DOCSLIB.ORG

Eliminating Exploitative Child Labor Through Education and Livelihoods

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Eliminating Exploitative Child Labor Through Education and Livelihoods Independent Final Evaluation Cambodians EXCEL Project Eliminating eXploitative Child Labor Through Education and Livelihoods World Vision Inc. December 2012–December 2016 Evaluator: Deborah Orsini, Management Systems International Under contract to: United States Department of Labor Cooperative Agreement IL-23070-K Management Systems International | msiworldwide.com 200 South 12th Street | Arlington, VA, USA | +1 703 979 7100 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................................................................... ii ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................................................................... iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................ v Evaluation Findings ............................................................................................................................................ vi Recommendations ............................................................................................................................................. xi I. PROJECT DESCRIPTION................................................................................................................................... 1 A. Project Context ............................................................................................................................................... 1 B. Project Targets and Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 2 II. EVALUATION OBJECTIVES, KEY QUESTIONS AND METHODOLOGY ....................................................... 5 A. Objectives and Key Questions ....................................................................................................................... 5 III. EVALUATION FINDINGS ................................................................................................................................ 10 A. Project Scope: Challenges ........................................................................................................................... 10 B. Evaluation Questions .................................................................................................................................... 13 III. LESSONS LEARNED AND GOOD PRACTICES ........................................................................................... 46 A. Lessons Learned .......................................................................................................................................... 46 B. Good Practices ............................................................................................................................................. 47 IV. CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 48 V. RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 49 A. Priority Recommendations Prior to Project End ........................................................................................... 49 B. Recommendations for Future Programming ................................................................................................. 50 ANNEX A: CMEP Performance Indicators ........................................................................................................ 51 ANNEX B: Responses to Interim Evaluation .................................................................................................... 58 ANNEX C: Terms of Reference .......................................................................................................................... 64 ANNEX D: Desk Review Documents ................................................................................................................. 84 ANNEX E: Field Schedule................................................................................................................................... 85 ANNEX F: List of Interviewed Key Informant Organizations ........................................................................... 89 ANNEX G: National Stakeholder Workshop Agenda, Outputs and Participants ........................................... 90 ANNEX H: Preliminary Endline Survey Conclusions ..................................................................................... 100 INDEPENDENT FINAL EVALUATION: CAMBODIANS EXCEL PROJECT i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The evaluator would like to extend sincere thanks to the staff of World Vision and its implementing partners, Wathnakpheap, Farmer Livelihoods Development and Vulnerable Children’s Assistance Organization, for their support during the final evaluation. Special thanks are due to EXCEL’s Project Director, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist and Operations Manager, who responded promptly and thoroughly to all requests for information, provided efficient coordination of a complex itinerary, organized a productive stakeholder meeting and assisted in identifying an expert interpreter. On the field level, special thanks to the Local Coordinators, Community Facilitators and Community Partners who organized meetings and provided valuable insights into project achievements and challenges. The evaluator would also like to thank all the stakeholders who generously shared their feedback at the final evaluation stakeholder meeting, with special thanks to Secretary of State H.E. Ms. Soeung Sar Sochetta of the Ministry