiple site No record Collection of cropmark complex created features - more of 17177 an event record maybe? Llandysilio Church (St Church bell No record Part of church, 17676 Tysilio), bells created separate record not needed Four Crosses barrow Ring ditch Record created 23661 cemetery, ring ditch I 26700 Offa's Dyke Linear earthwork Record created Offa's Dyke - DC entry Linear earthwork No record Part of Offa's Dyke - 28463 created DC Entry Offa's Dyke - DC entry Linear earthwork No record Part of Offa's Dyke - 28464 created DC Entry Offa's Dyke - DC entry Linear earthwork No record Part of Offa's Dyke - 28465 created DC Entry Offa's Dyke - DC entry Linear earthwork No record Part of Offa's Dyke - 28466 created DC Entry Offa's Dyke - DC entry Linear earthwork No record Part of Offa's Dyke - 28467 created DC Entry Offa's Dyke - DC entry Linear earthwork No record Part of Offa's Dyke - 28468 created DC Entry Offa's Dyke Linear earthwork No record Part of Offa's Dyke - 28469 created DC Entry Offa's Dyke - DC entry Linear earthwork No record Part of Offa's Dyke - 28470 created DC Entry Offa's Dyke - DC entry Linear earthwork No record Part of Offa's Dyke - 28471 created DC Entry Llandysilio, 'The Old School Record created 32352 School' Four Crosses, Domgay Nonconformist Record created 32369 Chapel chapel Four Crosses, House Record created 32370 `Domgay House' Four Crosses pit Pit alignment Record created 38029 alignments, Alignment G Four Crosses barrow Ring ditch Record created 38086 cemetery, ring ditch II

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HER Historic Asset Record Historic Asset Name Trysor comments PRN Type created? Four Crosses barrow Ring ditch Record created 38087 cemetery, ring ditch III Four Crosses field Field boundary Record created 38088 system, linear cropmark I Four Crosses field Field boundary Record created 38089 system, linear cropmark II Four Crosses field Field boundary Record created 38090 system, linear cropmark III Four Crosses barrow Ring ditch Record created 38091 cemetery, ring ditch IV Bridge House Linear Field boundary Record created Minor 38093 Cropmark I Bridge House Linear Field boundary Record created Minor 38094 Cropmark III Bridge House Linear Field Record created Minor 38095 Cropmark II boundary;Trackw ay Four Crosses barrow Ring ditch Record created 38096 cemetery, ring ditch V Cae-hen Enclosure Defended Record created 38097 enclosure 38098 Cae Hen Trackway Trackway Record created 38099 Rectory Trackway Trackway Record created Four Crosses pit Pit alignment Record created 38100 alignments, Alignment B (western section) Four Crosses pit Pit alignment No record Now recorded as 38101 alignments, created PRNs 142034 and Alignments D and E 142035 Cae-hen Enclosure Defended Record created Better NGR is 38102 enclosure SJ2702918871 Four Crosses pit Pit alignment Record created 38103 alignments, Alignment F Domgay Lane Linear Field boundary Record created 38105 Cropmark Four Crosses pit Pit alignment Record created 38106 alignments, Alignment H Four Crosses field Field boundary Record created 38120 system, linear cropmark I Four Crosses field Field boundary Record created 38121 system, linear cropmark III Haulfre Linear Field boundary Record created Minor 38122 Cropmark

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HER Historic Asset Record Historic Asset Name Trysor comments PRN Type created? Rectory Field System Field system No record Too generic covering created more than one field 38123 system, and a duplicate Four Crosses pit Pit alignment Record created 38126 alignments, Alignment I Domgay Lane Linear Field boundary Record created 38127 Cropmark II Four Crosses pit Pit alignment No record Duplicate of PRN 50518 alignments, Alignment created 142033 B (eastern section) Four Crosses field Field system Record created 50519 system Four Crosses pit Pit alignment Record created 50521 alignments, Alignment J Four Crosses barrow Occupation site Record created 50523 cemetery, site 2 (Mesolithic) Four Crosses barrow Occupation site Record created 50524 cemetery, site 2 (Neolithic) Four Crosses barrow Round barrow Record created 50525 cemetery, site 2 (bronze age) Four Crosses barrow Hearth Record created 50526 cemetery, site 2 (Iron age) Four Crosses barrow Cemetery Record created 50527 cemetery, site 2 (dark age) Four Crosses barrow Find Record created 50528 cemetery, site 2 (dark age) Four Crosses barrow Round barrow Record created 50556 cemetery, site 4 (bronze age) Four Crosses barrow Find No record Findpsot - during 50557 cemetery, site 4 created excavation but not (Roman) in context? Four Crosses barrow Find No record Findpsot - during 50558 cemetery, site 1 created excavation but not (neolithic) in context? Four Crosses barrow Round barrow Record created 50559 cemetery, site 1 (bronze age) Four Crosses barrow Find No record Findpsot - during 50560 cemetery, site 1 created excavation but not (Roman) in context? Four Crosses, Domgay Find No record Unstratified 19th 57656 Road, 19th century created century pottery activity

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HER Historic Asset Record Historic Asset Name Trysor comments PRN Type created? Four Crosses, Find No record Findpsot - during 57657 Shrewsbury Road, created excavation but not post medieval activity in context? Four Crosses, The Structure No record Multiple features of 57977 Nest, post medieval created post med date activity Four Crosses Bypass, Ring ditch Record created Possibly should be a 70709 geophysical survey few metres north of area 1, ring ditch given NGR Four Crosses Bypass, Ditch Record created 70710 geophysical survey area 1, ditch Four Crosses Bypass, Ditch complex No record Collection of 70711 geophysical survey created features area 2, anomalies Four Crosses Bypass, Pit cluster No record Collection of 70712 geophysical survey created features area 3, pits Four Crosses Bypass, Ditch No record Collection of 70713 geophysical survey created features area 3, ditches Four Crosses Bypass, Enclosure Record created Context 809 in CPAT 70714 geophysical survey Interim report area 4/5, enclosure Four Crosses Bypass, Ditch No record Collection of 70715 geophysical survey created features area 5, ditches Four Crosses Bypass, Ditch No record Collection of 70716 geophysical survey created features area 7, ditch Four Crosses Bypass, Hearth No record Not known what this 70717 geophysical survey created is, not excavated area 8, hearth Four Crosses Bypass, Bank and ditch Record created 70718 geophysical survey area 9, bank and ditch Four Crosses, The Pit;Ditch Record created Minor 85774 Clawdd, Trench 3, pits Four Crosses, The Ditch Record created Minor 85776 Clawdd, Trench 8, ditch I Four Crosses, The Ditch Record created Minor 85777 Clawdd, Trench 8, ditch II Four Crosses, The Ditch Record created Minor 85778 Clawdd, Trench 9, ditch Four Crosses, The Post hole Record created Minor 85781 Clawdd, Trench 3, post hole Four Crosses, The Pit;Ditch Record created Minor 85782 Clawdd, Trench 4, pit 86866 Church House Farm Farmstead Record created

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HER Historic Asset Record Historic Asset Name Trysor comments PRN Type created? Four Crosses, Golden Building Record created Minor 86970 Lion Hotel, structure Four Crosses, Ridge and furrow Record created Minor 87433 Greenwood ridge and furrow Four Crosses, Maes Milestone Record created 87434 Offa milestone Four Crosses, Church Post box Record created Better NGR is 87435 House post box SJ2685419283 Four Crosses, Police station Record created 87436 Llandysilio Police Station Four Crosses, Bryn House Record created 87437 Offa cottage Four Crosses, Street Farm Record created 87438 Farm Four Crosses, Outbuilding Record created Better NGR is 87439 Shaftesbury SJ2695718579 outbuildings Four Crosses, Rose House Record created 87442 Cottage Four Crosses, Street House Record created 87443 Cottage Four Crosses, Smithy Blacksmiths Record created Minor 87444 workshop Four Crosses, Bryn House Record created 87445 Offa Four Crosses, Church Outbuilding Record created Better NGR is 87446 House outbuilding I SJ2681519285 Four Crosses, Church Outbuilding Record created Better NGR is 87447 House outbuilding II SJ2685419288 Four Crosses, Church Gravel pit Record created Minor 87448 House gravel pit Four Crosses, Rose Ridge and furrow Record created 87450 Cottage, ridge and furrow Llandysilio, Patten find No record Findspot only 110443 created Llandysilio, Coin find No record Findspot only 117674 created Llandysilio, Buckle find No record Findspot only 118099 created Four Crosses, bow Find Record created 118486 brooch Four Crosses barrow round barrow Record created 119716 cemetery cemetery Llandysillio, Dolphin find Record created 120512 Brooch Llandysillio, Double find No record Findspot only 120513 Loop Buckle created Llandysilio corn drying corn drying kiln Record created 122857 kiln

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HER Historic Asset Record Historic Asset Name Trysor comments PRN Type created? Four Crosses barrow RING DITCH Record created 128166 cemetery, ring ditch V Four Crosses barrow ring ditch;henge No record Nothing shown at cemetery, ring ditch (hengiform created this point on 128168 VII monument) Cotswold plan of 2007 Four Crosses, Domgay pit alignment Record created 128169 Lane, pit alignment I Four Crosses, Domgay pit alignment Record created 128170 Lane, pit alignment II Four Crosses, Domgay pit alignment No record Same as PRN 38090 128171 Lane, pit alignment created Four Crosses barrow RING DITCH Record created 128667 cemetery, ring ditch VI Four Crosses, Post- pit No record Not sure that this is 130050 Medieval Features created in the right place or even what it is for Four Crosses pit PIT ALIGNMENT Record created Better NGR is alignments, Alignment SJ2680919128. A Period should be 142032 Prehistoric based on radiocarbon dates in CPAT report on bypass Four Crosses pit PIT ALIGNMENT Record created 142033 alignments, Alignment B Four Crosses pit Pit alignment Record created 142034 alignments, Alignment D Four Crosses pit Pit alignment Record created 142035 alignments, Alignment E

Jenny Hall & Paul Sambrook Trysor, November, 2017

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Appendix A: Written Scheme of Investigation

59 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

WRITTEN SCHEME OF INVESTIGATION FOR AN HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT DESK-BASED ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION FOR PROPOSED RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ASSOCIATED WORKS, LAND ADJACENT TO OLDFIELD FARM, FOUR CROSSES, LLANYMYNECH, SY22 6RB

1. Introduction 1.1 Roger Parry & Partners LLP, The Estates Office, 20 Salop Road, Oswestry, Shropshire, SY11 2NU have commissioned Trysor heritage consultants on behalf of their client to undertake an historic environment desk-based assessment and evaluation for proposed residential development and associated works, land adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB.

1.2 A planning application has not been submitted yet.

2. The proposed development 2.1 It is proposed that a residential development of up to 49 dwellings within an area currently occupied by three fields to the east of the A483 in Four Crosses.

3. Planning context of the proposed development 3.1 A planning application has not been submitted yet, but a pre-planning consultation has been undertaken. Cadw and the development Control Officer at Clwyd Powys Archaeological Trust, who are the archaeological advisors to the local planning authority, have stated that there are likely to be historic assets directly affected by the development and that desk-based assessments and evaluations should be undertaken prior to determination of any forthcoming planning application.

4. Objective of the Written Scheme of Investigation 4.1 The objective of this written scheme of investigation (WSI) is to specify the method to be used for a desk-based assessment and evaluation in order to identify and assess impact, both direct and indirect, on the historic environment and historic assets.

4.2 The Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment (CIfA, 2014a) and Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation (CIfA, 2014b) were used to write this Written Scheme of Investigation.

5. Nature of the Archaeological Resource. 5.1 The development site is found within an archaeologically-rich landscape which has attracted a considerable level of interest during the past three decades. The main focus of activity has been at the Parc Hafod housing estate, in the adjacent plot to the south, but archaeological features of importance have been recorded and often excavated over a wide area within and around the village of Four Crosses.

5.1.1 During the early 1980s, CPAT investigated a group of Bronze Age ring ditches (funerary monuments), which had been identified as cropmarks on aerial photographs in the area surrounding Four Crosses (Warrilow et al, 1986). This included one ring ditch which lies within the proposed development site (PRN3605). This was excavated and radiocarbon dated to approximately 1500bc. Romano-British pottery was also found overlying the barrow site. Other excavations carried out by CPAT at this time on nearby 60 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys) ring ditches also uncovered evidence of Mesolithic activity, including flint artefacts and residual charcoal which was radiocarbon dated to the 6th millennium BC (Warrilow et al, 1986).

5.1.2 In the late 1980s, CPAT investigated a series of undated pit alignments, also seen on aerial photographs, across the wider landscape around Four Crosses (Owen & Britnell, 1989). The pit alignments and other evidence of ancient field boundaries extend across the landscape surrounding Four Crosses. One pit alignment (ID number 87) identified by geophysical survey in 2002 was verified during an evaluation excavation before the Parc Hafod site was developed (Kenney, J., 2003). Three trenches crossed the line of the pit alignment and identified three round pits as well as two rectilinear pits. A radiocarbon date of 385-115BC was obtained from one of these pits, indicating that its fill was of later Iron Age date. This has been taken as evidence that the pit alignments which can be traced across the area are of Iron Age origin and that they probably represent land divisions of the period.

5.1.3 This concentration of evidence focused considerable attention on Four Crosses during the opening decade of the 21st century, as new housing estates were built around the village core, and road and service improvements were also added. Between 2002 and 2007, a series of archaeological evaluations and excavations were undertaken in advance of the development of the Parc Hafod housing estate, adjacent to the proposed development site. In 2002, CPAT undertook a desktop survey, with ArchaeoPhysica undertaking a geophysical survey of the proposed housing site (ArchaeoPhysica, 2002). In 2003, thirteen evaluation trenches were opened by Marches Archaeology (Kenney, 2003) to explore some of the features identified by the geophysical survey of the previous year. Work at Parc Hafod culminated with a large area excavation by Cotswold Archaeology in advance of the construction (Cotswold Archaeology, 2007). These investigations demonstrated that Parc Hafod and Four Crosses were the focus of significant activity from the late Neolithic and Bronze Age, through to the Iron Age, Roman and Early Medieval periods.

5.1.4 There is some evidence of activity during the Roman period within the general area of the proposed development site. The suspected line of a Roman road has been recorded to the west of Four Crosses village (CPAT PRN 87449). There is also evidence of a Roman field system across the wider area. Part of this was excavated at Parc Hafod, where a ditch containing sherds of Romano-British pottery (PRN50555) was excavated in 2005 (Cotswolds Archaeology, 2005). This discovery led the excavators to conclude that the ditch was of Roman date and formed part of a more extensive field system. Two finds of Roman jewellery have also been recorded to the west of Four Crosses, namely a Dolphin Brooch and a Bow Brooch (PRNs 120512 & 118486). As noted above, Roman pottery sherds have previous been found within the area of the proposed development site. This evidence collectively indicates that there was widespread activity in the district during Roman times.

5.1.5 One of the finest Early Medieval monuments in the British Isles, Offa’s Dyke (PRN 28464), passes immediately to the west of the proposed development site. The Dyke is thought to have been constructed to mark the border between Powys and Mercia in the 8th century AD, initially at the behest of the Mercian king Offa. Although substantial sections of the bank and ditch survive in the modern landscape, the section which approaches Four Crosses from the north is probably obscured beneath the section of the original A483 road, known as The Street. Although the Dyke itself may not pass through the development area, 61 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys) there is evidence of Early Medieval activity in the surrounding landscape, including finds which came from the excavations at Parc Hafod carried out by CPAT in 1986 (Warrilow, W. et al, 1986), when an iron javelin head and an iron spearhead of Early Medieval type (PRN50528), probably of 6th or 7th century date, were found in the upper fill of a Bronze Age ring ditch. These artefacts appeared to be associated with a small cemetery group of five single inhumations. There is some doubt about the true date of these graves, but they were aligned east to west, in the Christian tradition and have been recorded as Early Medieval burials by CPAT in the regional HER.

5.1.6 Clearly, the proximity of the proposed development site to Parc Hafod and its setting within a landscape where significant archaeological discoveries have been made relating to multiple periods, from Mesolithic to the Early Medieval times, suggests that the development site has high archaeological potential.

62 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Figure 1: The proposed assessment areas.

63 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

6. Scope of Work 6.1 The assessment will consider three categories of known historic assets;

 Scheduled Ancient Monuments within a 5 km radius circle centred on SJ2701418959 (see Figure 1), as required in Cadw’s Guidance on the Setting of Historic Assets (Cadw, 2017, 11)  Listed Buildings within a 1km radius circle centred on SJ2701418959 (see Figure 1)  All other non-statutory historic assets recorded within a 500 metre radius circle centred on SJ2701418959 (see Figure 1)  There are no Registered Historic Parks & Gardens within a 5km radius of the proposed development.

6.2 The following components of the historic environment will be considered, where relevant; a. Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAMs) and their settings. b. Listed buildings and their settings. c. Registered Parks and Gardens and their essential settings. d. World Heritage Sites e. Conservation Areas f. Previously recorded non-designated historic assets, and their settings g. Buildings identified as of Local Importance where such buildings have been identified h. Newly identified historic assets and their settings i. Historic Landscapes and their characterisation j. Hedgerows and field patterns k. Ancient woodland l. Place-name evidence m. Cumulative impacts n. Any agri-environmental interests or requirements, e.g. Environmental Stewardship or Countryside Stewardship scheme o. Potential for buried archaeological p. Potential for palaeoenvironmental evidence

6.3 The following data sources will be consulted:  Powys Historic Environment Record  Cadw  RCAHMW  Historic Ordnance Survey maps  Other historic maps including tithe map  Aerial photographs  LiDAR data if available  Registered Historic Landscape and Character Area data if applicable  LANDMAP  Documentary sources  Published journals 6.4 A site visit will be carried out in accordance with Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and Guidance for an Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment. The site visit will be record any unknown features in the vicinity of the proposed development. It will also assess the condition of known historic assets and an examination and record will be made

64 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys) of the nature of adjacent field boundaries. In addition, if practical the field will be informally fieldwalked to enable recovery and recording of any artefacts. A rapid record of features will be made, including a written description on pro-forma record sheets.

6.5 Colour digital photographs will be taken, using a 16M pixel camera. A written record will be made on site of the photographs taken. Appropriate photographic scales will be used.

