DOCSLIB.ORG

Survey of Key Functional Groups Overview Overview Overview

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Survey of Key Functional Groups Overview Overview Overview 11/2/2009 Overview Survey of Key Functional Groups Ch 8.1 Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 Overview Overview Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 1 11/2/2009 Concerns Functional Group Names Getting overwhelmed Alcohol Strange new formulas Strange new names Strange new reagents Alkyl halide, Haloalkane Many new relationships leads to brain meltdown !!! Info builds ONE step at a Thiol time Ch 8 surveys FG Names, drawings, properties No new reactions (almost) Ether Sulfide Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 RX Names Common or Substitutive (IUPAC)? Special Compounds Use Common Names Alkyl halide Haloalkane Haloforms Alkyl group attached Halogen substitutent methylene chloride to Halogen attached to Alkane chloroform ()(dichloromethane) bromoform Methyl chloride Chloromethane iodoform Ethyl bromide Bromoethane Useful solvents Special compounds carbon tetrachloride - hydrophobic Special groups - moderately polar carbon tetrabromide - volatile methylene, allyl, vinyl, benzyl but all linked to health problems Special history allyl bromide these slides will be posted Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 2 11/2/2009 Give “haloalkane” (IUPAC) names Give “haloalkane” (IUPAC) names 2- fluoropropane cis-121,2-dibromocyc lo hexane Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 ROR’ Names ROR’ Names Common & Substitutive Additional considerations Dialkyl ether Alkoxyalkane 1,2-dimethoxyethane 2 Alkyl groups attached Alkoxy (RO) substitutent to oxygen make Ether attached to Alkane (R’) Tetrahydrofuran Many special rings (THF) furan Diethyl ether (“ether”) Alkoxy = alkyl (R) + oxy Methyl tert-butyl ether Alkane = alkyl (R’) + ane (MTBE) oxirane EhEthoxyet hane epoxide “alkene” oxide 2-Methoxy-2-methylpropane 1,4-dioxane anisole Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 3 11/2/2009 RSR’ Names Common & Substitutive RX, ROR’, RSR’ name similarities Dialkyl sulfide (Alkylthio)alkane Common names used widely 2 Alkyl groups attached Alkylthio (RS) substitutent Special compounds (names often break “common” rules) to slfrsulfur make Sulfide attached to Alkane (R’) Ring s (ROR, RSR only) Alkylthio = alkyl (R) + thio IUPAC Alkane = alkyl (R’) + ane Substituted alkane Haloalkane Alkoxyalkane ethyl methyl sulfide (Alkylthio)alkane (methylthio)ethane Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 ROH, RSH name similarities Alcohol names - common or IUPAC? Common names used Common names are fading out Special compounds Special groups IUPAC New suffix replaces “alkane” allyl alcohol benzyl alcohol ROH, alkanol RSH, alkanethiol Special compounds ethylene glycol glycerol Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 4 11/2/2009 IUPAC - Alkanol IUPAC - Alkanethiol Parent chain = longest chain bearing OH Parent chain = longest chain bearing SH Alkanol = alkane + ol Keep ‘e’ from alkane Parent = alkanol Parent = alkanethiol # = posit ion of OH Add ‘thio l’ (o ne word) give smallest # possible 2-chlorocyclopentanol # = position of SH always #1 in ring cis-2-chlorocyclopentanol give smallest # possible (1R,2S)-2-chlorocyclopentanol Common always #1 in ring 4-methyl-3-penten-1-ol tert-butyl mercaptan 2-pentanol 1,2-ethanediol 2-pentanethiol pentan-2-ol ethane-I, 2-diol pentane-2-thiol Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 When groups compete: alcohol vs. thiol IUPAC Rules (p. 327) 1. Identify the principal group How would you name this? a. Rank candidates (OH beats SH) 2. Identif y the priilincipal chihain 5 C chain. Could be… a. Chain contains principal group(s) some kind of I-pentanol b. Chain contains max. number double & triple bonds, etc. some kind of 2-pentanethiol 3. Number the principal chain Who wins? OH or SH? a. Lowest # for C bearing principal group And how do yygpou name other group as substituent? b. Lowest # for multiple bonds, etc. 4. Construct name IUPAC Rules !!! a. Name principal chain, group, and # b. Name substituents and #’s Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 5 11/2/2009 But IUPAC rules are problematic Chem 201 simplification Complicated I will only give you naming problems for compounds Must fill