of Labor and Vocational Training and Dr. Kim Chhaihieng, Deputy Governor of Siem Reap Province. INDEPENDENT FINAL EVALUATION: CAMBODIANS EXCEL PROJECT ii ACRONYMS BMC Banteay Meanchey Province BTB Battambang Province CAHR Children at High Risk of Child Labor CCWC Commune Council for Women and Children CDRI Cambodia Development Research Institute CDW Child Domestic Worker CF Community Facilitator CIP Commune Investment Plan CL Child Labor CLC Community Learning Center CLMC Child Labor Monitoring Committee CLMS Child Labor Monitoring System CMEP Comprehensive Monitoring and Evaluation Plan CP Community Partner CPC Child Protections Committee CWG Community Watch Group DoE District Office of Education DoCL Department of Child Labor (within MoLVT) E-TWG Education Technical Working Group EXCEL Eliminating eXploitative Child Labor Through Education and Livelihoods FiA Fisheries Administration FLD Farmer Livelihood Development HCL Hazardous Child Labor HH Household IDPoor Identification of Poor Households Program ILAB Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor ILO International Labor Organization IO Intermediate Objective KPC Kampong Cham Province LC Local Coordinator LOP Life of Project M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MoEYS Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports MoAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries INDEPENDENT FINAL EVALUATION: CAMBODIANS EXCEL PROJECT iii MoLVT Ministry of Labor and Vocational Training N/A Not Available (data) NPA2-WFCL National Plan of Action on the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor NSC-CL National Sub-Committee on Child Labor NSPS National Social Protection Strategy OCFT USDOL Office of Child Labor, Forced Labor and Human Trafficking ODK Open Data Kit OSH Occupational Safety and Health PCCL Provincial Committee on Child Labor PNP Phnom Penh Province PUR Pursat Province RGoC Royal Government of Cambodia SC Student Council SP Social Protection SRP Siem Reap Province SSC School Support Committee TBK Tbong Khmum Province TOC Theory of Change TOR Terms of Reference TPR Technical Progress Report TSG Teacher Support Group TWG-CL Technical Working Group on Child Labor USDOL United States Department of Labor VCAO Vulnerable Children Assistance Organization VSNP Village Safety Net Partners WDACL World Day Against Child Labor WFCL Worst Forms of Child Labor WP Wathnakpheap WV World Vision INDEPENDENT FINAL EVALUATION: CAMBODIANS EXCEL PROJECT iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Project Description: The U.S. Department of Labor (USDOL) Office of Child Labor, Forced Labor and Human Trafficking (OCFT) issued a $10 million, four-year Cooperative Agreement in December 2012 to World Vision (WV) to combat child labor in Cambodia. WV contributed an additional $1,075,750 to project funding and titled the project Eliminating eXploitative Child Labor Through Education and Livelihoods, or EXCEL. WV implemented the project with four sub-grantees: Wathnakpheap (WP), Farmer Livelihood Development (FLD), Vulnerable Children Assistance Organization (VCAO) and Cambodia Development Research Institute (CDRI). The project objective of EXCEL was to reduce the number of children aged 5-17 years who are engaged in or at high risk of child labor in agriculture, fishing and child domestic work in target communities in seven provinces1 in Cambodia. EXCEL sought to accomplish this overarching objective through seven intermediate objectives: IO1- Increased participation in quality education among target children IO2-Target households’ livelihoods improved IO3- Improved access to child protection and social protections programs IO4- Young people aged 15-17 are gainfully employed and prevented from migrating IO5- Local and national structures are strengthened to monitor and prevent child labor IO6- Increased stakeholder awareness to combat child labor IO7-
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ta Pon Primary School Building S Ustainable E Ducation
    B roadening A ccess to Ta Pon Primary School Building S ustainable E ducation Facts Description Name Ta Pon Until today, Cambodia is still one of the poorest and least developed countries in Southeast Asia. In its four Type of Facility Primary School years under the Khmer Rouge regime and the decades of social instability that followed, Cambodia’s social No. of Students 956 (469 girls, 487 boys) fabric was so utterly destroyed that many Cambodians today are struggling to trust. While its tourism is No. of Teachers 23 (15 female, 8 male) flourishing, development is not evenly distributed in this country. Many rural and remote communities No. of Classrooms 1 building with 5 classrooms remain poverty-stricken, as corruption and self-interest precedes the country’s development and Ta Pon is (to be built by us) one such community. Located in the Sangkae district in Battambang province in north-western Cambodia, Ta No. of Classrooms 4 buildings - 16 classrooms Pon village is home to 3,660 people. Most families depend on subsistence farming and fishing for their living. (currently available) (one building needs urgent Presently, there are four school buildings in the Ta Pon Primary School ground. One of the buildings was built replacement) with the help of the community in 1987 and the rest were donated by private organisations in the past Building Size 360 sq m years. The building that was built by the community is made out of wood and a zinc roof but due to old age Budget USD 58,711 and harsh weather it deteriorated dramatically.