6.6 Once the dataset of existing and new data has been created, the significance of all identified historic assets will be assessed considering their evidential, historical, aesthetic and communal values (Cadw, 2010) and their setting (Cadw, 2017).

6.7 An assessment will be made of the development’s potential impact on all historic assets, including direct physical, indirect physical, and indirect visual impacts. This will include impact on the significance of all nationally important historic assets whether designated or not.

6.8 Elevation profiles, in conjunction with photos from the site visit and aerial photos, will be used assess to intervisibility, views and impact on setting. ZTV and photomontages from the client will be used if available. If a ZTV is not available Trysor will create one.

7. Evaluation 7.1 The evaluation will take the form of a geophysical survey.

7.1 Objectives 7.1.1 The principal objectives of the proposed geophysical survey are as follows:  To assess the impact of the development proposals on surviving monument or remains.  To formulate an appropriate mitigation strategy where the archaeological resource is threatened.

7.2 Fieldwork Program 7.2.1 A program of field work is proposed for this area that will include:  A fluxgate gradiometer survey of the proposed development site  Archive preparation  Report preparation

65 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

7.3 Methodology 7.3.1 Fluxgate Gradiometer Survey  Each of the fields will be subject to a separate survey with the survey area located in reference to the existing field boundaries  The survey areas will be gridded with a 20 x 20 m or 30 x 30 m grid. These squares will be marked by plastic pegs.  The grid will be tied to local features  Geoscan FM 256 Fluxgate Gradiometer will be used for the survey  Readings will be taken at 0.5 m intervals along transects 1.0m apart with a zig-zag pattern being walked  The data will be downloaded on to a laptop computer in the field  The data will be analysed using Geoplot v. 3.00v  Grey scale plots will be produced using Geoplot v. 3.00v  X - Y plots will be produced using Golden software “Surfer” v. 10  If possible, a limited number of small soil samples will be taken for magnetic susceptibility analysis as an aid to interpret the results of the Fluxgate gradiometer survey.

7.4 Report and Archive 7.4.1 On completion of the survey a report shall be produced which will contain:  The results of the geophysical survey  A general location plan of the development  A location plan of the development area identifying the location of the geophysical survey.  A detailed description of the anomalies recorded, their possible interpretation character, function, date and relationship to other features.  Recommendations for further work if appropriate.  A bibliography.

7.4.2 Up to five copies of the report will be deposited with the client within one month of the completion of the field work.

7.4.3 An initial assessment of the geophysical survey will be made available within one working day of the fieldwork

7.5 Staff The project will be carried out by Ian Brooks, PhD, BA, MCIfA, FSA

66 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

8. Reporting 8.1 A written report will be submitted to the client to inform the current planning application. The report will include; a. a non-technical summary b. a site location plan c. a bibliography d. a gazetteer of all historic assets included in the assessment giving significance and impact, with descriptions. e. an assessment of the value and significance of each historic asset f. an assessment of the impact of the proposed development on the historic assets of the study area – impacts will be assessed whether negative, positive or neutral, direct or indirect. g. statement of the local and regional context of the historic assets identified as have being impacted on by the development. h. statement on reliability of resources used during assessment. i. discussion of the results of the evaluation j potential for buried archaeological features within the development plot

8.2 The report will be guided by the requirements of Annexe 2 of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and Guidance for an Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment. Copies of the report will be provided to the client and the Regional Historic Environment Record.

9. Health & Safety Trysor will undertake a risk assessment in advance of any field visit in accordance with their health and safety policy.

10. Public Benefit and Outreach 10.1 A summary of the work undertaken and its findings will be submitted to Archaeology in Wales, the annual review of archaeological work in Wales collated the Council for British Archaeology Wales (CBA Wales), if appropriate.

10.2 The results of the work will be deposited in the NMR and regional HER making it publicly accessible to all.

10.3 The purpose of the work and the history of the site will be discussed with the client, and others on site, in order to widen understanding of why the work is important and broaden appreciation for the historic environment.

11. Archive 11.1 The paper and digital archive will be deposited with the National Monuments Record, including a copy of the final report in accordance with the CIfA’s Standard and Guidance for the creation, compilation, transfer and deposition of archaeological archives (CIfA, 2014b) and The National Standard and Guidance to Best Practice for Collecting and Depositing Archaeological Archives in Wales 2017 (NPAAW, 2017). This archive will include all written, drawn and photographic records relating directly to the investigations undertaken. Digital archives will follow the standard required by the RCAHMW (RCAHMW, 2015).

67 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

11.2 Any artefacts will be returned to the landowner after recording and reporting. If they are considered to be regionally or nationally important discussions about depositing the artefacts in a recognised museum archive will be held with the client.

12. Resources to be used Jenny Hall, BSC, MCIfA and Paul Sambrook, BA, PGCE, MCIfA of Trysor will undertake the desk-based assessment. During the field visit will be equipped with standard field equipment, including digital cameras, GPS and first aid kit. Trysor have access to the computer hardware and software required to deliver the completed final report and archive to a professional standard. Dr Ian Brooks, MCIfA, FSA of Engineering Archaeological Services, will undertake the geophysical survey using a Geoscan FM 256 Fluxgate Gradiometer.

13. Qualification of personnel Trysor is a Registered Organisation with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists and both partners are Members of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, www.archaeologists.net

Jenny Hall (BSc Joint Hons., Geology and Archaeology, MCIfA) had 12 years excavation experience, which included undertaking watching briefs prior to becoming the Sites and Monuments Record Manager for a Welsh Archaeological Trust for 10 years. She has been a partner in Trysor since 2004 undertaking a variety of work that includes upland field survey, desk-based appraisals and assessments, watching briefs and evaluations as well heritage interpretation and community-based projects.

Paul Sambrook (BA Joint Hons., Archaeology and Welsh, MCIfA, PGCE) has extensive experience as a fieldworker in Wales. He was involved with Cadw’s pan-Wales Deserted Rural Settlements Project for 7 years. He also undertook Tir Gofal field survey work and watching briefs. He has been a partner in Trysor since 2004 undertaking a variety of work including upland field survey, desk-based appraisals/assessments, watching briefs and evaluations as well as community-based, non-intrusive projects and community heritage interpretation.

Ian Brooks, PhD, BA, MCIfA, FSA, of Engineering Archaeological Solutions, Unit2 Glanypwll Workshops, Ffordd Tanygrisiau, Blaenau Ffestiniog, Gwynedd, LL41 3NW has over 30 years archaeological experience. He has carried out watching briefs, evaluations, excavations and building recording across Wales and England. He also specialises in topographical and geophysical survey.

14. Insurance & Professional indemnity Trysor has Public Liability and Professional Indemnity Insurance.

15. Project identification The project has been designated Trysor Project No. 2017/580

16. Sources ArchaeoPhysica Ltd. 2002 Magnetic gradient and electrical resistance surveys at Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Survey Report Cadw, 2017, Guidance on the Setting of Historic Assets

68 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, revised December 2014a, Standard and Guidance for an Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, revised December 2014b, Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation Cotswold Archaeology, 2007, Land at Domgay Lane, Four Crosses Powys, CA Report 06046 Kenney, J., 2003, Land off Domgay Lane, Four Crosses, Powys - Report on an archaeological evaluation. Marches Archaeology Series 297 Owen, G & Britnell, B, 1989, Pit alignments at Four Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys. CPAT Report. Warrilow,W, Owen, G. and Britnell, W. 1986. ‘Eight Ring-Ditches at Four-Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys 1981-85’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 52, 53-87

Jenny Hall & Paul Sambrook Trysor, September 2017

69 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Appendix B: Gazetteer of all recorded historic assets within 500 metres including newly identified historic assets

70 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 1 FOUR CROSSES FIELD SYSTEM FIELD SYSTEM HER PRN: 3601 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ27301901 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Bronze Age Broadclass: Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor This apparent field system defined by pit alignments is undated and Description: visible only as a cropmark within the fields of the post-medieval field system to the east and northeast of Four Crosses. It is situated on relatively low-lying, flat land to the south of the River Vyrnwy and now lies within a pasture field of post-medieval date.

Rarity: Not common

Distance from 10 metres to the east at the closest point development: Documentation: HER; Owen, G & Britnell, B, 1989, Pit alignments at Four Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Cropmarks

Historical Value: Described in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: This apparent field system defined by pit alignments is undated and visible only as a cropmark within the fields of the post-medieval field system to the east and northeast of Four Crosses. It is situated on relatively low-lying, flat land to the south of the River Vyrnwy and now lies within a pasture field of post-medieval date. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct Yes Impact?: Moderate Possible direct impact on part of the complex, namely PRN142034, which may cross the development site.

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on Although most of this complex lies outside the proposed development Impact: site, one part of it, a pit alignment recorded as PRN142034, may run north-south across the eastern side of the area and may be visible on the geophysical survey. Evaluation is required to establish whether it does so.

71 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 2 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY, DOMGAY LANE RING RING DITCH DITCH 2 HER PRN: 3630 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2729019120

Period: Bronze Age Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A Bronze Age Ring Ditch clearly visible on aerial photographs, Description: measuring about 20 metres in diameter. It is notable that a post-medieval field boundary immediately to the north kinks slightly as if to avoid the ring, indicating that it was likely that an upstanding round barrow was present when the post-medieval field system was laid down. The site has not been archaeologically evaluated.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from 135 metres to the east-northeast development: Documentation: HER

Group Value: One in a group of Bronze Age monuments in the district

Evidential Value: Cropmark

Historical Value: Described in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A ring ditch located within a pasture field, situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Regionally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The large hedgerows either side of the former Cambrian Railway line Impact: would block views of the development from this location.

72 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 3 FOUR CROSSES RIDGE AND FURROW II RIDGE AND FURROW HER PRN: 5021 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ27381886 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Medieval Broadclass: Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Earthwork Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor An area of ridge and furrow cultivation marks. Description:

Rarity: Common

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Slight earthworks

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Within a post-medieval pasture field.

Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

73 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 4 STREET FARM RIDGE AND FURROW RIDGE AND FURROW HER PRN: 5022 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2670018630 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Medieval Broadclass: Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Earthwork Condition: Damaged Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor An area of broad ridge and furrow cultivation, with the ridges up to 7 Description: metres apart

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Earthwork

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Traces of ridge and furrow cultivation in an arable field.

Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

74 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 5 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY, SITE 3 ROUND BARROW HER PRN: 5372 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2708018740 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Bronze Age Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Buried Feature Condition: Destroyed Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A probably Bronze Age Ring Ditch excavated in 1984 by CPAT. The Ring Description: Ditch measured 7.7 metres in diameter but no dating evidence or evidence of a cremation burial was found.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from 95 metres southeast development: Documentation: HER; Warrilow,W, Owen, G. and Britnell, W. 1986. ‘Eight Ring-Ditches at Four-Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys 1981-85’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 52, 53-87;

Group Value: One in a group of Bronze Age monuments in the district

Evidential Value: Excavated evidence.

Historical Value: Described in detail in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Part of a complex of buried features within a pasture field which was developed for a housing estate after 2003. The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Nationally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This ring ditch has been destroyed by development but was fully Impact: excavated in advance of its destruction.

75 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 6 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY, DOMGAY LANE RING RING DITCH DITCH 3 HER PRN: 6072 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ27341884 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Bronze Age Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A possible ring ditch noted from aerial photographs in 1978 but not Description: verified as an antiquity.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from 250 metres east-southeast development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: Possibly one in a group of Bronze Age monuments in the district

Evidential Value: Cropmark

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A buried feature underlying a pasture field within the post-medieval field system. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development would not be visible from this location. Impact:

76 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 7 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY, DOMGAY LANE RING RING DITCH DITCH 4 HER PRN: 6074 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ27321908 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Bronze Age Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A possible Bronze Age Ring Ditch visible on aerial photographs but not Description: verified by archaeological evaluation.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from 165 metres east-northeast development: Documentation: HER

Group Value: Possibly one in a group of Bronze Age monuments in the district

Evidential Value: Cropmark

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: This feature is visible in the middle of an arable field to the northeast of Four Crosses. It may belong to a complex of buried funerary and ritual features of late Neolithic or early Bronze Age date identified around the village in recent decades, some of which have been excavated. The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The large hedgerows either side of the former Cambrian Railway line Impact: would block views of the development from this location.

77 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 8 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY, DOMGAY LANE RING RING DITCH DITCH 5 HER PRN: 6075 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ27391915 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Cropmark Condition: Not known Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor An ill-defined cropmark which has not been evaluated. Description:

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Possible cropmark site

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: An ill-defined cropmark within a pasture field east of Four Crosses village. Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

78 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 9 FOUR CROSSES PIT CIRCLE PIT CIRCLE HER PRN: 6076 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ27191909 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Neolithic Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A possible Neolithic pit circle or roundhouse visible on aerial Description: photographs but not verified by archaeological evaluation.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from 40 metres to the east development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Possible cropmark site

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: This feature is visible in the corner of an arable field to the northeast of Four Crosses. It may belong to a complex of buried funerary and ritual features of late Neolithic or early Bronze Age date identified around the village in recent decades, some of which have been excavated. The site is situated

on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The large hedgerows either side of the former Cambrian Railway line Impact: would block views of the development from this location.

79 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 10 FOUR CROSSES FIELD SYSTEM, PARSON'S LANE FIELD SYSTEM HER PRN: 6077 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2669719118 Not accurate

Period: Prehistoric Broadclass: Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A record for a number of disparate features which include cropmarks Description: and features which were excavated when the new section of the A483 was built in 2010. The features include boundary ditches and pit alignments which may not be related.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from Approximately 210 metres to the west-northwest development: Documentation: HER

Group Value: A cluster of features of unknown relationship

Evidential Value: Cropmarks and excavated features

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: These features have been identified in a large arable field to the south of the Vyrnwy floodplain. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development would have no impact on these features, Impact: which lie to the west of the village and the A483.

80 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 11 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY, SITE 2 (SATELLITE RING DITCH RING DITCH) HER PRN: 6129 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2707618799 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Bronze Age Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Earthwork Condition: Destroyed Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A small Ring Ditch, 6.8 metres in diameter, and apparently a satellite Description: barrow to the larger Ring Ditch PRN 50525 which lies just to the northeast. It was excavated by CPAT in 1984 and found to contain a central grave cut, 2 metres long x 0.7 metres with and 0.3 metres deep. Soil analysis showed that this had been used for an extended inhumation burial. There were three sherds of Beaker pottery in the fill of the Ring Ditch. Radiocarbon dating taken from pine charcoal in the upper fill of the grave cut dates to approximately 5000bc, or late Mesolithic. It is assumed that the pine charcoal was a residual deposit introduced into the grave fill when the burial was made during the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from 45 metres to the southeast development: Documentation: HER; Warrilow,W, Owen, G. and Britnell, W. 1986. ‘Eight Ring-Ditches at Four-Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys 1981-85’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 52, 53-87;

Group Value: One in a group of Bronze Age monuments in the district

Evidential Value: Geophysical survey; Excavated evidence

Historical Value: Described in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Part of a complex of buried features within a pasture field which was developed for a housing estate after 2003. The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Regionally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This ring ditch has been destroyed by development but was fully Impact: excavated in advance of its destruction.

81 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 12 LLANDYSILIO CHURCH (ST TYSILIO) CHURCH HER PRN: 7607 NMR NPRN: 306066

NGR: SJ2678019314 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Building Condition: Intact Site Status: Listed Building

SAM number: LB number: 8508 grade: II Trysor Llandysilio parish church was built in 1867-68 to replace an earlier Description: church, which stood on the same site and alignment. It was designed by the architect G.E. Street. It remains in use.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from 255 metres to the north-northwest development: Documentation: HER; Cadw Listed Building Description

Group Value: Associated with the parish churchyard and National School

Evidential Value: Standing building, in use

Historical Value: Described by Cadw for listing purposes

Aesthetic Value: An architect designed Victorian parish church, in the Early English to Early Decorated style Communal Value: Place of Worship

Setting: The church was built in the late 1860s within the medieval churchyard of Llandysilio and on the site of an earlier church. Significance: Nationally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development would have no impact on the church, which Impact: lies to the west of the village and the A483 and screened by hedgerows and trees.

82 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 13 LLANDYSILIO CHURCH (ST TYSILIO), YARD CHURCHYARD HER PRN: 7608 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2677919299 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Medieval Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Structure Condition: Unknown Site Status: Listed Building

SAM number: LB number: 8509 grade: II Trysor A circular parish churchyard of possible Early Medieval origin, which Description: encloses St Tysilio's parish church and includes many post-medieval grave monuments.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from 220 metres to the north-northwest development: Documentation: HER; Cadw Listed Building Description

Group Value: Associated with the parish church and National School

Evidential Value: Churchyard in use

Historical Value: Described by Cadw for listing purposes

Aesthetic Value: Includes many post-medieval grave monuments

Communal Value: Burial ground

Setting: A circular churchyard of possible Early Medieval origin, situated just above the floodplain of the Vyrnwy, which flows 250 metres to the northwest. Significance: Nationally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development would have no impact on the churchyard, Impact: which lies to the west of the village and the A483 and screened by hedgerows and trees.

83 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 14 FOUR CROSSES, GOLDEN LION HOTEL PUBLIC HOUSE HER PRN: 7710 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2694718750 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Commercial Form: Building Condition: Intact Site Status: Listed Building

SAM number: LB number: 8529 grade: II Trysor The Golden Lion has been in existence since the late 18th century when Description: it was built alongside the turnpike road between Welshpool and Oswestry. In the 1840s it was shown on the Llandysilio parish tithe map. It remains in use in 2017.

Rarity: Common

Distance from 85 metres to the southwest development: Documentation: HER; Cadw Listed Building Description

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Standing building, in use

Historical Value: Described by Cadw for listing purposes

Aesthetic Value: A fine Georgian public house

Communal Value: Public house

Setting: The Golden Lion has been in existence since the late 18th century when it was built alongside the turnpike road between Welshpool and Oswestry. It remains in use in 2017 but stands within a village which has expanded and become much modernised in recent times. Modern houses and the modernised village school to the north-northeast. Significance: Nationally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect Yes Impact?: Very Low Intervisibility

Level of Impact Very Low on Setting:

Comment on The southern part of the proposed development would be visible to the Impact: northeast but it would not impact on views of the listed building and as other modern buildings are already present in the same area it would not mark a dramatic alteration to the setting of the public house. A positive impact may be that a larger population would bring additional custom to the inn which could help maintain the building.