in etc. (several rules) that contain ONE principal group MstMust know princirincialpal group rankings YoYou u dond o n ’t need to learn principal group rankings Must know substituent names You don’t need to learn substituent names OH O SH 6-hydroxy-7-mercaptooctan-4-one And IUPAC names are not even universally accepted But … I will expect you to be able to work with more complicated names when I provide them Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 Typical naming problems Typical naming problems Draw 5-(ethylthio)-2-methylheptane Draw 5-(ethylthio)-2-methylheptane Draw an oxirane Draw an oxirane Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 Chem 201 – Functional Group Survey 11/2/2009 6.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 7, Haloalkanes, Properties and Substitution Reactions of Haloalkanes Table of Contents 1
    Chapter 7, Haloalkanes, Properties and Substitution Reactions of Haloalkanes Table of Contents 1. Alkyl Halides (Haloalkane) 2. Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions (SNX, X=1 or 2) 3. Nucleophiles (Acid-Base Chemistry, pka) 4. Leaving Groups (Acid-Base Chemistry, pka) 5. Kinetics of a Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction: An SN2 Reaction 6. A Mechanism for the SN2 Reaction 7. The Stereochemistry of SN2 Reactions 8. A Mechanism for the SN1 Reaction 9. Carbocations, SN1, E1 10. Stereochemistry of SN1 Reactions 11. Factors Affecting the Rates of SN1 and SN2 Reactions 12. --Eliminations, E1 and E2 13. E2 and E1 mechanisms and product predictions In this chapter we will consider: What groups can be replaced (i.e., substituted) or eliminated The various mechanisms by which such processes occur The conditions that can promote such reactions Alkyl Halides (Haloalkane) An alkyl halide has a halogen atom bonded to an sp3-hybridized (tetrahedral) carbon atom The carbon–chlorine and carbon– bromine bonds are polarized because the halogen is more electronegative than carbon The carbon-iodine bond do not have a per- manent dipole, the bond is easily polarizable Iodine is a good leaving group due to its polarizability, i.e. its ability to stabilize a charge due to its large atomic size Generally, a carbon-halogen bond is polar with a partial positive () charge on the carbon and partial negative () charge on the halogen C X X = Cl, Br, I Different Types of Organic Halides Alkyl halides (haloalkanes) sp3-hybridized Attached to Attached to Attached
    [Show full text]
  • Classifying Halogenoalkanes Reactions Of
    10 Halogenoalkanes H Naming Halogenoalkanes H H H H C H H H H Based on original alkane, with a prefix indicating halogen atom: H C C C H Fluoro for F; Chloro for Cl; Bromo for Br; Iodo for I. H C C C C H Br H H H Cl H H Substituents are listed alphabetically 1-bromopropane 2-chloro-2-methylbutane Classifying Halogenoalkanes Halogenoalkanes can be classified as primary, secondary or tertiary depending on the number of carbon atoms attached to the C-X functional group. H H H H H H H H C H H H H H C C C H H C C C H H C C C C H Br H H H Br H H Cl H H Primary halogenoalkane Secondary halogenoalkane Tertiary halogenoalkane One carbon attached to the Two carbons attached to the Three carbons attached to the carbon atom adjoining the carbon atom adjoining the carbon atom adjoining the halogen halogen halogen Reactions of Halogenoalkanes Halogenoalkanes undergo either substitution or elimination reactions Nucleophilic substitution reactions Substitution: swapping a halogen atom for another atom or groups of atoms - - Nucleophile: electron pair donator e.g. :OH , :NH3, CN :Nu represents any nucleophile – they The Mechanism: We draw (or outline) mechanisms to always have a lone pair and act as show in detail how a reaction proceeds electron pair donators Nu:- The nucleophiles The carbon has a small attack the positive H H H H positive charge because carbon atom of the electronegativity H C C X H C C + X- δ+ δ- Nu difference between the carbon and the halogen H H H H We use curly arrows in mechanisms (with A curly arrow will always two line heads) to show the movement of start from a of electrons or two electrons lone pair the centre of a bond The rate of these substitution reactions depends on the strength Bond enthalpy / of the C-X bond kJmol-1 The weaker the bond, the easier it is to break and the faster the reaction.