    [Show full text]
  • Resettlement Planning Document
    Resettlement Planning Document Short Resettlement Plan Document Stage: Final Project Number: 40914 September 2006 CAM: CPTL Power Transmission Project Prepared by CPTL Power Transmission Lines Co. Ltd. The short resettlement plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. ii CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 1 June 2006) Currency Unit – $ KR 1.00 = $0.0002 $1.00 = KR 4,163 ABBREVIATIONS ADB = Asian Development Bank AP = Affected person CPTL = (Cambodia) Power Transmission Lines Co. Ltd. FY = Fiscal Year GMS = Greater Mekong Subregion IEE = Initial Environment Evaluation KR = Riel NR5 = National Road Five NR6 = National Road six OMF2/BP = ADB Operational Manual Bank Policy OMF2/OP = ADB Operational Manual Operating Procedures OSPF = Office of the Special Project Facilitator PEA = Provincial Electricity Authority PSCM = Private Sector Credit Committee PSOD = Private Sector Operations Department ROW = Rights of Way RP = Resettlement Plan SRP = Short Resettlement Plan iii WEIGHTS AND MEASURES GWh – 1,000,000 kilowatt-hours Ha – hectare Km – kilometer kV – kilovolt kWh – kilowatt-hour (the energy of 1 kW of capacity operating for 1 hour) m – meter m2 – square meter mm – millimeter MVA – megavolt-ampere MW – megawatt (1,000,000 watts) GLOSSARY Affected - means any person or persons, household, firm, private or public person (AP) institution that, on account of changes resulting from the Project, will have its (i) standard of living adversely affected; (ii) right, title or interest in any house, land (including residential, commercial, agricultural, forest, salt mining and/or grazing land), water resources or any other moveable or fixed assets acquired, possessed, restricted or otherwise adversely affected, in full or in part, permanently or temporarily; and/or (iii) business, occupation, place of work or residence or habitat adversely affected, with or without displacement.
    [Show full text]
  • Quarterly Report #21 Helping Address Rural Vulnerabilities and Ecosystem Stability (Harvest) Program
    Prepared by Fintrac Inc. QUARTERLY REPORT #21 HELPING ADDRESS RURAL VULNERABILITIES AND ECOSYSTEM STABILITY (HARVEST) PROGRAM January – March 2016 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Fintrac Inc. under contract # AID-442-C-11-00001 with USAID/Cambodia. HARVEST ANNUAL REPORT #1, DECEMBER 2010 – SEPTEMBER 2011 1 Fintrac Inc. www.fintrac.com [email protected] US Virgin Islands 3077 Kronprindsens Gade 72 St. Thomas, USVI 00802 Tel: (340) 776-7600 Fax: (340) 776-7601 Washington, D.C. 1400 16th St. NW, Suite 400 Washington, D.C. 20036 USA Tel: (202) 462-8475 Fax: (202) 462-8478 Cambodia HARVEST No. 34 Street 310 Sangkat Beong Keng Kang 1 Khan Chamkamorn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Tel: 855 (0) 23 996 419 Fax: 855 (0) 23 996 418 QUARTERLY REPORT #21 HELPING ADDRESS RURAL VULNERABILITIES AND ECOSYSTEM STABILITY (HARVEST) PROGRAM January – March 2016 The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States government. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 2 1.1 Program Description ...................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Geographic Focus ...........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Confidential Introductory Submission