84 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 15 FOUR CROSSES, `STREET HOUSE' HOUSE HER PRN: 7711 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2696718667 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Domestic Form: Building Condition: Intact Site Status: Listed Building

SAM number: LB number: 8530 grade: II Trysor A three-storey, double-pile house, built in red-brick. It stands to the Description: western side of the former Welshpool to Oswestry turnpike road, which it faces. It probably dates to the first half of the 19th century.

Rarity: Common

Distance from 135 metres to the south-southwest development: Documentation: HER; Cadw Listed Building Description

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Standing building, in use

Historical Value: Described by Cadw for listing purposes

Aesthetic Value: A late Georgian or Early Victorian residence

Communal Value: None

Setting: A three-storey, double-pile house standing in a garden plot to the western side of the former Welshpool to Oswestry turnpike road, which it faces. It probably dates to the first half of the 19th century. Significance: Nationally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development would not be visible from this location. Impact:

85 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 16 LLANDYSILIO CROPMARK ENCLOSURE;FIELD BOUNDARY HER PRN: 7969 NMR NPRN: 416657

NGR: SJ2660019125 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Unknown;Post-Medieval Broadclass: Monument (by form);Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Cropmark Condition: Damaged Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A linear cropmark which is seen on aerial photographs running north to Description: south, then curving at its southern end to for a semi-circular "hook", which may represent part of an sub-circular enclosure.

Rarity: Common

Distance from 305 metres to the west development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Cropmark

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Visible as a cropmark within an arable field to the south of the Vyrnwy floodplain. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The development would not impact on this buried feature. Impact:

86 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 17 DOMGAY LANE HOUSE SITES HOUSE HER PRN: 8806 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ27281873 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Domestic Form: Building Condition: Destroyed Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A line of 4 or 5 cottages formerly stood along the side of Domgay Lane Description: and are shown on 19th century maps. They have all been removed in modern times.

Rarity: Common

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Historic mapping

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A line of 4 or 5 cottages formerly stood along the side of Domgay Lane and are shown on 19th century maps. They have all been removed in modern times. Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

87 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 18 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY, RING DITCH I RING DITCH HER PRN: 23661 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2692819033 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Bronze Age Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A Bronze Age Ring Ditch visible on aerial photographs as a crop mark in Description: a pasture field immediately to the east of the A483 road. It has been confirmed by geophysical survey in 2017 (Brooks, I.P., 2017, Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Surveys. EAS Report 2017/11).

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from Within development: Documentation: HER; Gibson, A M , 1998 , Prehistoric Funerary & Ritual Sites: Upper Severn Valley. CPAT; Gibson, A M , 2002 , Prehistoric funerary and ritual sites in the Upper Severn Valley , The Montgomeryshire Collections : 90 : 1-40;

Group Value: One in a group of Bronze Age monuments in the district

Evidential Value: Cropmark site

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Part of a complex of buried funerary and ritual monuments of late Neolithic or early Bronze Age date to the northeast of Four Crosses, situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. This Ring Ditch is a cropmark site immediately alongside the A483 road, within a pasture field. Significance: Regionally Important

Any Direct Yes Impact?: Very High Within area of proposed housing development

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature would be destroyed by the development. It would require Impact: full excavation before the development could proceed.

88 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 19 OFFA'S DYKE LINEAR EARTHWORK HER PRN: 26700 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ270187 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Early Medieval Broadclass: Monument (by form) Form: Earthwork Condition: Damaged Site Status: Scheduled Monument

SAM number: MG033 LB number: grade: Trysor Two separate sections of Offa's Dyke at Four Crosses. The southernmost Description: is 170m long, with a gap of 60m before the second, northern section runs for another 95 metres. The dyke is on a north-northwest to south-southeast alignment here. The northern section runs alongside the eastern side of the road known as The Street, which may overlie the next section of the dyke as it proceeds north. Two further evaluations undertaken to the north, at the village school in 2007 and neighbouring Eagles Glen in 2009, failed to find evidence of the dyke along its predicted course.

Three evaluation excavations have been undertaken in the vicinity to try to identify the line of the missing sections of the dyke. Only one of these was successful, which was an evaluation undertaken by Kevin Blockley in 1987, at the veterinarian surgery immediately to the southern end of the northern section of the scheduled dyke. This uncovered a surviving rampart up to 0.8 metres deep.

Rarity: Rare

Distance from 60 metres to the south-southwest development: Documentation: Powys HER; Cadw Scheduling Description; Blockley, K, 1997, Veterinary Surgery, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, Watching Brief; Hankinson, R, 2007, Llandysilio School, Four Crosses, Archaeological Evaluation; Grant, I., 2009, Eagles Glen, Four Crosses.

Group Value: One of several extant sections of the dyke

Evidential Value: Earthwork

Historical Value: Described in historical and archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: This section of Offa's dyke runs generally southwards from the direction of the River Vyrnwy at Llanymynech and would have been built across the higher ground around Llandysilio as it runs southwards towards the Severn. The northern section runs alongside the eastern side of the road known as The Street, which may overlie the next section of the dyke as it proceeds north. Significance: Nationally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development would not have any impact on this surviving Impact: section of the dyke.

89 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 20 LLANDYSILIO, 'THE OLD SCHOOL' SCHOOL HER PRN: 32352 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2677819267 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Education Form: Building Condition: Converted Site Status: Listed Building

SAM number: LB number: 8510 grade: II Trysor This building formerly served as the National or Church School for Description: Llandysilio parish. It was built around 1835 and enlarged in 1868, but converted into a dwelling in 1896.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from 220 metres to the northwest development: Documentation: HER

Group Value: Associated with the parish church

Evidential Value: Standing building

Historical Value: Described by Cadw for listing purposes

Aesthetic Value: An attractive stone building which includes a three-light lancet window taken from the old parish church Communal Value: Former school

Setting: This building was built to serve as a parish school immediately to the south of the parish churchyard. Significance: Nationally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development would have no impact on these features, Impact: which lie to the west of the village and the A483 and screened by hedgerows and trees.

90 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 21 FOUR CROSSES, DOMGAY CHAPEL NONCONFORMIST CHAPEL HER PRN: 32369 NMR NPRN: 11322

NGR: SJ2697518639 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Building Condition: Damaged Site Status: Listed Building

SAM number: LB number: 8531 grade: II Trysor A former Congregationalist chapel, the only nonconformist place of Description: worship in Llandysilio. It fell out of use in 1953 and was later partly gutted. The building is in good condition today however, with its roof and windows intact. It is internally connected to the adjacent Chapel House and a large garage door has been created in the western gable wall to allow vehicular access. By 2017 the chapel was being used as a workshop and store, although the external appearance of the chapel appears unchanged.

Rarity: Common

Distance from 165 metres to the south-southwest development: Documentation: Powys HER; Cadw Listed Building Description

Group Value: Associated with the adjacent chapel house

Evidential Value: Standing building, reused

Historical Value: Mentioned in historical sources

Aesthetic Value: Externally has the appearance of a small mid-19th century chapel

Communal Value: Former place of worship

Setting: This former chapel stands within its own plot, attached to the former chapel house. The site is at the western side of the former turnpike road between Welshpool and Oswestry, at a junction with two minor roads which run off to the northeast and southeast. Significance: Nationally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development would not be visible from this location. Impact:

91 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 22 FOUR CROSSES, `DOMGAY HOUSE' HOUSE HER PRN: 32370 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2696918627 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Domestic Form: Building Condition: Intact Site Status: Listed Building

SAM number: LB number: 8532 grade: II Trysor This house was built as the chapel house, attached to the former Description: Domgay Congregationalist Chapel. The house is probably mid-19th century in date. The chapel fell out of use in 1953 and the chapel house has been a private dwelling since, incorporating the chapel as a workshop and storage building as the two buildings are linked internally.

Rarity: Common

Distance from 175 metres to the south-southwest development: Documentation: Powys HER; Cadw Listed Building Description

Group Value: Associated with the adjacent former chapel

Evidential Value: Standing building, in use

Historical Value: Mentioned in historical sources

Aesthetic Value: Attractive mid-19th century stone house

Communal Value: None

Setting: This former chapel house stands within its own plot, attached to the former chapel house. The site is at the western side of the former turnpike road between Welshpool and Oswestry, at a junction with two minor roads which run off to the northeast and southeast. Significance: Nationally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development would not be visible from this location. Impact:

92 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 23 FOUR CROSSES PIT ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT G PIT ALIGNMENT HER PRN: 38029 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2731819145 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Iron Age;Post Medieval;Prehistoric Broadclass: Monument (by form);Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A pit alignment which underlies the post-medieval field system and Description: appears to form part of a complex of similar alignments making up an earlier field system of unknown date, but probably earlier than the post-medieval period. This alignment runs roughly north-northwest to south-southeast for some 260 metres.

Rarity: Not common

Distance from 185 metres to the east development: Documentation: HER; Owen, G & Britnell, B, 1989, Pit alignments at Four Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys

Group Value: Part of a series of pit alignments within an apparent field system

Evidential Value: Visible on aerial photographs

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A pit alignment which underlies the post-medieval field system and appears to form part of a complex of similar alignments making up an earlier field system of unknown date. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The large hedgerows either side of the former Cambrian Railway line Impact: would block views of the development from this location.

93 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 24 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY, RING DITCH II RING DITCH HER PRN: 38086 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2708118770 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Bronze Age Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A small Ring Ditch identified from geophysical survey in 2002 and partly Description: excavated by Marches Archaeology in 2003. It measured about 9 metres in diameter. As it was only partly excavated, no dating evidence or evidence of any burial was found during the excavation. Cotswolds Archaeology confirmed this to be a Ring Ditch during further excavation of the site in 2005.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from 70 metres to the southeast development: Documentation: HER; Kenney, J., 2003, Land off Domgay Lane, Four Crosses, Powys - Report on an archaeological evaluation. Marches Archaeology Series 297; Cotswolds Archaeology, 2007, Land at Domgay Lane, Four Crosses Powys, CA Report 06046;

Group Value: One of a number of Bronze Age funerary and ritual features identified in the area from aerial photographs Evidential Value: Geophysical survey; Excavation evidence

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Part of a complex of buried features within a pasture field which was developed for a housing estate after 2003. The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Regionally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature has been destroyed by development but was fully Impact: excavated in advance of its destruction.

94 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 25 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY, RING DITCH III RING DITCH HER PRN: 38087 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2709718725 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Bronze Age Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Excavated Condition: Destroyed Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A possible, small Ring Ditch identified from geophysical survey in 2002, Description: which would only have been approximately 7 metres in diameter. The feature was partly excavated by Marches Archaeology in 2003. The result of that excavation was inconclusive as only a narrow strip was opened across the feature was opened and it proved difficult to match up the geophysical survey plot with the excavation plan. It was thought that one of two ditches uncovered might have represented the possible Ring Ditch shown by the geophysical survey, but it was not certain which of these was the correct ditch or if it indeed represented part of a damaged Ring Ditch. In 2007, the feature was completely excavated by Cotswold Archaeology and confirmed to be a ring ditch.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from 115 metres to the southeast development: Documentation: HER; Kenney, J., 2003, Land off Domgay Lane, Four Crosses, Powys - Report on an archaeological evaluation. Marches Archaeology Series 297;

Group Value: Possibly one of a number of Bronze Age funerary and ritual features identified in the area from aerial photographs Evidential Value: Geophysical survey; Excavation evidence

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Part of a complex of buried features within a pasture field which was developed for a housing estate after 2003. The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Regionally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature has been destroyed by development but was partly Impact: excavated in advance of its destruction.

95 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 26 FOUR CROSSES FIELD SYSTEM, LINEAR CROPMARK I FIELD BOUNDARY HER PRN: 38088 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2705518770 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Monument (by form) Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A buried boundary ditch evaluated by Marches Archaeology in 2003 and Description: found to be of post-medieval date. The ditch was c.96 metres long and ran northwest to southeast. It appears to correspond with a boundary shown on the parish tithe map, dividing field parcels 408 and 409 and running southeast to northwest, which terminated at a boundary running northeast to southwest which forms the southern side of the lane to Oldfield Farm.

Rarity: Common

Distance from 10 metres to the south development: Documentation: HER; Kenney, J., 2003, Land off Domgay Lane, Four Crosses, Powys - Report on an archaeological evaluation. Marches Archaeology Series 297, Feature 18;

Group Value: One of a number of buried post-medieval features identified at Four Crosses by geophysical survey Evidential Value: Geophysical survey; Excavation evidence

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Part of a complex of buried features within a pasture field which was developed for a housing estate after 2003. The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature has been destroyed by development but was partly Impact: excavated in advance of its destruction.

96 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 27 FOUR CROSSES FIELD SYSTEM, LINEAR CROPMARK II FIELD BOUNDARY HER PRN: 38089 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2704318759 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Roman Broadclass: Monument (by form) Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A buried boundary ditch evaluated by Marches Archaeology in 2003 and Description: found to be of post-medieval date. In 2005 Cotswolds Archaeology undertook further work here and dated the ditch to the Roman period, as Romano-British pottery sherds were found in the fill of the ditch. The ditch was c.77 metres long and ran northwest to southeast and formed part of a field complex.

Rarity: Common

Distance from Potentially partially within development: Documentation: HER; Kenney, J., 2003, Land off Domgay Lane, Four Crosses, Powys - Report on an archaeological evaluation. Marches Archaeology Series 297, Feature 17; Cotswolds Archaeology, 2007, Land at Domgay Lane, Four Crosses Powys, CA Report 06046;

Group Value: One of a number of buried features identified at Four Crosses by geophysical survey Evidential Value: Geophysical survey; Excavation evidence

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Part of a complex of buried features within a pasture field which was developed for a housing estate after 2003. The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct Yes Impact?: Moderate Possibly skirts the western side of the development area although it may lay just outside it

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This attested Romano-British ditch runs into the vicinity of the proposed Impact: development from the south but may just lay outside the boundary of the development site.

97 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 28 FOUR CROSSES FIELD SYSTEM, LINEAR CROPMARK III FIELD BOUNDARY (POSSIBLE); TRACKWAY HER PRN: 38090 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2714918708 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Monument (by form) Form: Excavated Condition: Destroyed Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A pair of parallel linear ditches which ran for over 50 metres northeast Description: to southwest. The ditch was evaluated by Marches Archaeology in 2003 and found to be of post-medieval date. In 2005 Cotswolds Archaeology undertook further work here and also dated the ditch to the post-medieval period.

Rarity: Common

Distance from 160 metres to the southeast development: Documentation: HER; Kenney, J., 2003, Land off Domgay Lane, Four Crosses, Powys - Report on an archaeological evaluation. Marches Archaeology Series 297, Feature 17; Cotswolds Archaeology, 2007, Land at Domgay Lane, Four Crosses Powys, CA Report 06046;

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Cropmark

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Part of a complex of buried features within a pasture field which was developed for a housing estate after 2003. The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature has been destroyed by development but was partly Impact: excavated in advance of its destruction.

98 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 29 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY, RING DITCH IV RING DITCH HER PRN: 38091 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2711618711 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Bronze Age Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Excavated Condition: Destroyed Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A possible Bronze Age Ring Ditch which was identified by geophysical Description: survey in 2002. The ditch was not complete, with three separate, curving sections of ditch noted, postulated to represent a Ring Ditch which measured about 31 metres in diameter. The site has been built over by a modern housing estate. Two sections were subsequently excavated but no conclusive evidence was found to demonstrate this was in fact a Ring Ditch.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from 140 metres to the southeast development: Documentation: HER; Kenney, J., 2003, Land off Domgay Lane, Four Crosses, Powys - Report on an archaeological evaluation. Marches Archaeology Series 297;

Group Value: One of a number of Bronze Age funerary and ritual features identified in the area from aerial photographs Evidential Value: Cropmark site.

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Part of a complex of buried features within a pasture field which was developed for a housing estate after 2003. The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Regionally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature has been destroyed by development but was partly Impact: excavated in advance of its destruction.

99 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 30 BRIDGE HOUSE LINEAR CROPMARK I FIELD BOUNDARY HER PRN: 38093 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2738918696 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Monument (by form) Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A linear cropmark of post-medieval date. Description:

Rarity: Common

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Cropmark

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A linear cropmark running across pasture fields and thought to represent a possible post-medieval field boundary. Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

100 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 31 BRIDGE HOUSE LINEAR CROPMARK III FIELD BOUNDARY HER PRN: 38094 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2734518661 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Monument (by form) Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A linear cropmark of post-medieval date. Description:

Rarity: Common

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Cropmark

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A linear cropmark running across pasture fields and thought to represent a possible post-medieval field boundary. Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

101 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 32 BRIDGE HOUSE LINEAR CROPMARK II FIELD BOUNDARY;TRACKWAY HER PRN: 38095 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2734518638 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Monument (by form) Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A linear cropmark running across pasture fields and thought to Description: represent a possible post-medieval trackway or field boundary.

Rarity: Common

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Cropmark

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A linear cropmark running across pasture fields and thought to represent a possible post-medieval trackway or field boundary. Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

102 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 33 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY, RING DITCH V RING DITCH HER PRN: 38096 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2717318541 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Bronze Age Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor The site of a large, late Neolithic or early Bronze Age Ring Ditch. The Description: feature was truncated by the construction of the Cambrian Railway in the 19th century which cut through its western side. The remaining portion of the ring ditch now lies beneath a metalled yard.

Rarity: Common locally

Distance from 295 metres to the south-southeast development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: One of series of ring ditches in the area

Evidential Value: Buried feature

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: This ring ditch is one of a significant group of such funerary monuments in the Four Crosses area. It was truncated by the construction of a railway in the 19th century and now lies beneath a metalled parking ground. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development site would not be visible from this location. Impact:

103 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 34 CAE-HEN ENCLOSURE ENCLOSURE HER PRN: 38097 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2711919031 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Iron Age (Possible) Broadclass: Monument (by form) Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A relict field system is visible as cropmarks on aerial photographs, Description: underlying the post-medieval field system. This D-shaped enclosure appears to form part of the field system. It has been confirmed by geophysical survey in 2017.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from Within development: Documentation: HER; Brooks, I.P., 2017, Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Surveys. EAS Report 2017/11;

Group Value: Probably associated with field system PRN 50519

Evidential Value: Cropmark

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: The site is situated within a series of post-medieval field parcels, on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct No Impact?: Very High

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature would be destroyed by the development. It would require Impact: full excavation before the development could proceed.