    [Show full text]
  • Generic Functional Group Pattern in Ordero of Nomenclature Priority in Our Course. Specific Example Using Suffix (2D and 3D)
    Generic Functional Group Pattern Specific Example Specific Example in ordero of nomenclature priority Using Suffix (2D and 3D) Using Prefix when in our course. when highest priority FG lower priority FG 1. carboxylic acid (2D) carboxylic acid (3D) O Condensed line formula IUPAC: ethanoic acid O H H prefix example C H common: acetic acid RCO2H or HO2CR C C R O #-carboxy H O RCH(CO H)R' H suffix: -oic acid 2 O not used in our course FG on FG on C H (acids are the highest priority prefix: #-carboxy the right the left H3C O group that we use) FG in the carbonyl resonance (2D) middle (C=O) is possible 2. anhydride (2D) Condensed line formula anhydride (3D) IUPAC: ethanoic propanoic anhydride O O RCO2COR' or ROCO2CR' H H O O H C C C CH C 3 R O R H3C O C H H 2 prefix example H O C H suffix: -oic -oic anhydride (2D) (just one -oic anhydride, O O O C C O if symmetrical) 3 1 H 4 H 2 prefix: #-acyloxyalkanecarbonyl O O OH (prefix not required for us) carbonyl resonance 4-acyloxymethanebutanoic acid (C=O) is possible (prefix not required for us - too difficult) 3. ester (2D) alkyl name (goes in front as separate word) ester (3D) H H H IUPAC: propyl ethanoate O C Condensed line formula C O C common: propyl acetate C R' H H R O RCO2R' or R'O2CR H H C C H O H H2 RCH(CO2CH3)R' prefix: alkyl suffix: -oate H C C CH3 O H C O C prefix example 3 H prefix: #-alkoxycarbonyl 2 O O (2D) 3 1 carbonyl resonance 4 2 (C=O) is possible O OH 4-methoxycarbonylbutanoic acid 4.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hydrolysis of Carbonyl Sulfide at Low Temperature: a Review
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation The Scientific World Journal Volume 2013, Article ID 739501, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/739501 Review Article The Hydrolysis of Carbonyl Sulfide at Low Temperature: A Review Shunzheng Zhao, Honghong Yi, Xiaolong Tang, Shanxue Jiang, Fengyu Gao, Bowen Zhang, Yanran Zuo, and Zhixiang Wang Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China Correspondence should be addressed to Honghong Yi; [email protected] Received 16 May 2013; Accepted 19 June 2013 Academic Editors: S. Niranjan, L. Wang, and Q. Wang Copyright © 2013 Shunzheng Zhao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Catalytic hydrolysis technology of carbonyl sulfide (COS) at low temperature was reviewed, including the development of catalysts, reaction kinetics, and reaction mechanism of COS hydrolysis. It was indicated that the catalysts are mainly involved metal oxide and activated carbon. The active ingredients which can load on COS hydrolysis catalyst include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal oxides, rare earth metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, and nanometal oxides. The catalytic hydrolysis of COS isa first-order reaction with respect to carbonyl sulfide, while the reaction order of water changes as the reaction conditions change. The controlling steps are also different because the reaction conditions such as concentration of carbonyl sulfide, reaction temperature, water-air ratio, and reaction atmosphere are different. The hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide is base-catalyzed reaction, and the forceof thebasesitehasanimportanteffectonthehydrolysisofcarbonylsulfide.