    INTRODUCTION 1. We, the Co-Prosecutors of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC): (1) Having considered the Law on the Establishment of the ECCC; (2) Having considered the Internal Rules of the ECCC; (3) Having seen the Criminal Case File No. 004 dated 15 November 2008; and (4) Having conducted a preliminary investigation submit the following: 2. Beginning in early 1977, T A An led a group of cadre from the Southwest Zone who purged and replaced the existing cadre of the Central (old North) Zone. As a result of this purge, T A An became the Deputy Secretary of the Central Zone and the Secretary of Sector 41. Prior to leading the Central Zone purge, T A An had been a Member of the Sector 35 Standing Committee in the Southwest Zone and an elected representative RIWKH3HRSOH¶V5HSUHVHQWDWLYH$VVHPEO\ 3. In 1977 and 1978, another group of Southwest Zone cadre led by Ta Mok and T A Tith purged and replaced the existing cadre of the Northwest Zone. As a result of this purge, T A Tith became the Acting Secretary of the Northwest Zone and Secretary of Sector 1. Prior to leading the Northwest Zone purge, T A Tith had been the Secretary of the Kirivong District of the Southwest Zone in 1976 and 1977. 4. In June 1977, as part of the broader Northwest Zone purge led by Ta Mok and T A Tith, I M Chaem led a purge of Preah Net Preah District of Sector 5 of the Northwest Zone and became the Secretary of Preah Net Preah District.
    [Show full text]
  • Type of the Paper (Article
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 8 November 2016 doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0046.v1 Article An Analysis of Technical Efficiency for Household's Rice Production in Cambodia: A Case Study of Three Districts in Battambang Province Sokvibol Kea 1,2,*, Hua Li 1,* and Linvolak Pich 3 1 College of Economics and Management (CEM), Northwest A&F University, 712100 Shaanxi, China 2 Faculty of Sociology & Community Development, University of Battambang, 053 Battambang, Cambodia 3 College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering (CWRAE), Northwest A&F University, 712100 Shaanxi, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.K.); [email protected] (H.L.); Tel.: +855-96-986-6668 (S.K.); +86-133-6393-6398 (H.L.) Abstract: The aims of this study are to measure the technical efficiency (TE) of Cambodian household’s rice production and trying to determine its main influencing factors using the stochastic frontier production function. The study utilized primary data collected from 301 rice farmers in three selected districts of Battambang by structured questionnaires. The empirical results indicated the level of household rice output varied according to differences in the efficiency of production processes. The mean TE is 0.34 which means that famers produce 34% of rice at best practice at the current level of production inputs and technology, indicates that rice output has the potential of being increased further by 66% at the same level of inputs if farmers had been technically efficient. Furthermore, between 2013-2015 TE of household’s rice production recorded -14.3% decline rate due to highly affected of drought during dry season of 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Rural Roads Improvement Project II: Economic and Financial Analysis
    Rural Roads Improvement Project II (RRP CAM 42334) ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 1. The economic internal rate of return (EIRR) for the project is calculated as the difference between the capital and road user costs with and without the project. Calculations are made for 24 years starting in 2013. Road and jetty improvements are assumed to be completed in 2018, giving a benefit period of 20 years. No benefits are included for sections of roads completed before the end of the overall construction period. 2. The approach to the financial analysis follows the Guidelines for the Financial Analysis of Projects of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). 