104 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 35 CAE HEN TRACKWAY TRACKWAY HER PRN: 38098 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2701618984 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Iron Age Broadclass: Transport Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A possible trackway shown as a cropmark on aerial photographs. It is of Description: unknown date but underlies the post-medieval field system. In the 1980s, CPAT excavated a pit alignment (PRN 38100) which appears to have terminated when it reached the eastern side of this trackway, implying that the trackway must have been contemporary with the pit alignment. The line of the trackway has also been confirmed by geophysical survey in 2017.

Rarity: Common

Distance from Within development: Documentation: HER; Owen, G & Britnell, B, 1989, Pit alignments at Four Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys; Brooks, I.P., 2017, Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Surveys. EAS Report 2017/11;

Group Value: Probably associated with field system PRN 50519

Evidential Value: Cropmark

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: The feature underlies a series of post-medieval field parcels, on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct Yes Impact?: Very High Within area of proposed housing development

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature would be destroyed by the development. It would require Impact: full excavation before the development could proceed.

105 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 36 RECTORY TRACKWAY TRACKWAY (POSSIBLE) HER PRN: 38099 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2710819156 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Iron Age (Possible) Broadclass: Transport Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A possible trackway shown as a cropmark on aerial photographs and Description: running for 115 metres. It is of unknown date but underlies the post-medieval field system.

Rarity: Common

Distance from 15 metres to the north development: Documentation: HER

Group Value: Probably associated with field system PRN 50519

Evidential Value: Cropmark

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: The feature underlies a series of post-medieval field parcels, on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This cropmark would not be directly affected by the development but it Impact: is possibly a continuation of features within development site, although this is not certain.

106 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 37 FOUR CROSSES PIT ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT B (WESTERN PIT ALIGNMENT SECTION) HER PRN: 38100 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2708118967 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Iron Age Broadclass: Monument (by form) Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A pit alignment which underlies the post-medieval field system and Description: appears to form part of a complex of similar alignments making up an earlier field system of unknown date, but probably earlier than the post-medieval period. This alignment runs roughly east to west for over 550 metres.

Rarity: Not common

Distance from 10 metres to the east development: Documentation: HER; Owen, G & Britnell, B, 1989, Pit alignments at Four Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys

Group Value: Part of a series of pit alignments within an apparent field system

Evidential Value: Visible on aerial photographs

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A pit alignment which underlies the post-medieval field system and appears to form part of a complex of similar alignments making up an earlier field system of unknown date. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This pit alignment runs east to west but ends where it meets trackway Impact: PRN 38098. Excavations by CPAT in the 1980s demonstrated that the pit alignment did not run into the development site.

107 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 38 CAE-HEN ENCLOSURE DEFENDED ENCLOSURE HER PRN: 38102 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2704618888 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Iron Age Broadclass: Domestic Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A curved, linear cropmark visible on aerial photographs. Although it has Description: been suggested that it might represent part of a defensive enclosure, there is no supporting evidence of such a feature existing at this location and the cropmark may be more likely to represent and old boundary line or drainage feature. A geophysical survey undertaken in 2017 did not show any evidence of the curving linear feature suggested by the cropmark evidence.

Rarity: Common

Distance from Within development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Cropmark

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A cropmark visible on aerial photographs in a pasture field to the northeast of Four Crosses village. Its date and purpose are unknown. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct No Impact?: Very High

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on There is no evidence form the 2017 geophysical survey that this feature Impact: exists, but the area would require evaluation in advance of development to investigate the potential feature.

108 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 39 FOUR CROSSES PIT ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT F PIT ALIGNMENT HER PRN: 38103 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2724219079 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Iron Age;Post Medieval;Prehistoric Broadclass: Monument (by form);Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A pit alignment which underlies the post-medieval field system and Description: appears to form part of a complex of similar alignments making up an earlier field system of unknown date, but probably earlier than the post-medieval period. This alignment runs roughly north-northwest to south-southeast for some 80 metres.

Rarity: Not common

Distance from 90 metres to the east development: Documentation: HER; Owen, G & Britnell, B, 1989, Pit alignments at Four Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys

Group Value: Part of a series of pit alignments within an apparent field system

Evidential Value: Visible on aerial photographs

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A pit alignment which underlies the post-medieval field system and appears to form part of a complex of similar alignments making up an earlier field system of unknown date. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development site would not be visible from this location. Impact:

109 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 40 DOMGAY LANE LINEAR CROPMARK FIELD BOUNDARY HER PRN: 38105 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2748119073 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Monument (by form) Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A pit alignment which underlies the post-medieval field system and Description: appears to form part of a complex of similar alignments making up an earlier field system of unknown date, but probably earlier than the post-medieval period. This alignment runs roughly north-northwest to south-southeast for some 190 metres.

Rarity: Not common

Distance from 325 metres to the east development: Documentation: HER; Owen, G & Britnell, B, 1989, Pit alignments at Four Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys

Group Value: Part of a series of pit alignments within an apparent field system

Evidential Value: Visible on aerial photographs

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A pit alignment which underlies the post-medieval field system and appears to form part of a complex of similar alignments making up an earlier field system of unknown date. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development site would not be visible from this location. Impact:

110 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 41 FOUR CROSSES PIT ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT H PIT ALIGNMENT HER PRN: 38106 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2728118972 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Iron Age;Post Medieval;Prehistoric Broadclass: Monument (by form);Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A pit alignment which underlies the post-medieval field system and Description: appears to form part of a complex of similar alignments making up an earlier field system of unknown date, but probably earlier than the post-medieval period. This alignment runs roughly north-northwest to south-southeast for some 80 metres.

Rarity: Not common

Distance from 285 metres to the east development: Documentation: Powys HER; Owen, G & Britnell, B, 1989, Pit alignments at Four Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys

Group Value: Part of a series of pit alignments within an apparent field system

Evidential Value: Visible on aerial photographs

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A pit alignment which underlies the post-medieval field system and appears to form part of a complex of similar alignments making up an earlier field system of unknown date. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development site would not be visible from this location. Impact:

111 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 42 FOUR CROSSES FIELD SYSTEM, LINEAR CROPMARK I FIELD BOUNDARY HER PRN: 38120 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2729018855 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Monument (by form) Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A linear cropmark some 115 metres in length has been seen on aerial Description: photographs.

Rarity: Common

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Cropmark

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A cropmark visible on aerial photographs in a pasture field to the northeast of Four Crosses village. Its date and purpose are unknown. Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

112 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 43 FOUR CROSSES FIELD SYSTEM, LINEAR CROPMARK III FIELD BOUNDARY HER PRN: 38121 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2721718872 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Monument (by form) Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A linear cropmark some 96 metres in length, southwest to northeast, Description: has been seen on aerial photographs.

Rarity: Common

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Cropmark

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A cropmark visible on aerial photographs in a pasture field to the northeast of Four Crosses village. Its date and purpose are unknown. Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

113 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 44 HAULFRE LINEAR CROPMARK FIELD BOUNDARY HER PRN: 38122 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2710418552 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Monument (by form) Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A linear cropmark some 40 metres in length has been seen on aerial Description: photographs. The area was developed for housing and a watching brief failed to find evidence of the feature.

Rarity: Common

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Aerial photographic evidence

Historical Value: Mentioned in an archaeological source

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A cropmark seen on aerial photographs but the area has been developed for housing. Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

114 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 45 FOUR CROSSES PIT ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT I PIT ALIGNMENT HER PRN: 38126 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2747319004 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Iron Age;Post Medieval;Prehistoric Broadclass: Monument (by form);Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A pit alignment which underlies the post-medieval field system and Description: appears to form part of a complex of similar alignments making up an earlier field system of unknown date, but probably earlier than the post-medieval period. This alignment runs roughly north-northwest to south-southeast for some 80 metres.

Rarity: Not common

Distance from 310 metres to the east-southeast development: Documentation: HER; Owen, G & Britnell, B, 1989, Pit alignments at Four Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys

Group Value: Part of a series of pit alignments within an apparent field system

Evidential Value: Visible on aerial photographs

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A pit alignment which underlies the post-medieval field system and appears to form part of a complex of similar alignments making up an earlier field system of unknown date. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development site would not be visible from this location. Impact:

115 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 46 DOMGAY LANE LINEAR CROPMARK II FIELD BOUNDARY HER PRN: 38127 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2742219059 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Monument (by form) Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A pit alignment which underlies the post-medieval field system and Description: appears to form part of a complex of similar alignments making up an earlier field system of unknown date, but probably earlier than the post-medieval period. This alignment runs roughly west-southwest to north-northeast for some 50 metres.

Rarity: Not common

Distance from 260 metres to the east development: Documentation: HER; Owen, G & Britnell, B, 1989, Pit alignments at Four Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys

Group Value: Part of a series of pit alignments within an apparent field system

Evidential Value: Visible on aerial photographs

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A pit alignment which underlies the post-medieval field system and appears to form part of a complex of similar alignments making up an earlier field system of unknown date. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development site would not be visible from this location. Impact:

116 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 47 FOUR CROSSES FIELD SYSTEM FIELD SYSTEM HER PRN: 50519 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2706619011 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Bronze Age Broadclass: Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A relict field system is visible as cropmarks on aerial photographs, Description: underlying the post-medieval field system. Part of this field system has also been confirmed by geophysical survey in 2017.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from Within development: Documentation: Powys HER; Brooks, I.P., 2017, Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Surveys. EAS Report 2017/11;

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Cropmarks

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: The site is situated within a series of post-medieval field parcels, on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct No Impact?: Moderate

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on Part of this apparent field system lies within the proposed development Impact: area. This part of the field system would be destroyed by the development and would require full excavation before the development could proceed.

117 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 48 FOUR CROSSES PIT ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT J PIT ALIGNMENT HER PRN: 50521 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2730018670

Period: Iron Age;Post Medieval;Prehistoric Broadclass: Monument (by form);Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Cropmark Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A pit alignment, accompanied by a parallel ditch, is visible on aerial Description: photographs running north-northwest to south-southeast through this area. It has not been subject to archaeological evaluation and remains undated.

Rarity: Not common

Distance from 300 metres to the southeast development: Documentation: HER

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Cropmark site

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: This pit alignment is a buried feature underlying the post-medieval field system. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development would not be visible from this feature. Impact:

118 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 49 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY, SITE 2 (MESOLITHIC) OCCUPATION SITE HER PRN: 50523 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2708218814 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Mesolithic Broadclass: Domestic Form: Buried Feature Condition: Destroyed Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor During excavations of late Neolithic or early Bronze Age funerary Description: monuments at Four Crosses in 1984, CPAT also uncovered some evidence of Mesolithic activity. This included two charcoal samples which gave radiocarbon dates to the 6th millennium BC. They also discovered small flint blades and a "retouched blade with a burin scar" thought to be of Mesolithic type.

Rarity: Not common

Distance from 35 metres to the southeast development: Documentation: HER; Warrilow,W, Owen, G. and Britnell, W. 1986. ‘Eight Ring-Ditches at Four-Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys 1981-85’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 52, 53-87;

Group Value: Two charcoal samples taken from land near Four Crosses which provided Mesolithic dates and appear to suggest some Mesolithic occupation of the area. Evidential Value: Excavated evidence

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Within a complex of buried features within a pasture field which was developed for a housing estate after 2003. The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Regionally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature has been destroyed by development but was fully Impact: excavated in advance of its destruction.

119 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 50 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY, SITE 2 (NEOLITHIC) OCCUPATION SITE HER PRN: 50524 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2708218814 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Neolithic Broadclass: Domestic Form: Buried Feature Condition: Destroyed Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A pit excavated within the area of the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age Description: barrow cemetery at Four Crosses was found within the interior of a Ring Ditch. The pit included 48 sherds of Beaker pottery as well as charcoal and a burnt flint fragment. It is thought the pit had been sealed before the Ring Ditch had been created. Charcoal samples from the pit were dated to 2240bc ±70, 1940 ±70 and 1740 ±70. The 500 year span in radiocarbon dates may be the result of later animal disturbance, but the Beaker pottery has been taken to represent late Neolithic occupation predating the construction of the barrow cemetery.

Rarity: Not common

Distance from 35 metres to the southeast development: Documentation: HER; Warrilow,W, Owen, G. and Britnell, W. 1986. ‘Eight Ring-Ditches at Four-Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys 1981-85’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 52, 53-87;

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Excavated evidence

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Within a complex of buried features within a pasture field which was developed for a housing estate after 2003. The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Regionally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact on Setting:

Comment on This feature has been destroyed by development but was fully Impact: excavated in advance of its destruction.

120 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 51 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY, SITE 2 (BRONZE AGE) ROUND BARROW HER PRN: 50525 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2708218814 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Bronze Age Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Earthwork Condition: Destroyed Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A Ring Ditch, measuring 13 metres in diameter, excavated by CPAT in Description: 1984. No datable finds or charcoal deposits were found from the ditch. A large central pit was found, 3 metres long by 1.5 metres wide, assumed to be contemporary and to represent a grave. This was also found to contain no artefacts or datable charcoal. Phosphate analysis of the soil within the pit proved to be negative, indicating that there had been no burial within the pit and perhaps casting doubt on its relationship with the Ring Ditch.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from 35 metres to the southeast development: Documentation: HER; Warrilow,W, Owen, G. and Britnell, W. 1986. ‘Eight Ring-Ditches at Four-Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys 1981-85’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 52, 53-87;

Group Value: One in a group of Bronze Age funerary and ritual monuments in the Domgay area Evidential Value: Excavated evidence

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Within a complex of buried features within a pasture field which was developed for a housing estate after 2003. The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Regionally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This ring ditch has been destroyed by development but was fully Impact: excavated in advance of its destruction.

121 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 52 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY, SITE 2 (IRON AGE) HEARTH HER PRN: 50526 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2708218814 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Iron Age Broadclass: Monument (by form) Form: Buried Feature Condition: Destroyed Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor Upon excavation of the Bronze Age Ring Ditch PRN 50525 by CPAT in Description: 1984, an Iron Age hearth and two adjacent pits were found to overlay the southwestern quadrant of the Ring Ditch. The two pits were later than the hearth and had been cut into it, but were still thought to be roughly contemporary with the hearth. The hearth, 0.8 metres in diameter and up to 0.16 metres deep, consisted of a flat-based, steep-sided pit, with reddened, fire-cracked stone slabs at the base. It may have originally been lined with stones, but only one edge-set slab remained in position to suggest this. Oak, ash and gorse charcoal within the pit were dated to 180±60bc. Nearby, fragments of a bronze melting crucible and some slag were found, suggesting that the hearth may have been associated with metalworking activity.

Rarity: Not common

Distance from 35 metres to the southeast development: Documentation: HER; Warrilow,W, Owen, G. and Britnell, W. 1986. ‘Eight Ring-Ditches at Four-Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys 1981-85’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 52, 53-87;

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Excavated evidence

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Within a complex of buried features within a pasture field which was developed for a housing estate after 2003. The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Regionally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature has been destroyed by development but was fully Impact: excavated in advance of its destruction.

122 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 53 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY, SITE 2 (DARK AGE) CEMETERY HER PRN: 50527 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2708218814 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Early Medieval Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Buried Feature Condition: Destroyed Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor Upon excavation of the Bronze Age Ring Ditch PRN 50525 by CPAT in Description: 1984, four grave pits and a scatter of skeletal remains cut into the Ring Ditch at a later date. These burials have been attributed an Early Medieval date by CPAT and thought to represent an Early Medieval cemetery group. One of the grave pits, Grave Pit 2, produced a radiocarbon date of 100±70bc, which places it in the Iron Age or Roman period, but some doubt has been cast on the accuracy of this date as mixed material was used in the sample. An iron javelin point and a spearhead found in the upper fill of the Ring Ditch were thought to be of Early Medieval type, 6th to 7th century AD, and their presence led the excavators to believe that the burials may also belong to that period. In 2005, Cotswolds Archaeology undertook further excavations in this area and uncovered a further 7 graves some 30 metres to the east, which they dated to the Roman period on the basis of a sherd of Roman pottery within one grave.

Rarity: Not common

Distance from 35 metres to the southeast development: Documentation: HER; Warrilow,W, Owen, G. and Britnell, W. 1986. ‘Eight Ring-Ditches at Four-Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys 1981-85’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 52, 53-87;

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Excavated evidence

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Within a complex of buried features within a pasture field which was developed for a housing estate after 2003. The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Regionally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature has been destroyed by development but was fully Impact: excavated in advance of its destruction.

123 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 54 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY, SITE 2 (DARK AGE) FINDSPOT HER PRN: 50528 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2708218814 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Early Medieval Broadclass: Monument (by form) Form: Buried Feature Condition: Moved Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor Upon excavation of the Bronze Age Ring Ditch PRN 50525 by CPAT in Description: 1984,

Rarity: Rare

Distance from 35 metres to the southeast development: Documentation: HER; Warrilow,W, Owen, G. and Britnell, W. 1986. ‘Eight Ring-Ditches at Four-Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys 1981-85’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 52, 53-87;

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Excavated evidence

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: Examples of possible Early Medieval weaponry

Communal Value: None

Setting: Found within a complex of buried features within a pasture field which was developed for a housing estate after 2003. The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Regionally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature has been moved in advance of development but the was Impact: fully excavated in advance of its removal.

124 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 55 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY, SITE 4 (BRONZE AGE) ROUND BARROW HER PRN: 50556 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2720518841 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Bronze Age Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Earthwork Condition: Destroyed Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A late Neolithic or Bronze Age ring ditch which measures some 17.5 Description: metres in diameter and had a broad ditch, 3 metres wide by 1 metre deep. It was excavated by CPAT in 1982 and found to be ploughed down, with no dating evidence other than a possible Bronze Age pottery sherd. Two sherds of Romano-British pottery were also on the mound.