    [Show full text]
  • A Perovskite-Based Paper Microfluidic Sensor for Haloalkane Assays
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 26 April 2021 doi: 10.3389/fchem.2021.682006 A Perovskite-Based Paper Microfluidic Sensor for Haloalkane Assays Lili Xie 1, Jie Zan 1, Zhijian Yang 1, Qinxia Wu 1, Xiaofeng Chen 1, Xiangyu Ou 1, Caihou Lin 2*, Qiushui Chen 1,3* and Huanghao Yang 1,3* 1 Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China, 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China, 3 Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, China Detection of haloalkanes is of great industrial and scientific importance because some Edited by: haloalkanes are found serious biological and atmospheric issues. The development Jinyi Lin, of a flexible, wearable sensing device for haloalkane assays is highly desired. Here, Nanjing Tech University, China we develop a paper-based microfluidic sensor to achieve low-cost, high-throughput, Reviewed by: Xiaobao Xu, and convenient detection of haloalkanes using perovskite nanocrystals as a nanoprobe Nanjing University of Science and through anion exchanging. We demonstrate that the CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, or I) Technology, China nanocrystals are selectively and sensitively in response to haloalkanes (CH2Cl2, CH2Br2), Xuewen Wang, Northwestern Polytechnical and their concentrations can be determined as a function of photoluminescence University, China spectral shifts of perovskite nanocrystals. In particular, an addition of nucleophilic trialkyl *Correspondence: phosphines (TOP) or a UV-photon-induced electron transfer from CsPbX3 nanocrystals is Caihou Lin [email protected] responsible for achieving fast sensing of haloalkanes.
    [Show full text]
  • Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes
    05 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes Polyethylene is the most widely used plastic, making up items such as packing foam, plastic bottles, and plastic utensils (top: © Jon Larson/iStockphoto; middle: GNL Media/Digital Vision/Getty Images, Inc.; bottom: © Lakhesis/iStockphoto). Inset: A model of ethylene. KEY QUESTIONS 5.1 What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Alkenes? 5.8 How Can Alkynes Be Reduced to Alkenes and 5.2 What Is a Reaction Mechanism? Alkanes? 5.3 What Are the Mechanisms of Electrophilic Additions HOW TO to Alkenes? 5.1 How to Draw Mechanisms 5.4 What Are Carbocation Rearrangements? 5.5 What Is Hydroboration–Oxidation of an Alkene? CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS 5.6 How Can an Alkene Be Reduced to an Alkane? 5A Catalytic Cracking and the Importance of Alkenes 5.7 How Can an Acetylide Anion Be Used to Create a New Carbon–Carbon Bond? IN THIS CHAPTER, we begin our systematic study of organic reactions and their mecha- nisms. Reaction mechanisms are step-by-step descriptions of how reactions proceed and are one of the most important unifying concepts in organic chemistry. We use the reactions of alkenes as the vehicle to introduce this concept. 129 130 CHAPTER 5 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes 5.1 What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Alkenes? The most characteristic reaction of alkenes is addition to the carbon–carbon double bond in such a way that the pi bond is broken and, in its place, sigma bonds are formed to two new atoms or groups of atoms. Several examples of reactions at the carbon–carbon double bond are shown in Table 5.1, along with the descriptive name(s) associated with each.