1 Given that the project is not revenue generating, the analysis focuses on the executing agency’s financial capacity to meet the recurrent costs of operating and maintaining the developed facilities in a sustainable manner. The overall financial position of the executing agency is appraised to ensure the financial capacity to cover recurrent project costs. A. Prices 3. Costs and benefits are calculated using economic costs based on border prices for traded goods and services, and domestic market prices net of taxes and subsidies for nontraded items. The prices are for mid-2013 using dollars. The net of tax economic cost of regular gasoline is calculated at $0.88/liter and diesel at $0.96/liter based on border prices. Lubricant costs are estimated at about $3.00/liter for motorcycles and $5.00/liter for 4-wheel drives. Passenger time values are likely to increase in real terms, in step with increasing per capita income; an allowance is made to reflect this.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Efficiency Analysis of Cambodian Household's Rice
    Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: E Economics Volume 16 Issue 3 Version 1.0 Year 2016 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN: 0975-587X Technical Efficiency Analysis of Cambodian Household's Rice Production By Sokvibol Kea, Hua Li & Linvolak Pich College of Economics and Management Abstract- The aims of this study are to measure the technical efficiency (TE) of Cambodian household’s rice production and its main influencing factors using SFA model. Primary data was collected from 301 rice farmers in three selected districts of Battambang by structured questionnaires. The empirical results indicated the mean TE is 0.34 which means famers produce 34% of rice at best practice at the current level of production inputs and technology, reveling that rice output has the potential of being increased further by 66% at the same level of inputs if farmers had been technically efficient. Evidence also reveals that land, fertilizer, and pesticide are the major influencing input factors of household’s rice production. However, between 2013 and 2015 TE recorded -14.3% decline rate due to highly affected of drought during dry season of 2015. Keywords: agricultural productivity, battambang, cambodia, rice production, stochastic frontier production function (sfa model), technical efficiency. GJHSS-E Classification: FOR Code: 149999 TechnicalEfficiencyAnalysisofCambodianHouseholdsRiceProduction Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: © 2016. Sokvibol Kea, Hua Li & Linvolak Pich. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non- commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
    [Show full text]
  • RDJR0658 Paddy Market
    Appendix Appendix 1: The selected 3 areas for feasibility study A-1 Mongkol Borei, Banteay Meanchey + Babel & Thma Koul, Battambang Koy Maeng Ruessei Kraok # N #Y# Feasibility Study Area Bat Trang Mongkol Borei Mongkol Borei, Bavel and Thma Koul Districts # # # Ta Lam # Rohat Tuek Srah Reang # Ou Prasat # # Chamnaom Kouk Ballangk # # Sambuor P# hnum Touch Soea # Boeng Pring # # Prey Khpo#s Lvea Chrouy Sdau # Thmar Koul Kouk Khmum Ta Meun Ampil Pram Daeum Khnach Romeas # # # # # # # Bansay TraenY#g# Bavel Y# Bavel Rung Chrey Ta Pung BANTEAY MEAN CHEY Kdol Ta Hae#n (/5 Ru ess ei K rao k #Ko y Ma en g # Bat Tr an g #Mong kol Borei Ta La m #Ban te ay #YNea ng # Anlong Run # Sra h Re a ng Roha t Tu e k # Ou Ta Ki # Kou k Ba l ang k #Ou Pras a t # Sa m bu o r Ch am n #aom # BANTEAY ME AN CHEY Phnu m To uc h # #So e a # Bo en g Pri ng Lve a Pre y Kh p#o s # # Chro u y Sd au BAT TAMB ANG # Kou k Kh mum Thma K ou l Kh nac h R om e as Ta Meu n Ampil Pra m Daeu m Bav e l Bans a y Tr aen g # Ru ng Ch#re y ## Ta Pu n g # Y#B#av el # Y# Chrey# # Kd ol T a Hae n BATTAMBANG An lon g Ru #n # Ou Ta K i # Chre y Provincial road 8 0 8 16 Kilometers National road Railway A-2 Moung Ruesssei, Battambang + Bakan, Pursat Feasibility Study Area N Moung Ruessei and Bakan Districts Prey Touch # Thipakdei # # Kakaoh 5 Ta Loas /( # Moung Ruessei # Chrey Moung Ruessei #Y# # Kear # Robas Mongkol Prey Svay # Ruessei Krang Me Tuek # # Svay Doun Kaev # # #Ou Ta Paong Preaek Chik Boeng Khnar # # Bakan Sampov Lun Boeng Bat Kandaol Trapeang Chong #Phnum Proek BATTAM BANG