Rarity: Common locally

Distance from 120 metres to the east-southeast development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: One in a group of Bronze Age funerary and ritual monuments in the Four Crosses area Evidential Value: Excavated evidence

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn, now lying within a pasture field. Significance: Nationally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development would not be visible from this location. Impact:

125 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 56 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY, SITE 1 (BRONZE AGE) ROUND BARROW HER PRN: 50559 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2702818926 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Bronze Age Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Earthwork Condition: Near destroyed Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A late Neolithic or Bronze Age ring ditch which measures some 28.5 Description: metres in diameter and had a broad ditch, 2 metres wide. It was excavated by CPAT in 1981-82 when it was still a mound 0.75 metres high. Bronze Age pottery sherds were found within the mound, beneath which were five concentric stake circles and a central pit which included the primary burial. A large post hole in this pit provided a radiocarbon date 1470 +/- 65bc. Some Romano-British pottery sherds were found on the mound itself.

Rarity: Common locally

Distance from Within development: Documentation: Powys HER; Warrilow,W, Owen, G. and Britnell, W. 1986. ‘Eight Ring-Ditches at Four-Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys 1981-85’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 52, 53-87;

Group Value: One in a group of Bronze Age funerary and ritual monuments in the Four Crosses area Evidential Value: Excavated evidence

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn, now lying within a pasture field at the northeastern side of Four Crosses village. Significance: Nationally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: Very High

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The remaining elements of this feature would be destroyed by the Impact: development. It would require further, full excavation of the ring ditch (which was only partially excavated in the 1980s) before the development could proceed.

126 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 57 FOUR CROSSES BYPASS, GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY AREA 1, RING DITCH (POSSIBLE) RING DITCH HER PRN: 70709 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ26851925 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Bronze Age (Possible) Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Buried Feature Condition: Destroyed Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A possible small ring ditch was identified by geophysical survey in 1997, Description: in advance of the construction of the Four Crosses bypass. The site was excavated in 2010 and the area built-over by the new roadway.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from 185 metres to the north-northwest development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Excavated feature

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: This was a buried feature identified through geophysical survey and subsequently excavated. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature was destroyed by the construction of the new section of the Impact: A483.

127 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 58 FOUR CROSSES BYPASS, GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY AREA 1, DITCH DITCH HER PRN: 70710 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ26831926 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Monument (by form) Form: Buried Feature Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A linear ditch was identified by geophysical survey in 1997, in advance Description: of the construction of the Four Crosses bypass. The site was excavated in 2010 and the area built-over by the new roadway.

Rarity: Common

Distance from 200 metres to the north-northwest development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Noted by geophysical survey

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: This was a buried feature identified through geophysical survey and subsequently excavated. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature was destroyed by the construction of the new section of the Impact: A483.

128 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 59 FOUR CROSSES BYPASS, GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY AREA 4/5, ENCLOSURE ENCLOSURE HER PRN: 70714 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ26851882 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Monument (by form) Form: Buried Feature Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor This linear feature was identified by geophysical survey in 1997 and Description: partially excavated in 2010. It was found to be a linear boundary ditch, 1.15 metres wide and 0.4 metres deep. Charcoal from the basal fill was radiocarbon dated to 800 - 540 cal.BC.

Rarity: Not common

Distance from 145 metres to the west development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Identified by geophysical survey and partial excavation

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: This was a buried feature identified through geophysical survey and subsequently partially excavated. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature was cut through by the construction of a new section of the Impact: A483 but most of it survives buried beneath a pasture field to the west of Four Crosses.

129 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 60 FOUR CROSSES BYPASS, GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY AREA 9, BANK AND DITCH BANK AND DITCH HER PRN: 70718 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ26901859 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Monument (by form) Form: Buried Feature Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A possible ditch and bank, running north to south, shown up by Description: geophysical survey in 1997. The feature has never been excavated.

Rarity: Common

Distance from 240 metres to the south-southwest development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Geophysical survey

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: This was a buried feature identified through geophysical survey.

Significance: Unknown

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This buried feature has not been explored and would not be affected by Impact: the proposed development.

130 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 61 FOUR CROSSES, THE CLAWDD, TRENCH 3, PITS PIT;DITCH HER PRN: 85774 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2693118489

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Buried Feature Condition: Excavated Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor Two sub-circular pits of unknown date excavated by CAP in 2000. Description:

Rarity: Common

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Excavated feature

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological source

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A buried feature in fields to the southern side of the A483 in Four Crosses village, which was excavated in 2000. Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

131 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 62 FOUR CROSSES, THE CLAWDD, TRENCH 8, DITCH I DITCH HER PRN: 85776 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2697818482 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Buried Feature Condition: Excavated Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A minor ditch of unknown date excavated by CAP in 2000. Description:

Rarity: Common

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Excavated feature

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological source

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A buried feature in fields to the southern side of the A483 in Four Crosses village, which was excavated in 2000. Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

132 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 63 FOUR CROSSES, THE CLAWDD, TRENCH 8, DITCH II DITCH HER PRN: 85777 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2697218478 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Buried Feature Condition: Excavated Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A minor ditch of unknown date excavated by CAP in 2000. Description:

Rarity: Common

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Excavated feature

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological source

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A buried feature in fields to the southern side of the A483 in Four Crosses village, which was excavated in 2000. Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

133 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 64 FOUR CROSSES, THE CLAWDD, TRENCH 9, DITCH DITCH HER PRN: 85778 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2700818460 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Buried Feature Condition: Excavated Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A curvilinear ditch with two fills excavated by CAP in 2000. Description:

Rarity: Common

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Excavated feature

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological source

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A buried feature in fields to the southern side of the A483 in Four Crosses village, which was excavated in 2000. Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

134 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 65 FOUR CROSSES, THE CLAWDD, TRENCH 3, POST HOLE POST HOLE HER PRN: 85781 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2693518493 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Buried Feature Condition: Excavated Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A minor post hole of unknown date excavated by CAP in 2000. Description:

Rarity: Common

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Excavated feature

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological source

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A buried feature in fields to the southern side of the A483 in Four Crosses village, which was excavated in 2000. Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

135 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 66 FOUR CROSSES, THE CLAWDD, TRENCH 4, PIT PIT;DITCH HER PRN: 85782 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2694818476 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Buried Feature Condition: Excavated Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A minor pit or ditch of unknown date excavated by CAP in 2000. Description:

Rarity: Common

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Excavated feature

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological source

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A buried feature in fields to the southern side of the A483 in Four Crosses village, which was excavated in 2000. Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

136 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 67 CHURCH HOUSE FARM; LLANDYSILIO FARM FARMSTEAD HER PRN: 86866 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2681919318 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Complex Condition: Converted Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor The house and buildings of this former farmstead stand aligned to the Description: A483 road, situated between the road to the west and the parish churchyard to the east. At the time of the parish tithe survey in the 1840s, this farm was known as Llandysilio Farm. The house was replaced in 1900, by when a much larger range of farm buildings also stood to the north and east of the farmyard. The property has not been working farm in modern times but a residential property.

Rarity: Common

Distance from 250 metres to the north-northwest development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: House and farm buildings

Evidential Value: Historic mapping, standing buildings

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: The house and buildings of this former farmstead stand aligned to the A483 road, situated between the road to the west and Llandysilio parish churchyard to the east. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development would have no impact on these features, Impact: which lie to the west of the village and the A483 and screened by hedgerows and trees.

137 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 68 FOUR CROSSES, GOLDEN LION HOTEL, STRUCTURE BUILDING HER PRN: 86970 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2692018777 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Monument (by form) Form: Structure Condition: Destroyed Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A minor building of unknown purpose associated with the Golden Lion Description: public house in the 19th century. Its was excavated in 2002 and evidence of a brick-built structure, 4 metres by 2 metres, found. The site has been built over.

Rarity: Common

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: Associated with the Golden Lion pub

Evidential Value: Historic mapping

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A minor building of unknown purpose associated with the Golden Lion public house in the 19th century. Its was excavated in 2002 and evidence of a brick-built structure, 4 metres by 2 metres, found. The site has been built over. Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

138 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 69 FOUR CROSSES, GREENWOOD RIDGE AND FURROW RIDGE AND FURROW HER PRN: 87433 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ26901854 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Medieval Broadclass: Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Earthwork Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor An area of ridge and furrow cultivation on an east-northeast to Description: west-northwest alignment. Now within a pasture field.

Rarity: Common

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Earthworks

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: An area of ridge and furrow cultivation on an east-northeast to west-northwest alignment. Now within a pasture field to the west of Four Crosses village Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

139 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 70 FOUR CROSSES, MAES OFFA MILESTONE MILESTONE HER PRN: 87434 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ26891902 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Transport Form: Structure Condition: Near Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A 19th century milestone set to the western side of the Welshpool to Description: Oswestry turnpike road, marking the distances "Welshpool 8 miles Oswestry 7 miles." It still stands here but it is possible that it has been moved and reset into the roadside boundary following road improvements.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from 20 metres to the west development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: One of a series of milestones along the former turnpike road

Evidential Value: Stone in situ

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: Carved 19th century milestone

Communal Value: Marks distances on a public highway

Setting: This milestone was set to the western side of the Welshpool to Oswestry turnpike road. It still stands here but it is possible that it has been moved and reset into the roadside boundary following road improvements. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect Yes Impact?: Low Intervisibility

Level of Impact Low on Setting:

Comment on The development will occur in the field on the opposite side of the road Impact: to the west. The impact will be Low, as the milestone may not be in situ but is also best viewed looking west, away from the proposed development site.

140 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 71 FOUR CROSSES, CHURCH HOUSE POST BOX POST BOX HER PRN: 87435 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2685619278 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Communications Form: Structure Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A George VII red, postal wallbox, which dates to the period 1901 to Description: 1910 and remains in use in 2017.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from 210 metres to the north-northwest development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Postbox in situ

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: An example of a relatively uncommon George VII postbox

Communal Value: In public use

Setting: Set into the wall of a red-brick outbuilding on Llandysilio farm, facing the A483 road. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development would have no impact on this feature, which Impact: lies to the west of the A483 and is screened by hedgerows and trees.

141 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 72 FOUR CROSSES, LLANDYSILIO POLICE STATION POLICE STATION HER PRN: 87436 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ26911887 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Civil Form: Building Condition: Modernised Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor The former police station serving the Llandysilio and Four Crosses Description: district. It is an attractive, late Victorian stone building, under a slate roof and probably dates to the third quarter of the 19th century. It stands in Four Crosses village, alongside the former main between Welshpool and Oswestry and is now a private residence.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from 90 metres to the west development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Standing building, in use

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: Architecturally this building stands out as a late Victorian civil building

Communal Value: Former police station

Setting: This late-Victorian, former police station, stands in Four Crosses village, alongside the former main between Welshpool and Oswestry and is now a private residence. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on Houses and the school on the opposite side of the road to the east Impact: would block views of the proposed development from this location.

142 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 73 FOUR CROSSES, BRYN OFFA COTTAGE HOUSE HER PRN: 87437 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ26901894

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Domestic Form: Building Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor This is a relatively large house which stands to the western side of the Description: former Welshpool to Oswestry turnpike road at Four Crosses. The house is cement-rendered and slate-roofed. It faces southwards, overlooking its garden plot. A cottage named Firtree Cottage is shown here on the 1st edition 1:2500 scale OS map of 1886 and a smaller cottage is on the same site on the parish tithe map of the 1840s. The present house appears to have replaced the earlier cottage, possibly incorporating the structure into its core.

Rarity: Common

Distance from 20 metres to the west development: Documentation: HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Standing building, in use

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: This late 19th century house stands to the western side of the former Welshpool to Oswestry turnpike road at Four Crosses. It stands in a large garden with mature trees to the east screening it from view from the adjacent road. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect Yes Impact?: Low Intervisibility

Level of Impact Low on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development would be visible on the opposite side of the Impact: road to the east, but would not impact on views of this house, which faces south, away from the development.

143 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 74 FOUR CROSSES, STREET FARM FARM HER PRN: 87438 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ26941868 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Complex Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor This 19th century farmstead stands to the western side of the former Description: Welshpool to Oswestry turnpike road at Four Crosses. The farmhouse stands in its own garden and faces the road to the west, though is set well back from the road. To the northern side of the garden is a second enclosure where the red-brick outbuildings of the farmstead stand. It is not known if it is still a working farm but there is access through the yard to the fields to the west.

Rarity: Common

Distance from 125 metres to the southwest development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Standing buildings

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: This 19th century farmstead stands to the western side of the former Welshpool to Oswestry turnpike road at Four Crosses. The farmhouse stands in its own garden and faces the road to the west, though is set well back from the road. To the northern side of the garden is a second enclosure where the red-brick outbuildings of the farmstead stand. It is not known if it is still a working farm but there is access through the yard to the fields to the west. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development would not be visible from this location. Impact:

144 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 75 FOUR CROSSES, SHAFTESBURY OUTBUILDINGS OUTBUILDING HER PRN: 87439 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ26961857 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Building Condition: Converted Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A small outbuilding which was formerly associated with a cottage known Description: as The Wess at the western side of the former Welshpool to Oswestry turnpike road. It dates to the first half of the 19th century and appears on the tithe map of 1840. The building has been converted into a dwelling in modern times. It is stone-built, though there is some brickwork and the western lateral wall is of wooden weatherboarding.

Rarity: Common

Distance from 225 metres to the south-southwest development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: Associated with a nearby cottage, which no longer survives

Evidential Value: Standing building, converted into a dwelling

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A small outbuilding which was formerly associated with a cottage known as The Wess at the western side of the former Welshpool to Oswestry turnpike road. It dates to the first half of the 19th century and appears on the tithe map of 1840. The building has been converted into a dwelling in modern times. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development would not be visible from this location. Impact:

145 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 76 FOUR CROSSES, ROSE COTTAGE HOUSE HER PRN: 87442 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ26911892 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Domestic Form: Building Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor This is a relatively small cottage which stands to the western side of the Description: former Welshpool to Oswestry turnpike road at Four Crosses. The house is cement-rendered and slate-roofed. It faces eastwards, overlooking the former turnpike road. A cottage is shown on the same site on the parish tithe map of the 1840s. The present house appears to have replaced this earlier cottage, possibly incorporating some of its structure into its core.

Rarity: Common

Distance from 30 metres to the south-southwest development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Standing building, in use

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: This is a relatively small cottage which stands to the western side of the former Welshpool to Oswestry turnpike road at Four Crosses. The house faces eastwards, overlooking the former turnpike road. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect Yes Impact?: Low Partial intervisibility

Level of Impact Low on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development would be partially visible from this location, Impact: although garden trees would screen much of the view. A modern house already stands on the opposite side of the road and the cottage is already in a village-edge setting.

146 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 77 FOUR CROSSES, STREET COTTAGE HOUSE HER PRN: 87443 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ26931858 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Domestic Form: Document Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A small cottage known as "The Wess" is shown at this location on the Description: parish tithe map of the 1840s. The building has been removed and a modern house now stands on the site.

Rarity: Common

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Historic mapping

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A small cottage known as "The Wess" is shown at this location on the parish tithe map of the 1840s. The building has been removed and a modern house now stands on the site. Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

147 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 78 FOUR CROSSES, SMITHY BLACKSMITHS WORKSHOP HER PRN: 87444 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ26931879 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Industrial Form: Document Condition: Destroyed Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor This post-medieval smithy stood to the western side of the former Description: Welshpool to Oswestry turnpike road at Four Crosses. The building has been demolished and a modern house and garage now occupy the site.

Rarity: Common

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Historic mapping

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: This post-medieval smithy stood to the western side of the former Welshpool to Oswestry turnpike road at Four Crosses. The building has been demolished and a modern house and garage now occupy the site. Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

148 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 79 FOUR CROSSES, BRYN OFFA HOUSE HER PRN: 87445 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ26881896 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Domestic Form: Building Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A late Victorian, yellow-brick house which stands to the western side of Description: the former Welshpool to Oswestry turnpike road at Four Crosses. It stands in a large garden with mature trees to the east screening it from view from the adjacent road.

Rarity: Common

Distance from 35 metres to the west development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Standing building, in use

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: This late 19th century house stands to the western side of the former Welshpool to Oswestry turnpike road at Four Crosses. It stands in a large garden with mature trees to the east screening it from view from the adjacent road. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This house is well-screened from views of the proposed development by Impact: the mature trees to its eastern side.

149 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 80 FOUR CROSSES, CHURCH HOUSE OUTBUILDING I OUTBUILDING HER PRN: 87446 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2681519285 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Building Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor This small, stone-built building has a sloping corrugated roof. It stood Description: within a paddock attached to the southern side of the farmyard of Church House farm as early as the 1840s when it was shown on the tithe map. It still stands today.

Rarity: Common

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: Part of Church House farm

Evidential Value: Standing building

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: This building stood within a paddock attached to the southern side of the farmyard of Church House farm as early as the 1840s when it was shown on the tithe map. It still stands today. Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

150 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 81 FOUR CROSSES, CHURCH HOUSE OUTBUILDING II OUTBUILDING HER PRN: 87447 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2685419288 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Building Condition: Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A 19th century outbuilding associated with Church House farm, which Description: has been used as a farm shop in recent times. The southern end of the building is two-storey and built in red brick, with the single-storey northern end built in stone. The building remains in good condition.

Rarity: Common

Distance from 210 metres to the north-northwest development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: Part of Church House farm

Evidential Value: Standing building, in use

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: A Royal Mail post box in set into the eastern wall of the building

Setting: This building dates to the second half of the 19th century and was built at the eastern side of the farmyard of Church House, facing the yard to the west but backing on to the Welshpool to Llanymynech road (now the A483). Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development would have no impact on this building, Impact: which lies to the west of the A483 and is screened by intervening hedgerows and trees.

151 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 82 FOUR CROSSES, CHURCH HOUSE GRAVEL PIT GRAVEL PIT HER PRN: 87448 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ26831928 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval Broadclass: Industrial Form: Earthwork Condition: Destroyed Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A minor gravel pit shown on late 19th century maps. It has later been Description: infilled and is now the site of a large polytunnel.

Rarity: Common

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: Associated with Church House

Evidential Value: Historic mapping

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A minor feature at the southern side of Church House farm in the later 19th century. Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

152 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 83 FOUR CROSSES, ROSE COTTAGE, RIDGE AND FURROW RIDGE AND FURROW HER PRN: 87450 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ26751885 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Medieval Broadclass: Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Document Condition: Destroyed Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor An area of ridge and furrow cultivation shown on a 1947 RAF aerial Description: photographs but not seen in more recent times.

Rarity: Common

Distance from development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Aerial photographs

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Within a post medieval pasture field.