    [Show full text]
  • In This Handout, All of Our Functional Groups Are Presented As Condensed Line Formulas, 2D and 3D Formulas and with Nomenclature Prefixes and Suffixes (If Present)
    In this handout, all of our functional groups are presented as condensed line formulas, 2D and 3D formulas and with nomenclature prefixes and suffixes (if present). Organic names are built on a foundation of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. Those examples are presented first and you need to know those rules. The strategies can be found in Chapter 4 of our textbook (alkanes: pages 93-98, cycloalkanes 102-104, alkenes: pages 104-110, alkynes: pages 112-113 and combinations of all of them 113-115). After introducing examples of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and combinations of them, the functional groups are presented in order of priority. A few nomenclature examples are provided for each of the functional groups. Examples of the various functional groups are presented on pages 115-135 in the textbook. Two overview pages are on pages 136-137. Some functional groups have a suffix name when they are the highest priority functional group and a prefix name when they are not the highest priority group, and these are added to the skeletal names with identifying numbers and stereochemistry terms (E and Z for alkenes, R and S for chiral centers and cis and trans for rings). Several low priority functional groups only have a prefix name. A few additional special patterns are shown on pages 98-102. The only way to learn this topic is practice (over and over). The best practice approach is to actually write out the names (on an extra piece of paper or on a white board, and then do it again). The same functional groups are used throughout the entire course.
    [Show full text]
  • Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
    INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 113 FULLY HALOGENATED CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization World Health Orgnization Geneva, 1990 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human health and the quality of the environment. Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experimental laboratory, and risk-assessment methods that could produce internationally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the field of toxicology. Other activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons. (Environmental health criteria ; 113) 1.Freons - adverse effects 2.Freons - toxicity I.Series ISBN 92 4 157113 6 0 (NLM Classification: QV 633) ISSN 0250-863X The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available.
    [Show full text]
  • Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide, Benzene and Toluene by a Fluidized Bed Bioreactor
    Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(1), 148-152 (2006) Removal of hydrogen sulfide, benzene and toluene by a fluidized bed bioreactor Kwang Joong Oh†, Ki Chul Cho, Young Hean Choung, Suk Kyong Park*, Sung Ki Cho* and Donguk Kim* Department of Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea *Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyongnam 621-749, Korea (Received 11 May 2005 • accepted 5 September 2005) Abstract−The dominant off gases from publicly owned treatment works include hydrogen sulfide, benzene, and toluene. In this research, hydrogen sulfide oxidized by Bacillus cereus, and benzene with toluene were removed by VOC-degrading microbial consortium. The optimum operating condition of the fluidized bed bioreactor including both microorganisms was 30 oC, pH 6-8, and 150 cm of liquid bed height. The critical loading rate of hydrogen sulfide, benzene and toluene in the bioreactor was about 15 g/m3 h, 10 g/m3 h and 12 g/m3 h, respectively. The fluidized bed bioreactor showed an excellent elimination capacity for 580 hours of continuous operation, and maintained stable removal efficiency at sudden inlet concentration changes. Key words: Hydrogen Sulfide, Benzene, Toluene, Fluidized Bed Bioreactor, Microbial Consortium INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL The major odorous compounds of off-gases from publicly owned 1. Cells 2− treatment works (POTWs) include hydrogen sulfide and VOCs such H2S was oxidized to SO4 by Bacillus cereus which was sepa- as benzene and toluene [Cox and Deshusses, 2001]. Odorous gases rated from closed coal mines in Hwasoon, Korea. Concentration of have been conventionally treated by physical and chemical treat- sulfate in solution was measured by absorbance at 460 nm after reac- ments like absorption, adsorption and catalytic oxidation [Cooper tion with BaCl2·H2O [Cha et al., 1994].