    [Show full text]
  • Battambang(PDF:320KB)
    Map 2. Administrative Areas in Battambang Province by District and Commune 06 05 04 03 0210 01 02 07 04 03 04 06 03 01 02 06 0211 05 0202 05 01 0205 01 10 09 08 02 01 02 07 0204 05 04 05 03 03 0212 05 03 04 06 06 06 04 05 02 03 04 02 02 0901 03 04 08 01 07 0203 10 05 02 0208 08 09 01 06 10 08 06 01 04 07 0201 03 07 02 05 08 06 01 04 0207 01 0206 05 07 02 03 03 05 01 02 06 03 09 03 0213 04 02 07 04 01 05 0209 06 04 0214 02 02 01 0 10 20 40 km Legend National Boundary Water Area Provincial / Municipal Boundary 0000 District Code District Boundary The last two digits of 00 Code of Province / Municipality, District, Commune Boundary Commune Code* and Commune * Commune Code consists of District Code and two digits. 02 BATTAMBANG 0201 Banan 0204 Bavel 0207 Rotonak Mondol 0211 Phnom Proek 020101 Kantueu Muoy 020401 Bavel 020701 Sdau 021101 Phnom Proek 020102 Kantueu Pir 020402 Khnach Romeas 020702 Andaeuk Haeb 021102 Pech Chenda 020103 Bay Damram 020403 Lvea 020703 Phlov Meas 021103 Chak Krey 020104 Chheu Teal 020404 Prey Khpos 020704 Traeng 021104 Barang Thleak 020105 Chaeng Mean Chey 020405 Ampil Pram Daeum 021105 Ou Rumduol 020106 Phnum Sampov 020406 Kdol Ta Haen 0208 Sangkae 020107 Snoeng 020801 Anlong Vil 0212 Kamrieng 020108 Ta Kream 0205 Aek Phnum 020802 Norea 021201 Kamrieng 020501 Preaek Norint 020803 Ta Pun 021202 Boeung Reang 0202 Thma Koul 020502 Samraong Knong 020804 Roka 021203 Ou Da 020201 Ta Pung 020503 Preaek Khpob 020805 Kampong Preah 021204 Trang 020202 Ta Meun 020504 Preaek Luong 020806 Kampong Prieng 021205 Ta Saen 020203
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Cambodian Rice Production Technical 2 Efficiency At
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 29 September 2017 doi:10.20944/preprints201709.0161.v1 1 Article 2 Comparison of Cambodian Rice Production Technical 3 Efficiency at National and Household Level 4 Sokvibol Kea 1,2,*, Hua Li 1,* and Linvolak Pich 3 5 1 College of Economics and Management (CEM), Northwest A&F University, 712100 Shaanxi, China 6 2 Faculty of Sociology & Community Development, University of Battambang, 053 Battambang, Cambodia 7 3 College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering (CWRAE), Northwest A&F University, 712100 8 Shaanxi, China; [email protected] 9 * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.K.); [email protected] (H.L.); Tel.: +855-96-986-6668 (S.K.); 10 +86-133-6393-6398 (H.L.) 11 Abstract: Rice is the most important food crop in Cambodia and its production is the most 12 organized food production system in the country. The main objective of this study is to measure 13 technical efficiency (TE) of Cambodian rice production and also trying to identify core influencing 14 factors of rice TE at both national and household level, for explaining the possibilities of increasing 15 productivity and profitability of rice, by using translog production function through Stochastic 16 Frontier Analysis (SFA) model. Four-years dataset (2012-2015) generated from the government 17 documents was utilized for the national analysis, while at household-level, the primary three-years 18 data (2013-2015) collected from 301 rice farmers in three selected districts of Battambang province 19 by structured questionnaires was applied. The results indicate that level of rice output varied 20 according to the different level of capital investment in agricultural machineries, total actual 21 harvested area, and technically fertilizers application within provinces, while level of household 22 rice output varied according to the differences in efficiency of production processes, techniques, 23 total annual harvested land, and technically application of fertilizers and pesticides of farmers.