Significance: Minor Importance

Any Direct No Impact?:

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact Not assessed on Setting:

Comment on No direct impact and of Minor Significance Impact:

153 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 84 FOUR CROSSES, BOW BROOCH FINDSPOT HER PRN: 118486 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ26711930 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Roman Broadclass: Object Form: Finds only Condition: Moved Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor The find spot for a broken Dolphin brooch of Roman type found by Description: metal detectors in recent times.

Rarity: Not common

Distance from 290 metres to the northwest development: Documentation: HER

Group Value: One of two found in the same area

Evidential Value: Find only

Historical Value: Reported through the Portable Antiquities Scheme

Aesthetic Value: An example of Roman craftsmanship

Communal Value: None

Setting: Found in a ploughed arable field.

Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The development would have no impact on this findspot and the find Impact: has been removed.

154 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 85 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY ROUND BARROW CEMETERY HER PRN: 119716 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ27141883 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Bronze Age Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Complex Condition: Various Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor Between 1984 and 2005, archaeological excavations and evaluations Description: have identified at least 15 Ring Ditches at Parc Hafod, Four Crosses with at least 3 further examples identified from aerial photography to the northeast. Geophysical survey near Oldfield Farm in 2017 has confirmed the presence of the northwesternmost Ring Ditch (PRN 23661) and an example which was excavated by CPAT in the early 1980s (PRN 50559). The geophysics also suggests that further ring ditches may be present in the area to the east and north of the village school (see Brooks, I.P., 2017, Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Surveys. EAS Report 2017/11).

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from Partially within development: Documentation: Powys HER; Warrilow,W, Owen, G. and Britnell, W. 1986. ‘Eight Ring-Ditches at Four-Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys 1981-85’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 52, 53-87;

Group Value: A group of Bronze Age funerary and ritual monuments in the Domgay area Evidential Value: Identified by aerial photography, geophysical survey and later partly excavated Historical Value: Discussed in archaeological reports

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Found within a complex of buried features within pasture fields, one of which was developed for a housing estate after 2003. The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Nationally Important

Any Direct Yes Impact?: High Physical impact on at least one unexcavated ring ditch and a second, excavated example

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The northwestern ring ditch (PRN 23661) in the cemetery group is Impact: undisturbed but would be destroyed and built over as part of the proposed development. An excavated ring ditch (PRN 50559) nearby would also be destroyed, which still has some unexcavated sections of the ring ditch surviving undisturbed. Full excavation would be needed in advance of development.

155 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 86 LLANDYSILLIO, DOLPHIN BROOCH FINDSPOT HER PRN: 120512 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ266191 Not highly accurate

Period: Roman Broadclass: Object Form: Finds only Condition: Moved Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor The find spot for a Dolphin brooch of Roman type found by metal Description: detectors in recent times.

Rarity: Not common

Distance from 300 metres to the west development: Documentation: HER

Group Value: One of two found in the same area

Evidential Value: Find only

Historical Value: Reported through the Portable Antiquities Scheme

Aesthetic Value: An example of Roman craftsmanship

Communal Value: None

Setting: Found in a ploughed arable field.

Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The development would have no impact on this findspot and the find Impact: has been removed.

156 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 87 LLANDYSILIO CORN DRYING KILN CORN DRYING KILN HER PRN: 122857 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2683719164 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Medieval Broadclass: agriculture and subsistence Form: Structure Condition: Excavated Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A corn drying kiln and associated structure were excavated in advance Description: of the construction of the A483 bypass to the west of Four Crosses. Radiocarbon dating showed that the kiln was operating around AD1450 - AD1640.

Rarity: Not common

Distance from 110 metres to the north-northwest development: Documentation: HER

Group Value: None

Evidential Value: Excavation evidence

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: These features were found in an arable field but after excavation the site was cut through by the A483 bypass. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature has been destroyed by road building. Impact:

157 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 88 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY, RING DITCH V RING DITCH HER PRN: 128166 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2706618842 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Bronze Age Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Earthwork Condition: Damaged Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor This large Ring Ditch was identified by geophysical survey in 2002, as Description: underlying an upstanding Round Barrow, as its southern side fell within a field parcel being considered for housing development. In 2005, prior to development this part of the field was subject to excavation by Cotswolds Archaeology. It was found that the original ring ditch surrounded a barrow, outside which a second ring ditch was later excavated to create a larger barrow. After 2005, a new house and access road were built over the southern side of the barrow, the northern side remaining undisturbed in the field parcel to the north.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from Partially within development: Documentation: Powys HER; Kenney, J., 2003, Land off Domgay Lane, Four Crosses, Powys - Report on an archaeological evaluation. Marches Archaeology Series 297; Cotswolds Archaeology, 2007, Land at Domgay Lane, Four Crosses Powys, CA Report 06046;

Group Value: One in a group of Bronze Age funerary and ritual monuments in the Domgay area Evidential Value: Identified by geophysical survey and later partly excavated

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological reports

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Found within a complex of buried features within a pasture field which was developed for a housing estate after 2003. The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Regionally Important

Any Direct Yes Impact?: Moderate The northern edge of the barrow may extend into the development area

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This barrow is divided into two sections by a field boundary. The Impact: southern side was excavated in 2002 and reduced to level ground. The larger, northern portion has not been studied but a mound is still visible here. A large tree, now pollarded, stands on the northern portion, and the tarmaced track to Oldfield Farm cuts across the northern side of this portion. The northern edge is likely to extend into the development area, north of the farm lane, but no clear evidence of it was identified by a geophysical survey carried out in 2017. This would require further evaluation in advance of development and possible full excavation.

158 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 89 FOUR CROSSES, DOMGAY LANE, PIT ALIGNMENT I PIT ALIGNMENT HER PRN: 128169 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2710018780 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Excavated Condition: Damaged Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A long section of a pit alignment which was identified by geophysical Description: survey in 2002. It was verified during an evaluation excavation before the site was developed for a housing estate. Three trenches crossed the line of the pit alignment and identified three separate round pits as well as two rectilinear pits. One of the rectilinear pits contained a fragment of human skull, but this discovery was not further explored and the significance of the skull is not known. A radiocarbon date of 385-115BC was obtained from one pit. The pit alignment is mapped as feature 40 in Kenney's 2002 report.

Rarity: Not common

Distance from 75 metres to the southeast development: Documentation: HER; Kenney, J., 2003, Land off Domgay Lane, Four Crosses, Powys - Report on an archaeological evaluation. Marches Archaeology Series 297;

Group Value: Part of a complex of buried features dating to more than one period

Evidential Value: Geophysical survey

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Part of a complex of buried features within a pasture field which was developed for a housing estate after 2003. The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Regionally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature has been destroyed by development but was fully Impact: excavated in advance of its destruction.

159 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 90 FOUR CROSSES, DOMGAY LANE, PIT ALIGNMENT II DITCH HER PRN: 128170 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2713718786 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Excavated Condition: Destroyed Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A short section of a possible pit alignment which was identified by Description: geophysical survey in 2002. It was not identified during an evaluation excavation before the site was developed for a housing estate and it was concluded that the feature might be a ditch rather than a pit alignment. It is mapped as feature 41 in Kenney's 2002 report.

Rarity: Not common

Distance from 95 metres to the southeast development: Documentation: HER; Kenney, J., 2003, Land off Domgay Lane, Four Crosses, Powys - Report on an archaeological evaluation. Marches Archaeology Series 297;

Group Value: Part of a complex of buried features dating to more than one period

Evidential Value: Geophysical survey

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Part of a complex of buried features within a pasture field which was developed for a housing estate after 2003. The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature has been destroyed by development but was fully Impact: excavated in advance of its destruction.

160 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 91 FOUR CROSSES BARROW CEMETERY, RING DITCH VI RING DITCH HER PRN: 128667 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2706818773 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Bronze Age Broadclass: Religious Ritual and Funerary Form: Excavated Condition: Damaged Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A Ring Ditch measuring 15m in diameter, identified by geophysical Description: survey and then partly excavated in 2002.

Rarity: Not rare

Distance from 60 metres to the southeast development: Documentation: HER; Kenney, J., 2003, Land off Domgay Lane, Four Crosses, Powys - Report on an archaeological evaluation. Marches Archaeology Series 297;

Group Value: Part of a complex of buried features dating to more than one period

Evidential Value: Geophysical survey; Excavation

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: Part of a complex of buried features within a pasture field which was developed for a housing estate after 2003. The site is situated on a low gravel terrace between the rivers Vyrnwy and Severn. Significance: Regionally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature has been destroyed by development but was fully Impact: excavated in advance of its destruction.

161 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 92 FOUR CROSSES PIT ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT A PIT ALIGNMENT HER PRN: 142032 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2680919128 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Prehistoric Broadclass: Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Cropmark Condition: Damaged Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A pit alignment identified during work on the construction of the A483 Description: at Four Crosses. Partly destroyed by the road, but the alignment continued westwards into the adjacent field.

Rarity: Common locally

Distance from 100 metres northwest development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: One of a series of pit alignments documented around Four Crosses

Evidential Value: Excavated evidence and cropmark evidence

Historical Value: Described in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A pit alignment identified during work on the construction of the A483 at Four Crosses. Partly destroyed by the road, but the alignment continued westwards into the adjacent field. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The proposed development would have no impact on these features, Impact: which lie to the west of the village and the A483 and screened by hedgerows and trees.

162 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 93 FOUR CROSSES PIT ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT B PIT ALIGNMENT HER PRN: 142033 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ27301901 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Post Medieval;Prehistoric Broadclass: Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Cropmark Condition: Near Intact Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A pit alignment visible on aerial photos running eastwards for over 530 Description: metres through pasture fields to the east of Four Crosses village. Part of a field system, with other pit alignments running off it at right-angles. Excavations by CPAT in the 1980s at the western end show that it does not continue into the development site.

Rarity: Common locally

Distance from 10 metres to the east at closest point development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: One of a series of pit alignments documented around Four Crosses

Evidential Value: Excavated evidence and cropmark evidence

Historical Value: Described in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A pit alignment visible on aerial photos running eastwards through pasture fields to the east of Four Crosses village. Part of a field system, with other pit alignments running off it at right-angles. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on The large hedgerows either side of the former Cambrian Railway line Impact: would block views of the development from this location.

163 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 94 FOUR CROSSES PIT ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT D PIT ALIGNMENT HER PRN: 142034 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2711118990 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Prehistoric Broadclass: Monument (by form);Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Cropmark Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A section of an apparent pit alignment which runs north-south. The area Description: where the cropmark appears on aerial photographs is now beneath the metalled yard of Oldfield farm.

Rarity: Common locally

Distance from 20 metres to the south development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: One of a series of pit alignments documented around Four Crosses

Evidential Value: Cropmark evidence

Historical Value: Described in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A pit alignment visible on aerial photos running north to south through pasture fields to the northeast of Four Crosses village, in an area now covered by the large, metalled yard of Oldfield farm. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct Yes Impact?: Moderate May continue into the development area

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature may continue northwards into the development area. Any Impact: part of it within the development would be destroyed and would require full excavation before the development could proceed.

164 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 95 FOUR CROSSES PIT ALIGNMENTS, ALIGNMENT E PIT ALIGNMENT HER PRN: 142035 NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2711118933 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Post Medieval;Prehistoric Broadclass: Monument (by form);Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Cropmark Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor A section of an apparent pit alignment which runs north-south. The area Description: where the cropmark appears on aerial photographs is now beneath the metalled yard of Oldfield farm. It seems to continue northwards as PRN 142034.

Rarity: Common locally

Distance from 20 metres to the south development: Documentation: Powys HER

Group Value: One of a series of pit alignments documented around Four Crosses

Evidential Value: Cropmark evidence

Historical Value: Described in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A pit alignment visible on aerial photos running north to south through pasture fields to the northeast of Four Crosses village, in an area now covered by the large, metalled yard of Oldfield farm. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct Yes Impact?: Moderate May continue into the development area

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature may continue northwards as PRN 142034 into the Impact: development area. Any part of it within the development would be destroyed and would require full excavation before the development could proceed.

165 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 1001 OLDFIELD RING DITCH (POSSIBLE) HER PRN: NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2691519065 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Bronze Age (Possible) Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Buried Feature Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor Identified as anomaly I by Ian Brooks' geophysical survey report of Description: 2017. A small circular anomaly, about 8 metres in diameter, just to the north-northwest of a large ring ditch (PRN 23661). It may be a small ring ditch.

Rarity: Not rare locally

Distance from Within development: Documentation: Trysor; Brooks, I.P., 2017, Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Surveys. EAS Report 2017/11;

Group Value: Possibly part of a significant group of ring ditches in the area of Four Crosses village Evidential Value: Geophysical survey

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A buried feature of unknown date and purpose identified through geophysical survey in 2017, beneath a pasture field. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct Yes Impact?: Very High Within area of proposed housing development

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature is within a an area proposed for future housing Impact: development and would be disturbed or destroyed by the development. Evaluation and, potentially, full excavation would be required in advance of development.

166 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 1002 OLDFIELD UNKNOWN HER PRN: NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2695719048 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Buried Feature Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor Identified as anomaly H by Ian Brooks' geophysical survey report of Description: 2017. This curved linear feature appears to be concentric to ring ditch PRN23661 but it is not known if it is associated with it.

Rarity: Unknown

Distance from Within development: Documentation: Trysor; Brooks, I.P., 2017, Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Surveys. EAS Report 2017/11;

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Geophysical survey

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A buried feature of unknown date and purpose identified through geophysical survey in 2017, beneath a pasture field. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct Yes Impact?: Very High Within area of proposed housing development

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature is within a an area proposed for future housing Impact: development and would be disturbed or destroyed by the development. Evaluation and, potentially, full excavation would be required in advance of development.

167 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 1003 OLDFIELD UNKNOWN HER PRN: NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2692418996 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Buried Feature Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor Identified as anomaly C by Ian Brooks' geophysical survey report of Description: 2017. This linear feature can be traced for some 85 metres, running north-northwest to south-southeast almost parallel to The Street. It falls within the speculated line of a missing section of Offa's Dyke.

Rarity: Unknown

Distance from Within development: Documentation: Trysor; Brooks, I.P., 2017, Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Surveys. EAS Report 2017/11;

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Geophysical survey

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A buried feature of unknown date and purpose identified through geophysical survey in 2017, beneath a pasture field. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct Yes Impact?: Very High Within area of proposed housing development

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature is within a an area proposed for future housing Impact: development and would be disturbed or destroyed by the development. Evaluation and, potentially, full excavation would be required in advance of development.

168 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 1004 OLDFIELD DITCH (POSSIBLE) HER PRN: NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2693819009 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Buried Feature Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor Identified as anomaly D by Ian Brooks' geophysical survey report of Description: 2017. This linear feature runs for some 122 metres north-northwest to south-southeast. It may be a boundary ditch and part of a wider field system underlying Four Crosses (PRN 50519). A second linear feature ID number 1005 runs eastwards at right angles off this feature.

Rarity: Unknown

Distance from Within development: Documentation: Trysor; Brooks, I.P., 2017, Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Surveys. EAS Report 2017/11;

Group Value: Associated with ID number 1005 and possibly part of field system PRN 50519 Evidential Value: Geophysical survey

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A buried feature of unknown date and purpose identified through geophysical survey in 2017, beneath a pasture field. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct Yes Impact?: Very High Within area of proposed housing development

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature is within a an area proposed for future housing Impact: development and would be disturbed or destroyed by the development. Evaluation and, potentially, full excavation would be required in advance of development.

169 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 1005 OLDFIELD DITCH (POSSIBLE) HER PRN: NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2696918989 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Buried Feature Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor Identified as anomalies E and O by Ian Brooks' geophysical survey Description: report of 2017. This linear feature runs for some 170 metres south-southwest to east-northeast. It may be a boundary ditch and part of a wider field system underlying Four Crosses (PRN 50519). This linear feature appears to spring off another linear feature, ID number 1004, at its western end and to be connect to an enclosure, PRN 38097, at its eastern end.

Rarity: Unknown

Distance from Within development: Documentation: Trysor; Brooks, I.P., 2017, Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Surveys. EAS Report 2017/11;

Group Value: Associated with ID number 1004 and possibly part of field system PRN 50519 Evidential Value: Geophysical survey

Historical Value: Unknown

Aesthetic Value: Unknown

Communal Value: Unknown

Setting: A buried feature of unknown date and purpose identified through geophysical survey in 2017, beneath a pasture field. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct Yes Impact?: Very High Within area of proposed housing development

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature is within a an area proposed for future housing Impact: development and would be disturbed or destroyed by the development. Evaluation and, potentially, full excavation would be required in advance of development.

170 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 1006 OLDFIELD HEARTH (POSSIBLE) HER PRN: NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2698419026 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Buried Feature Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor Identified as anomaly K by Ian Brooks' geophysical survey report of Description: 2017. Brooks' suggests that it could be a hearth or oven, or a piece of recent ironwork which has caused the anomaly.

Rarity: Unknown

Distance from Within development: Documentation: Trysor; Brooks, I.P., 2017, Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Surveys. EAS Report 2017/11;

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Geophysical survey

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A buried feature of unknown date and purpose identified through geophysical survey in 2017, beneath a pasture field. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct Yes Impact?: Very High Within area of proposed housing development

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature is within a an area proposed for future housing Impact: development and would be disturbed or destroyed by the development. Evaluation and, potentially, full excavation would be required in advance of development.

171 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 1007 OLDFIELD UNKNOWN HER PRN: NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2703219027 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Buried Feature Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor Identified in Ian Brooks' geophysical survey report of 2017. This Description: curvilinear feature is of unknown date and purpose.

Rarity: Unknown

Distance from Within development: Documentation: Trysor; Brooks, I.P., 2017, Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Surveys. EAS Report 2017/11;

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Geophysical survey

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A buried feature of unknown date and purpose identified through geophysical survey in 2017, beneath a pasture field. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct Yes Impact?: Very High Within area of proposed housing development

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature is within a an area proposed for future housing Impact: development and would be disturbed or destroyed by the development. Evaluation and, potentially, full excavation would be required in advance of development.

172 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 1008 OLDFIELD HEARTH (POSSIBLE) HER PRN: NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2710319072 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Buried Feature Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor Identified as anomaly L by Ian Brooks' geophysical survey report of Description: 2017. Brooks' suggests that it could be a hearth or oven, or a piece of recent ironwork which has caused the anomaly.

