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Digitally Witnessing Police Brutality: Examining the Relationship Between Police Violence, Race, and Affect in the Age of Social Media

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Digitally Witnessing Police Brutality: Examining the Relationship Between Police Violence, Race, and Affect in the Age of Social Media Digitally Witnessing Police Brutality: Examining the Relationship Between Police Violence, Race, and Affect in the Age of Social Media by Monisha Logan A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Law & Legal Studies Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2021, Monisha Logan Abstract Police brutality has recently become a popular topic following the summer of 2020. However, long before this time, police brutality and black trauma specifically had been explored by many others. With the emergence of social media, the exhibition of black bodies in trauma has been a sight for public gathering and debates. Previous research has shown us the inconsistencies that exist between the treatment of black and white bodies who experience violence in general. With that being said, this study aims to explore the intersections of race, police violence, and affect in the digital space. By comparatively analyzing online commentary left under two racially different cases (Philando Castile and Daniel Shaver), one will begin to understand how a victim’s race influences how others affectively respond to them and their deaths. In doing this, discussions around narrative reconstruction, racial stereotypes, and the power of sound and imagery will all become relevant. ii Acknowledgements First and foremost, thank you to my supervisor, Dr. Dawn Moore. Her continuous support, encouragement, and patience has greatly influenced the quality of my work. Her dedication to help me grow throughout this process is more than I could have asked for as a student and young researcher. Thank you Dawn for believing in me and this research, and for taking me on and serving as my mentor during this pivotal time. Thank you to Dr. Mike Mopas for serving as my second reader for this project. Your feedback and expertise greatly shaped this research in ways that I cannot put into words. I appreciate your willingness to be a part of this process and thank you for your continuous patience with me as timelines and schedules continuously changed during the past year and a half. Special thanks to Dr. Jeff Monaghan, who served as my external reviewer for my defence. The experience of completing a defence was both initially nerve-wracking but was also amazing. Your questions and valuable feedback in relation to this project was incredibly helpful and insightful. Thank you for pushing my own perspectives and initiating a great discussion. I would also like to thank the Department of Law and Legal Studies and Carleton University for providing me with great opportunities throughout my M.A experience. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends – all of whom have supported me throughout this journey. To Mom, Dad, and Dilani, thank you for being my biggest supporters throughout this process. Thank you. iii Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................... vii List of Appendices .......................................................................................................... viii 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Author's Note .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of Project........................................................................................................ 3 1.3 The Inspiration: Witnessing Police Violence in Past and Present Times ....................... 5 1.4 Key Concepts: Defining 'Affect' and How it Will Be Referenced ............................... 10 1.5 Background of Cases .................................................................................................... 13 1.6 Literature Review ......................................................................................................... 15 1.6.1 Policing Literature ........................................................................................................ 16 1.6.2 Visual Evidence Literature ........................................................................................... 25 1.6.3 Audio Literature ........................................................................................................... 34 2 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 42 2.1 Cases ............................................................................................................................. 42 2.2 Social Media: Facebook and Twitter ............................................................................ 44 2.3 News Sources/Social Media Profiles: Sources of the Videos ...................................... 45 2.4 Coding Process ............................................................................................................. 47 2.5 Limitations to this Research Study .............................................................................. 50 3 Relationality to Visual Evidence: Analyzing Visual Evidence and its Accessibility in Relation to Affect and Race ........................................................................................... 52 3.1 Availability on Social Media and People's Perspectives ..................................................... 55 iv 3.1.1 Positive (and/or Neutral) Feedback Around Having Access to Visuals .......................... 59 3.1.2 Negative Feedback Around Having Access to Visuals ................................................... 68 3.2 The Production (and Censoring) of Visual Content: What are Viewers Seeing? ................ 83 3.2.1 Length of the Footage ...................................................................................................... 83 3.2.2 The Angle and Proximity of the Footage ......................................................................... 90 3.3 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 93 4 Relationality, Race, & Affect: Understanding the Relationship Between the Viewer, the Viewed and the Social Context ...................................................................................... 95 4.1.The Relationship Between the Observer and the Observed: Viewers' Relationship to the Victims ..................................................................................................................................... 97 4.1.1 Positive Character Creation and Empathetic Language ................................................... 98 4.1.2 Negative Character Creation via Language ................................................................... 121 4.2 The Relationship Between the Observer and the Social Issue: Understanding Racism and Police Brutality Through Film ................................................................................................. 131 4.2.1 Acknowledgement of the Social Issue versus Denial of the Social Issue ..................... 132 4.2.2 Relatability to the Social Issue: White Experiences and/or Perspective ........................ 142 4.2.3 Relatability to the Social Issue: Black Experiences and/or Perspectives ....................... 147 4.3 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 152 5 The Racialization of Sound and Speech ................................................................. 154 5.1 Philando Castile's Case Study ........................................................................................... 156 5.1.1 The Importance of Sound: Creating Multiple Truth Claims from One's Voice ............. 157 5.1.2 Code-Switching, Speech, and Race: Unpacking Castile's Speech ................................. 164 5.1.3 Speech, Race, and Emotion: Unpacking Castile's Calmness ......................................... 169 5.2 Daniel Shaver's Case Study .............................................................................................. 176 5.2.1 Understanding the Event and Who is At Fault: Multiple Interpretatins of Sounds ....... 178 5.2.2 Sound, Emotions, and Masculinity in the Absence of Race ........................................... 189 v 5.3 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 197 6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 198 6.1 Key Takeaways: Summarizing the Research ................................................................... 198 6.2 Contextualizing the Research: The Importance and Applicability of this Study .............. 201 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 227 Academic and Literary Sources ..............................................................................................
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