    [Show full text]
  • Map 2. Administrative Areas in Battambang Province by District and Commune
    Map 2. Administrative Areas in Battambang Province by District and Commune 06 05 04 03 0210 01 02 07 04 03 04 06 03 01 02 06 05 0202 05 0211 01 0205 01 10 09 08 02 01 02 07 0204 05 04 05 03 03 0212 05 03 04 06 06 06 04 05 02 03 04 02 02 0901 03 04 08 01 07 0203 10 05 02 0208 08 09 01 06 10 08 06 01 04 07 0201 03 07 02 05 08 06 01 04 0207 01 0206 05 07 02 03 03 05 01 02 06 03 09 03 0213 04 02 07 04 01 05 0209 06 04 0214 02 02 01 0 10 20 40 km Legend National Boundary Water Area Provincial / Municipal Boundary 0000 District Code District Boundary The last two digits of 00 Code of Province / Municipality, District, Commune Boundary Commune Code* and Commune * Commune Code consists of District Code and two digits. 02 BATTAMBANG 0201 Banan 0204 Bavel 0207 Rotonak Mondol 0211 Phnom Proek 020101 Kantueu Muoy 020401 Bavel 020701 Sdau 021101 Phnom Proek 020102 Kantueu Pir 020402 Khnach Romeas 020702 Andaeuk Haeb 021102 Pech Chenda 020103 Bay Damram 020403 Lvea 020703 Phlov Meas 021103 Chak Krey 020104 Chheu Teal 020404 Prey Khpos 020704 Traeng 021104 Barang Thleak 020105 Chaeng Mean Chey 020405 Ampil Pram Daeum 021105 Ou Rumduol 020106 Phnum Sampov 020406 Kdol Ta Haen 0208 Sangkae 020107 Snoeng 020801 Anlong Vil 0212 Kamrieng 020108 Ta Kream 0205 Aek Phnum 020802 Norea 021201 Kamrieng 020501 Preaek Norint 020803 Ta Pun 021202 Boeung Reang 0202 Thma Koul 020502 Samraong Knong 020804 Roka 021203 Ou Da 020201 Ta Pung 020503 Preaek Khpob 020805 Kampong Preah 021204 Trang 020202 Ta Meun 020504 Preaek Luong 020806 Kampong Prieng 021205 Ta Saen 020203
    [Show full text]
  • Open Huot-Thesis.Pdf
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School GENDER AND LEADERSHIP OF AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES: THE CASE OF CAMBODIA A Thesis in Rural Sociology by Sovanneary Huot © 2020 Sovanneary Huot Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science May 2020 The thesis of Sovanneary Huot was reviewed and approved* by the following: Leif Jensen Distinguished Professor of Rural Sociology and Demography Thesis Advisor Ann R. Tickamyer Professor Emerita of Rural Sociology, Sociology, Demography, and Gender, Women’s, and Sexuality Studies Ricky M. Bates Professor of Horticulture David R. Ader Research Assistant Professor, The University of Tennessee Kathryn Brasier Professor of Rural Sociology Director of Graduate Studies in Rural Sociology iii ABSTRACT Gender inequality in the agriculture sector remains a global concern. There is increasing evidence that having women in leadership roles is critical to foster gender equity. Cambodia is marked by a lack of women representatives in leadership and decision-making positions at every level, a problem that is clearly seen in agriculture. There are only a few reports on women and leadership in Cambodia. In particular, there is a need to better understand financial and time constraints for women in acquiring leadership positions. In this study, I examine the representation of women in leadership positions, document the extent and nature of women’s decision-making power, and describe the barriers they face in acquiring and continuing in leadership roles. Qualitative data were gathered through focus group discussions and key informant interviews within two agricultural cooperatives in Siem Reap and Battambang province in Cambodia. This thesis finds that women in these two cooperatives do have leadership opportunities and seem to enjoy equal power as male leaders.
    [Show full text]