Rarity: Unknown

Distance from Within development: Documentation: Trysor; Brooks, I.P., 2017, Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Surveys. EAS Report 2017/11;

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Geophysical survey

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A buried feature of unknown date and purpose identified through geophysical survey in 2017, beneath a pasture field. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct Yes Impact?: Very High Within area of proposed housing development

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature is within a an area proposed for future housing Impact: development and would be disturbed or destroyed by the development. Evaluation and, potentially, full excavation would be required in advance of development.

173 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 1009 OLDFIELD PIT ALIGNMENT (POSSIBLE) HER PRN: NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2710619037 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Buried Feature Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor Identified as anomaly Q by Ian Brooks' geophysical survey report of Description: 2017. Brooks' suggests that this may be a modern service trench but it is also possible that it is a continuation of a prehistoric pit alignment (PRNs 142034) which has been identified in the field immediately to the south.

Rarity: Not rare locally

Distance from Within development: Documentation: Trysor; Brooks, I.P., 2017, Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Surveys. EAS Report 2017/11;

Group Value: Possibly a continuation of a prehistoric pit alignment (PRNs 142034)

Evidential Value: Geophysical survey

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A buried feature of unknown date and purpose identified through geophysical survey in 2017, beneath a pasture field. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct Yes Impact?: Very High Within area of proposed housing development

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature is within a an area proposed for future housing Impact: development and would be disturbed or destroyed by the development. Evaluation and, potentially, full excavation would be required in advance of development.

174 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 1010 OLDFIELD UNKNOWN HER PRN: NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2700318950 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Buried Feature Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor Identified as anomaly V by Ian Brooks' geophysical survey report of Description: 2017. It appears to be three sides of a rectilinear feature measuring circa 10 metres by 8 metres at most.

Rarity: Unknown

Distance from Within development: Documentation: Trysor; Brooks, I.P., 2017, Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Surveys. EAS Report 2017/11;

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Geophysical survey

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A buried feature of unknown date and purpose identified through geophysical survey in 2017, beneath a pasture field. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct Yes Impact?: Very High Within area of proposed housing development

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature is within a an area proposed for future housing Impact: development and would be disturbed or destroyed by the development. Evaluation and, potentially, full excavation would be required in advance of development.

175 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 1011 OLDFIELD RING DITCH (POSSIBLE) HER PRN: NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2706518877 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Bronze Age (Possible) Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Buried Feature Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor Identified as anomaly U by Ian Brooks' geophysical survey report of Description: 2017. It is a circular feature, 26.5 metres in diameter, which could be a Bronze Age ring ditch.

Rarity: Not rare locally

Distance from Within development: Documentation: Trysor; Brooks, I.P., 2017, Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Surveys. EAS Report 2017/11;

Group Value: Possibly part of a significant group of ring ditches in the area of Four Crosses village Evidential Value: Geophysical survey

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A buried feature of unknown date and purpose identified through geophysical survey in 2017, beneath a pasture field. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct Yes Impact?: Very High Within area of proposed housing development

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature is within a an area proposed for future housing Impact: development and would be disturbed or destroyed by the development. Evaluation and, potentially, full excavation would be required in advance of development.

176 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 1012 OLDFIELD UNKNOWN HER PRN: NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2701518858 Grid reference taken at centre of site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Buried Feature Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor Identified as anomaly W by Ian Brooks' geophysical survey report of Description: 2017. This is a rectangular feature measuring 20.5 metres by 9.5 metres in area at most. It may be associated with a Roman boundary ditch (ID number 1015) which has been identified through excavation in the field to the south and appears to continue into the development area.

Rarity: Unknown

Distance from Within development: Documentation: Trysor; Brooks, I.P., 2017, Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Surveys. EAS Report 2017/11;

Group Value: Possibly associated with a Roman boundary ditch (ID number 1014)

Evidential Value: Geophysical survey

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A buried feature of unknown date and purpose identified through geophysical survey in 2017, beneath a pasture field. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct Yes Impact?: Very High Within area of proposed housing development

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature is within a an area proposed for future housing Impact: development and would be disturbed or destroyed by the development. Evaluation and, potentially, full excavation would be required in advance of development.

177 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 1013 OLDFIELD UNKNOWN HER PRN: NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2702018905 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Buried Feature Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor Identified as anomaly T by Ian Brooks' geophysical survey report of Description: 2017. This is a broad, linear band measuring 3 metres wide by 80 metres long, on a north-northwest to south-southeast axis. It does appear to cut across the excavated ring ditch PRN 505559, which may suggest that it is an artefact of the geophysical survey.

Rarity: Unknown

Distance from Within development: Documentation: Trysor; Brooks, I.P., 2017, Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Surveys. EAS Report 2017/11;

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Geophysical survey

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A buried feature of unknown date and purpose identified through geophysical survey in 2017, beneath a pasture field. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct Yes Impact?: Very High Within area of proposed housing development

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This possible feature is within a an area proposed for future housing Impact: development and would be disturbed or destroyed by the development. Evaluation and, potentially, full excavation would be required in advance of development.

178 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 1014 OLDFIELD DITCH (POSSIBLE) HER PRN: NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2702818905 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Unknown Broadclass: Unassigned Form: Buried Feature Condition: Unknown Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor Identified by CPAT as on aerial photographs, possibly associated with a Description: curved linear feature recorded as PRN38102. It is a linear feature, possible a ditch, which runs for 55 metres on a north-east to southwest axis. It is faintly visible on Ian Brooks' geophysical survey plot of 2017

Rarity: Unknown

Distance from Within development: Documentation: Trysor; Brooks, I.P., 2017, Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Surveys. EAS Report 2017/11;

Group Value: Unknown

Evidential Value: Geophysical survey; Cropmark

Historical Value: None

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: A buried feature of unknown date and purpose identified through geophysical survey in 2017, beneath a pasture field. Significance: Unknown

Any Direct Yes Impact?: Very High Within area of proposed housing development

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This possible feature is within a an area proposed for future housing Impact: development and would be disturbed or destroyed by the development. Evaluation and, potentially, full excavation would be required in advance of development.

179 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

ID number: 1015 OLDFIELD DITCH HER PRN: NMR NPRN:

NGR: SJ2703618819 Grid reference taken at point along linear site

Period: Roman Broadclass: Agriculture and Subsistence Form: Excavated Condition: Destroyed Site Status:

SAM number: LB number: grade: Trysor This boundary ditch was part of a Romano-British field system Description: excavated in 2007 by Cotswold Archaeology, in advance of the construction of the Parc Hafod housing estate. It may be part of a field enclosure (identified as Enclosure 1 by Havard et al in 2017).

Rarity: Unknown

Distance from 10 metres to the south development: Documentation: Trysor; Havard, T., Darvill, T. & Alexander, M., 2017, A Bronze Age Round Barrow Cemetery, Pit Alignments, Iron Age Burials, Iron Age Copper Working, and Later Activity at Four Crosses, Llandysilio, Powys, Archaeological Journal, 174:1, 1-67,

Group Value: Possibly associated with a rectangular feature in the field to the north ID number 12 Evidential Value: Excavated feature, now destroyed

Historical Value: Mentioned in archaeological sources

Aesthetic Value: None

Communal Value: None

Setting: This boundary ditch was part of a Romano-British field system excavated in 2007 by Cotswold Archaeology, in advance of the construction of the Parc Hafod housing estate. It was destroyed by the development. Significance: Locally Important

Any Direct No Impact?: None

Any Indirect No Impact?: None

Level of Impact None on Setting:

Comment on This feature has been destroyed by the Parc Hafod development. It may Impact: run into the adjoining field to the north, on Oldfield Farm, identified as ID number 12 for the purposes of this report.

180 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Appendix C: Scheduled Monuments within 500 metres to 5 kilometres of Development Site

181 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Level of Level of SM Distance Comment on Impact Indirect SM NAME SM Type NGR Public Access Setting Number to the SM Impact on Visual Setting Impact 1021412 Limekilns, Limeworks SJ268213 1.9km to Open to the The former This monument None None Associated the north public with limeworks extend would not be Tramways, pathways, over part of the intervisible Structures reconstructions south-facing slope with the and other and of Llanymynech proposed Buildings at interpretation Hill, which has development Llanymynech been partly due to the removed by nature of the quarrying. intervening topography. MG030 Llanymynech Hillfort SJ265220 2.6km to Public This large camp Due to the None None Hill Camp the north footpaths, was built in the distance (Known as including Offa's Iron Age on the hill between this Blodwel Rock Dyke Path, now known as camp and the Camp in cross the hill. Llanymynech Hill, nature of the England List to the northern surrounding Entry side of the Vyrnwy landscape, 1004781) river. There is which is broken evidence of Bronze up with many Age activity here hedgerows and also. The hill was trees, there is mined for lead no measurable during Roman visual impact times and has on the been extensively monument or quarried for its its setting. The limestone since development the mid-18th would not be century. In visible from the modern times a hill. golf course has been created

182 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Level of Level of SM Distance Comment on Impact Indirect SM NAME SM Type NGR Public Access Setting Number to the SM Impact on Visual Setting Impact within the area of the fort. MG046 Llandrinio Bridge SJ298169 3.3km to Visible from This bridge was This monument None None Bridge the the B4393 road built in 1769-75 to would not be southeast carry the turnpike intervisible road across the with the River Severn. It proposed remains in use development today. due to the nature of the intervening topography. MG103 Hen Domen Motte SJ240188 2.84km to Several public This small motte This monument None None the west footpaths meet castle is now tree would not be at or close to covered and sits in intervisible the monument an isolated with the site position within the proposed fieldscape on the development hills to the due to the southern side of nature of the the Vyrnwy valley. intervening topography. MG142 Rhysnant Hall Ringwork SJ255175 1.9km to None This ringwork This monument None None Castle Mound the castle is situated is situated southwest on high ground to within dense the west of the woodland Severn Valley and which would would appear to block any view have enjoyed in the direction views from the of the proposed south to the development. northeast towards

183 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Level of Level of SM Distance Comment on Impact Indirect SM NAME SM Type NGR Public Access Setting Number to the SM Impact on Visual Setting Impact the valley. The monument is now hidden in a deciduous woodland. MG158 Bryn Mawr Hillfort SJ251190 1.7km to None This Iron Age This monument None None Camp the west hillfort was is situated constructed at the within dense summit of a woodland relatively low, which would rounded hill to the block any view southern side of in the direction the Vyrnwy valley. of the proposed It is now hidden development. within a dense deciduous woodland. MG214 Carreghofa Ringwork SJ254221 3.4km to None This medieval This monument None None Castle the north ringwork was built is hidden in northwest on the northern thick woodland end of a and would not promontory to the be intervisible eastern side of the with the Afon Tanat. The proposed site is now cloaked development. in mature woodland. MG216 Roman Enclosure SJ228206 4.3km to Visible from This is a dubious This postulated None None Supply the west- minor roads site on the valley monument Depot, northwest side to the north of would not be Llansantffraid the Vyrnwy. There intervisible ym Mechain is no definitive with the

184 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Level of Level of SM Distance Comment on Impact Indirect SM NAME SM Type NGR Public Access Setting Number to the SM Impact on Visual Setting Impact evidence that a proposed Roman site exists development here as due to the excavations have nature of the failed to find any intervening Roman artefacts. topography.

185 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Appendix D: Listed Buildings within 500 metres to 1 kilometre of Development Site

186 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Level of Level of Listed Comment on Impact Indirect Building Listed Building Name Eastings Northings Grade Distance Public Access Setting Impact on Visual Number Setting Impact 8507 PARSON'S BRIDGE (NO.99) 326456 318963 II 460 metres to Offa's Dyke Path This canal bridge was The proposed None None OVER MONTGOMERYSHIRE the west runs alongside constructed across the development CANAL,PARSON'S LANE the canal and Shropshire Union Canal by would not be bridge at this 1830, carrying a minor road visible from this point. between the Street (to the location. east) and the old Welshpool to Llanymynech turnpike road (to the west). The road now survives only as Parson's Lane, to the east, with the western half of the road having fallen out of sue and disappeared. 8511 TY COCH,THE STREET (A483) 326887 319551 II 470 metres to Visible from the This house originated as a The proposed None None the north A483 16th century, timber-framed development hall house. Nothing is known would not be of its historical setting or visible from this associations, although it location. would appear that it would have stood close to the line of Offa's Dyke, the location of which has not been established in modern times, but which may now underlie the A483 road. The building has undergone many changes, being extended and heightened in the 17th century and refaced in red- brick during the 18th century. 18th century maps seem to show that Offa's Dyke followed the line of the modern A483, but it is not clear whether any significant road or trackway ran alongside the Dyke until the later 18th century when the turnpike road connecting Welshpool and Oswestry was built. This road became more significant when the New Bridge into Llanymynech was built in 1828, to replace a ford. This route thereafter became the main route between Oswestry and

187 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Welshpool. During the later 20th century the road had been upgraded as the A483. The listed building stands immediately to the east of, and faces, the modern road. It stands within its own garden in relatively flat and rural setting. The garden and its boundary includes many mature trees which afford a degree of seclusion to the property . 8512 COWHOUSE RANGE TO S.OF 326891 319735 II 660 metres to Visible from the This farm building is said to The proposed None None RHANDREGYNWEN, THE the north A483 have originated as a 15th development STREET (A483) century hall house. Nothing is would not be known of its historical setting visible from this or associations, although it location. would appear that it would have stood close to the line of Offa's Dyke, the location of which has not been established in modern times, but which may now underlie the A483 road. The building has been in use as an agricultural cowhouse since at least the first half of the 19th century, and it is shown on the 1840 parish tithe map for Llandysilio, associated with an unnamed house nearby to the north. This house is named as Rhandregynwen on later 19th century and modern maps, although the dwelling currently standing at the site is a 20th century building which has evidently replaced the earlier house. 18th century maps seem to show that Offa's Dyke followed the line of the modern A483, but it is not clear whether any significant road or trackway ran alongside the Dyke until the later 18th century when the turnpike road connecting Welshpool and Oswestry was built. This road became more

188 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

significant when the New Bridge into Llanymynech was built in 1828, to replace a ford. This route thereafter became the main route between Oswestry and Welshpool. During the later 20th century the road had been upgraded as the A483. The listed building stands immediately to the east of the modern road in relatively flat and rural setting, despite the presence of the adjacent road. 8516 CLAFTON BRIDGE (NO.100) & 326463 318583 II 600 metres to Visible from The bridge was built to carry The proposed None None ATTACHED PARAPETS the southwest adjacent B4393 the road across the canal development FLANKING ROAD and the canal during the period 1794-97. would not be APPROACHES,CANAL and towpath. The road was, at that time, visible from this ROAD,CLAFTON BRIDGE the main turnpike road location. between Welshpool and Llanymynech. 8517 GOOLDEN'S WAREHOUSE AT 326476 318570 II 600 metres to Visible from This building stands at the The proposed None None CLAFTON BRIDGE,CANAL the southwest adjacent B4393 eastern end of Clafton Bridge development ROAD,CLAFTON BRIDGE and the canal where it crosses the would not be and towpath. Shropshire Union Canal. It visible from this was built in 1836 alongside location. the canal and wharf by a flannel maker and trader Richard Goolden. The attached cottage was a wharfinger's house. The cottage is still used a dwelling and the former warehouse seems to stand relatively unchanged. 8525 GREENFIELD HOUSE,THE 327024 318382 II 420 metres to Visible from the This is the former managers The proposed None None CITY(B4393) FOUR CROSSES the south B4393 house associated with the development creamery in Four Crosses, would not be built in the mid-19th century visible from this at the southern side of the location. Llandrinio to Llanymynech turnpike road and also close to the Four Crosses railway station on the Cambrian Line (Inland Route) which was opened by 1860. The former creamery stands immediately to the north and is now used for residential purposes. Greenfield House is still

189 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

occupied as a dwellings. 8526 OLD MILK FACTORY 327021 318401 II 400 metres to Visible from the This is the former creamery The proposed None None (CREAMERY) ADJACENT TO the south B4393 in Four Crosses, built in the development GREENFIELD HOUSE,THE mid-19th century at the would not be CITY(B4393) FOUR CROSSES southern side of the visible from this Llandrinio to Llanymynech location. turnpike road and also close to the Four Crosses railway station on the Cambrian Line (Inland Route) which was opened by 1860. The adjacent Greenfield House, which stands to the south, served as the manager's house. The creamery was run by the Milk Marketing Board from 1947 but closed in the 1990s. After 2003 the building was converted into residential flats. 8527 THE POST OFFICE,THE CITY 327267 318360 II 520 metres to Visible from the This former shop and The proposed None None (B4393) FOUR CROSSES the south- B4393 attached house was purpose development southeast built as a village stores in would not be 1868 alongside the former visible from this turnpike road between location. Llandrinio and Four Crosses, which is now the B4393. It was built during a period when the village of Four Crosses was developing as an increasingly important focus of local commerce and transport,, thanks to the arrival of the railway by 1860 and the provision of a station at Four Crosses. 8528 HOUSE ATTACHED TO POST 327275 318355 II 520 metres to Visible from the This former shop and The proposed None None OFFICE,INCLUDING the south- B4393 attached house was purpose development FORECOURT WALLS & southeast built as a village stores in would not be RAILINGS,THE CITY (B4393) 1868 alongside the former visible from this FOUR CROSSES turnpike road between location. Llandrinio and Four Crosses, which is now the B4393. It was built during a period when the village of Four Crosses was developing as an increasingly important focus of local commerce and transport,, thanks to the arrival of the railway by 1860 and the provision of a station

190 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

at Four Crosses. 8533 WAR MEMORIAL,FOUR 326846 318385 II 450 metres to Visible from the This war memorial was The proposed None None CROSSES the south- B4393 originally positioned at the development southwest southwestern side of the would not be A483/B4393 road, where it visible from this was erected in 1921 to location. commemorate the dead of the First World War. In the early 21st century, road improvements have seen a new roundabout built just to the west of the old crossroads and the road into Four Crosses has been widened and realigned. As a result., the memorial has been moved some 20 metres further to the south, to stand at the southern side of the modern road. 8716 NOS.1-12 (CONSEC) CANAL 326492 318576 II 565 metres to Visible from These buildings were The proposed None None COTTAGES,CANAL ROAD, the southwest adjacent B4393 originally erected in 1844 and development CLAFTON BRIDGE and the canal included a range of would not be and towpath. commercial and industrial visible from this businesses. These included a location. malthouse, a warehouse, barn, weighbridge office and outbuildings. Later, they also housed a fire station, pickle factory, bakehouse and smithy. The buildings have been converted into small cottages in modern times and still stand alongside the B4393 road to the west of Four Crosses village, adjacent to the Clafton Bridge over the Shropshire Union Canal.

191 Land Adjacent to Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Llanymynech, SY22 6RB Desk-Based Assessment P/2017/1062 (Powys)

Appendix E: Geophysical Report

192

eas

Engineering Archaeological Services Ltd.

Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Surveys

Analysis by I.P. Brooks EAS Client report 2017/11

Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys : Geophysical Surveys Commissioned by Trysor

Analysis by I.P. Brooks Engineering Archaeological Services Ltd

Engineering Archaeological Services Ltd is Registered in England No 286978

Oldfield, Four Crosses, Powys: Geophysical Surveys

I.P. Brooks Engineering Archaeological Services Ltd EAS Client Report 2017/11

July 2017

CONTENTS Introduction: 1 NGR 1 Location and Topography Archaeological Background 1 Aims of Survey 1 SUMMARY 1 Methodology: 1 Area 2 Display 2 Results 2 Fluxgate Gradiometer Survey 2 Magnetic Susceptibility 3 Conclusions 5 Acknowledgements 5

List of Illustrations Figure 1: Location Figure 2: Location of the Survey Areas Figure 3: Location of the Survey grids Figure 4: Area 1 Grey Scale Plot Figure 5: Area 1 X - Y Plot Figure 6: Area 1 Interpretation Figure 7: Area 2 Grey Scale Plot Figure 8: Area 2 X - Y Plot Figure 9: Area 2 Interpretation Figure 10: Area 3 Grey Scale Plot Figure 11: Area 3 X - Y Plot Figure 12: Area 3 Interpretation Figure 13: Magnetic Susceptibility Results Figure 14: Summary Technical Information: Techniques of Geophysical Survey Instrumentation Methodology Copyright

NGR

Centred on : Field 1 : SJ 26952 19018 Field 2: SJ 27069 19035 Field 3: SJ 27032 19900

Location and Topography (Figure s 1 and 2 )

The survey consisted of three fields to the east and north of Llandysilio County School. Field 1 is north of the house known as “Eagles Glen” with its western boundary defined by the field boundary along “The Street”. Field 2 runs to the east of Field 1 , aligning with the southern end of Field 1. Field 3 is immediately to the ea st of the playing fields of the Llandysilio County School with Oldfield Farm on its eastern boundary. All of the fields are essentially flat with only slight, indistinct topographical features some of which may be the result of archaeological activity. At the time of survey Field 1 was under pasture whilst Field 2 and 3 were being used for to grow grass for silage.

The survey took place on 20 th , 22 nd and 23 rd September 2017. Archaeological Background

It is intended to build a new housing estate on at least three of the fields associated with Oldfield Farm, Four Crosses, Powys. Trysor have been commissioned to carry out the archaeological assessment and as part of this they have commissioned this geophy sical survey.

The area is known to be of archaeological interest with Offa’s Dyke assumed to be running along the line of “The Street”. The Clwyd - Powys Historic Environment Record also records two round barrows, a “D” shaped enclosure and a prehistoric fi eld system within the survey area. A i ms of Survey

To investigate, define and record any potentially archaeological features within the survey areas. SUMMARY OF RESULTS

The surveys have located the previously recorded archaeological features within the surv ey area together with other anomalies which are likely to be the result of archaeological activity . The magnetic susceptibility samples also suggest increased human activity in Field 2, possibly associated with the enclosure recorded in this field. Methods

A series of 78 , 20 x 20 m squares were laid out , in three blocks , as in Figure 3 . Readings were taken at 0. 2 5 m intervals along transects 1 m apart using a Geoscan FM 256 Fluxgate Gradiometer. Grey s cale p lots were produced using Ge oscan Research “Geoplot” v.3.00v and X - Y p lot s using Golden Software “Surfer” v. 10.7.972.

Small soil samples were taken for Magnetic Susceptibility analysis from some of the grid squares (Figure 13 ). These were dried, sieved through a 2mm sieve and analysed using a Bartington MS2 Magnetic Susceptibility meter and MS2B detector

1

Survey Results: Area

Field 1: 0.7 Ha Field 2: 1.06 Ha Field 3: 0.75 Ha Display

The results are displayed as g rey scale i mage s (Figure s 4, 7 and 10 ) and as X - Y trace p lot (Figures 5, 8 and 11 ) . I nterpretat ion plot s are shown as Figure s 6, 9 and 12 and the data is summarised in Figure 14 .

Results : Fluxgate Gradiometer Survey

Field 1 . (Figure 6)

The western and southern sides of the survey are dominated by ferromagnetic responses (Anomaly A) which are the effect of the metal elements within these boundaries. There is also a further ferromagnetic anomaly (Anomaly B) on the eastern side of the survey which is the response to a metal stay to a pole supporting the overhead power cables crossing the surv ey area.

Running roughly parallel to the assumed route of Offa’s Dyke are two linear anomalies (Anomalies C and D) which are approximately 16 m apart. Apparently joining the eastern of these anomalies (Anomaly D) is a linear anomaly (Anomaly E) which can b e traced into Field 2 where it can be traced as Anomaly O (Figure 9). These anomalies are pa rt of a field system recognised from aerial photography and recorded as PRN 50519 in the Clwyd - Powys Historic Environment Record ( https://www.archwilio.org.uk/arch/ query/page.php?watprn=CPAT50519&dbname=cpat&tbname=co re ) .

There are a series of curved anomalies in the northern sector of this field. Anomalies F and G can be related to Ring Di tch 1 of Four Crosses Barrow C emetery ( PRN 23661 , https://www.archwilio.org.uk/ arch/query/page.php?watprn=CPAT23661&dbname=cpat&tbname=core ) recognised from aerial photography. The presence of the inner anomaly (Anomaly F) may suggest there is some survival of the structure of the barrow together with th e outer quarry ditch (Anomaly G) which has been previously recorded. The outer anomaly is approximately 25.25 m in diameter whilst the inner anomaly defines an area 6.5 x 9 m.

Two other curv ed anomalie s were also recorded. Anomaly H a ppears to be roughly parallel to Anomaly G, 16 m to the east. It is not certain whether these anomalies are contemporary, or reflect separate phases of activity. In the north - western corner of the survey area Anomaly I is a circular anomaly approximately 8 m in diameter which may represent a previously unrecognised ring ditch.

Field 2. (Figure 9)

There is relatively little ferromagnetic disturbance within the plot from Field 2. Anomaly J, in the eastern corner of the survey area relates to agricultural machinery parked in the a djacent field . Anomalies K and L, however, represent discrete anomalies which might represent high magnetic anomalies such as a hearth or oven, but might equally represent fragments of agricultural iron within the plough - zone.

2

Two, parallel, anomalies (Ano malies M and N) cross the western end of the field and appear to represent a possible trackway. Anomaly O, is a continuation of Anomaly E in Field 1 (Figure 6) and is part of the Four Crosses Field System ( PRN 50519 ). It runs for approximately 118 m in an east - west direction before turning to the north. Attached to the corner is an enclosure (Anomaly P) which is 30.5 x 20 m in size. This has previously been recorded as the Cae - Hen Enclosure ( PRN 3809 ) in the Clwyd - Powys Historic E nvironment Record ( https://www.archwilio.org.uk/arch/query/ page.php?watprn=CPAT38097&dbname=cpat&tbname=core ) . Partly hidden by the larger magne tic signal of Anomaly O, is a feint linear anomaly (Anomaly Q) running roughly north south. The straight nature of this anomaly may suggest that it is the result of a modern service trench, possibly leading to the agricultural buildings approximately 130 m to the north.

Field 3 (Figure 12)

The fence around the Llandysilio County School playing fields has led to a l arge area of ferromagnetic disturbance shown as Anomaly R on Figure 12. There is, however, a number of other anomalies which represent archaeological activity within the field. Anomaly S is a circular anomaly 26 m in diameter which represent a ring ditch, partly excavated between 198 1 and 1983 and recorded as PRN 39978 in the Historic Environment Record ( https://www.archwilio.org.uk/arch/query/ page.php?watprn=CPAT39978&dbname=cpat&tbname=event . This anomaly appear s to be crossed by a broad band of magnetic disturbance (Anomaly T) which is approximately 3 m wide running approximately north south. This would make it roughly parallel with Anomalies C and D in Area 1 (Figure 6).

There are also three groups of magnetic anomalies which are not as clear as Anomalies S and T. In the south - eastern corner of the field is a feint circular anomaly (Anomaly U), approximately 26.5 m in diameter. This is of a comparable size to Anomaly S which has already been proved to be a prehi storic round barrow and is therefore likely to be a similar feature.

In the northern sector of the survey area there is a feint, rectilinear, anomaly (Anomaly V), which appear s to form three sides of an enclosure at least 10 x 8 m in size. This is aligned roughly SW – NE and does not follow the alignment of either the current field system nor that of the Four Crosses Prehistoric Field system (PRN 50519 ). On a third alignment is Anomaly W which consists of a rectangular area 9 x 2.5 m in size with a 13 m lo ng extension running to the south - west. The origins of neither of these two anomalies is certain and they may represent part of a larger complex not represented in the magnetic data. M agnetic Susceptibility (Figure 13)

It was possible to take soil samples in order to assess the magnetic susceptibility of the soils. It was not possible, however, to obtain a subsoil sample for comparison. The location of the magnetic susceptibility samples is shown on Figure 13 .

Sample Volume susceptibility  v Mass susceptibility  m Grid 1 48 65.8 Grid 2 60 69.0 Grid 3 70 86.4 Grid 4 73 94.8 Grid 5 60 87.0 Grid 6 70 89.7 Grid 8 68 89.5 Grid 9 66 84.6 Grid 10 81 94.2 Grid 11 76 92.7 Grid 12 80 101.3

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Sample Volume susceptibility  v Mass susceptibility  m Grid 13 79 91.9 Grid 17 75 92.6 Grid 18 61 81.3 Grid 19 65 80.2 Grid 24 59 80.8 Grid 25 65 90.3 Grid 26 83 109.2 Grid 27 68 88.3 Grid 28 79 94.0 Grid 29 83 101.2 Grid 30 83 98.8 Grid 31 91 104.6 Grid 33 54 77.1 Grid 34 74 96.1 Grid 35 86 110.3 Grid 36 85 114.9 Grid 37 89 127.1 Grid 38 77 110.0 Grid 39 106 117.8 Grid 40 97 118.3 Grid 42 75 90.4 Grid 43 79 116.2 Grid 44 81 117.4 Grid 45 88 106.0 Grid 46 86 106.2 Grid 47 94 116.0 Grid 48 100 125.0 Grid 49 87 110.1 Grid 55 51 57.3 Grid 56 39 50.6 Grid 58 39 66.1 Grid 59 46 59.7 Grid 60 49 57.6 Grid 61 45 57.0 Grid 62 43 66.2 Grid 63 47 58.0 Grid 64 42 56.0 Grid 67 55 72.4 Grid 68 55 66.3 Grid 69 48 61.5 Grid 70 49 73.1 Grid 71 55 71.4 Grid 72 54 67.5

In general, the susceptibilities, as measured, are of moderate values, suggesting that magnetic conditions are suitable for magnetic survey. It is noticeable that there are different general values in the readings from each of the fields, however there are also variability within each of these field

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suggesting variabl e level of human activity across the survey areas. Within Field 1, Grid Square 12 (Figure 3) has a markedly higher reading which corresponds with the point at which Anomalies D and E (Figure 6) meet, possibly suggesting other activity in this area which is not recorded in the Fluxgate Gradiometer survey. Within Field 2, the readings are somewhat elevated when compared to the other fields surveyed. This is probably related to possible occupation within the enclosure (Anomaly P, Figure 9). However , it is noti ceable that the highest readings were gained in Grid Square 37 (Figure 2) which is outside the enclosure. It is possible that the occupation extends beyond the enclosure or that rubbish was being dumped outside the enclosure leading to the enhanced values. Within Field 3, the values are generally lower, although still within suitable limits. This may relate to differences of past human activity in this field or possibly different underlying geological conditions. The correlation between the enhanced reading in Grid Square 71 (Figure 3) and the feint circular anomaly (Anomaly U, Figure 12) may be significant. Conclusions (Figures 7 )

It is a fundamental axiom of archaeological geophysics that the absence of features in the survey data does not mean that there is no archaeology present in the survey area only that the techniques used have not detected it. The three surveys largely confi rm the previous archaeological record for the area ( https://www.archwilio.org.uk/her/chi1/arch.html?county=Powys&lang=eng ) with a correspondence between Anomal ies G and F with the ring ditch PRN 23661, Anomaly O and the Four Crosses Field System (PRN 50519), Anomaly P with the Cae - Hen Enclosure (PRN 3809) and Anomaly J with the partially excavated barrow PRN 39978 In addition to these known features, both the Fluxgate Grad iometer Surveys and the Magnetic Susceptibility samples suggest the possibility of other archaeological features or activity within these fields. Acknowledgements This survey was commissioned by Trysor and the help of Jenny Hall and Paul Sambrook for commi ssioning the survey and for providing background information is gratefully acknowledged . Access to the field was organised by Becky Bowen , Planning Technician, Roger Parry and Partners LLP .

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Techniques of Geophysical Survey: Magnetometry: This relies on variations in soil magnetic susceptibility and magnetic remenance which often result from past human activities. Using a Fluxgate Gradiometer these variations can be mapped, or a rapid evaluation of archaeological potential can be made by sc anning. Resistivity:

This relies on variations in the electrical conductivity of the soil and subsoil which in general is related to soil moisture levels. As such, results can be seasonally dependant. Slower than Magnetometry this technique is best suited to locating positive features such as buried walls that give rise to high resistance anomalies. Resistance Tomography

Builds up a vertical profile or pseudosection through deposits by taking resistivity readings along a transect using a range of different probe spacings. Magnetic Susceptibility: Variations in soil magnetic susceptibility occur naturally but can be greatly enhanced by human activity. Information on the enhancement of magnetic susceptibility can be used to ascertain the suitability of a site for magnetic survey and for targeting areas of potential archaeological activity when extensive sites need to be investigated. Very large areas can be rapidly evaluated and specific areas identified for detailed survey by gradiometer. Instrumentation:

1. F luxgate Gradiometer - Geoscan FM256 2. Resistance Meter - Geoscan RM4/DL10 3. Magnetic Susceptibility Meter - Bartington MS2 4. Geopulse Imager 25 - Campus Methodology: For Gradiometer and Resistivity Survey 20m x 20m or 30m x 30m grids are laid out over t he survey area. Gradiometer readings are logged at either 0.5m or 1m intervals along traverses 1m apart. Resistance meter readings are logged at 0.5m or 1m intervals. Data is down - loaded to a laptop computer in the field for initial configuration and analy sis. Final analysis is carried out back at base. For scanning transects are laid out at 10m intervals. Any anomalies noticed are where possible traced and recorded on the location plan. For Magnetic Susceptibility survey, a large grid is laid out and readi ngs logged at 20m intervals along traverses 20m apart, data is again configured and analysed on a laptop computer.

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Copyright:

EAS Ltd shall retain full copyright of any commissioned reports, tender documents or other project documentation, under the Copyrights, Designs and Patents Act 1988 with all rights reserved: excepting that it hereby provides an exclusive licence to the client for the use of such documents by the client in all matters directly relating to the project as described in the Project Specification

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Figure 1: Location Scale 1:25,000

Reproduced from the ExplorerTM 240, 1:25,000 scale by permission of the Ordnance Survey ® on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved Licence Number AL 100014722 Field 1

Field 2

T

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Field 3 Oldfield

Llandysilio County School

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Figure 2: Location of the Survey Areas Scale 1:1,500 54 53 52 15 49 1 8 51 48 50 47 46 40 9 16 2 45 39 44 38 43 37 31 10 17 42 3 36 30 41 35 29 18 34 28 11 33 27 4 32 26 25 19 21 12 24 5 23 20 22 13 6 67 14 58 7 74 68 59 75 69 60 76 70 61 77 71 62 78 72 63 55 73 65 56 66 57

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Figure 3: Location of the Survey Grids Scale 1:1,500 7.56 6.26 4.95 3.64 2.34 1.03 -0.27 -1.58 -2.88 -4.19 -5.50 -6.80 -8.11

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Figure 4: Area 1 Grey Scale Plot Scale 1:750 50 nT

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Figure 5: Area 1 X-Y Plot Scale 1:1,500 I

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Linear anomaly (probable archaeology) 0 50 m Linear anomaly (possible archaeology)

Ferromagnetic response 3.97 3.34 2.71 2.08 1.46 0.83 0.20 -0.43 -1.06 -1.69 -2.32 -2.95 -3.58 nT

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Figure 7: Area 2 Grey Scale Plot Scale 1:750 20 nT

Figure 8: Area 2 X-Y Plot Scale 1:1,000

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Linear anomaly (probable archaeology) 0 50 m Linear anomaly (possible archaeology)

Ferromagnetic response 8.22 7.02 5.82 4.62 3.42 2.22 1.02 -0.18 -1.38 -2.58 -3.78 -4.98 -6.18 nT

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Figure 10: Area 3 Grey Scale Plot Scale 1:750 20 nT

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Figure 11: Area 3 X-Y Plot Scale 1:750 V

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Linear anomaly (probable archaeology) 0 50 m Linear anomaly (possible archaeology)

Ferromagnetic response 110.1 65.8 89.5 125.0 116.0 106.2 118.3 84.6 69.0 106.0 117.8 117.4 110.0 116.2 127.1 104.6 94.2 92.6 90.4 86.4 114.9 98.8 110.3 101.2 81.3 96.1 94.0 92.7 77.1 88.3 94.8 109.2 90.3 80.2 101.3 80.8 87.0

91.9 89.7 72.4 66.1

66.3 59.7

61.5 57.6

73.1 57.0

71.4 66.2

67.5 58.0 57.3

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Figure 13: Magnetic Susceptibility Results Scale 1:1,500 0 50 m

Figure 14: Summary Scale 1:1,500