    [Show full text]
  • Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values for Carbonyl Sulfide (Carbon Oxide Sulfide; Casrn 463 58 1)
    EPA/690/R-15/002F l Final 9-29-2015 Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values for Carbonyl Sulfide (Carbon Oxide Sulfide) (CASRN 463-58-1) Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268 AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS CHEMICAL MANAGER John C. Lipscomb, PhD, DABT, Fellow ATS National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH DRAFT DOCUMENT PREPARED BY SRC, Inc. 7502 Round Pond Road North Syracuse, NY 13212 PRIMARY INTERNAL REVIEWERS Jeff Swartout National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH This document was externally peer reviewed under contract to Eastern Research Group, Inc. 110 Hartwell Avenue Lexington, MA 02421-3136 Questions regarding the contents of this document may be directed to the U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development’s National Center for Environmental Assessment, Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center (513-569-7300). ii Carbonyl Sulfide TABLE OF CONTENTS COMMONLY USED ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................. iv BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................1 DISCLAIMERS ...............................................................................................................................1 QUESTIONS REGARDING PPRTVs ............................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Haloalkanes, Alcohols and Amines. Year 1 Dr
    Haloalkanes, Alcohols and Amines. Year 1 Dr. Chris Braddock [[email protected], Rm 440]: 10 lectures Aims of course: To introduce the functional group chemistry of haloalkanes, alcohols and amines, building on the functional group approach of Dr Smith's course where alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and benzene were discussed. Course objectives: At the end of this course you should be able to: • Identify correctly the various functional groups and reagents introduced on this course; • Recognise characteristic IR and NMR signals in their spectra; • Predict the product of a reaction involving an haloalkane, alcohol or amine with a given reagent; • Select reagents for the common transformations of haloalkanes, alcohols and amines into other functionalities; • Select reagents for the preparation of haloalkanes, alcohols and amines from other substrates; • Explain the mechanistic rationale underpinning the above. Recommended Texts Vollhardt and Schore, Organic Chemistry, 3rd edition, WH Freeman & Co, New York, 1999. Sykes A Primer to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry Longman, Harlow, 1995 Clayden, Greeves, Warren and Wothers Organic Chemistry OUP, Oxford 2001. Course Content A. Haloalkane Group Chemistry (Alkyl Halides) (a) Structure and Physical Properties: nomenclature; physical properties; spectroscopic properties. β (b) Haloalkane group reactivity: Nucleophilic substitution S N1 and SN2; - elimination; metal-halogen exchange. (c) Synthesis of haloalkanes: electrophilic addition to alkenes; radical addition to alkenes; from alcohols. B. Hydroxyl Group Chemistry (Alcohols) (a) Structure and Physical Properties: Structure; H-bonding; spectroscopic properties . (b) Alcohol group reactivity: Hydroxyl group acidity; Nucleophilic reactions of hydroxyl groups without C-O cleavage; nucleophilic reactions of hydroxyl groups which convert the OH into a good leaving group; nucleophilic reactions of hydroxyl groups which place a good leaving group on oxygen.
    [Show full text]
  • Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
    1010Unit Objectives HaloalkanesHaloalkanes andand After studying this Unit, you will be able to HaloarHaloarHaloarHaloarenesenesenesenesenesenes • name haloalkanes and haloarenes according to the IUPAC system of nomenclature from their given structures; Halogenated compounds persist in the environment due to their • describe the reactions involved in resistance to breakdown by soil bacteria. the preparation of haloalkanes and haloarenes and understand various reactions that they The replacement of hydrogen atom(s) in an aliphatic undergo; or aromatic hydrocarbon by halogen atom(s) results • correlate the structures of in the formation of alkyl halide (haloalkane) and aryl haloalkanes and haloarenes with halide (haloarene), respectively. Haloalkanes contain various types of reactions; halogen atom(s) attached to the sp3 hybridised carbon • use stereochemistry as a tool for atom of an alkyl group whereas haloarenes contain understanding the reaction halogen atom(s) attached to sp2 hybridised carbon mechanism; atom(s) of an aryl group. Many halogen containing • appreciate the applications of organic compounds occur in nature and some of organo-metallic compounds; these are clinically useful. These classes of compounds • highlight the environmental effects of polyhalogen compounds. find wide applications in industry as well as in day- to-day life. They are used as solvents for relatively non-polar compounds and as starting materials for the synthesis of wide range of organic compounds. Chlorine containing antibiotic, chloramphenicol, produced by microorganisms is very effective for the treatment of typhoid fever. Our body produces iodine containing hormone, thyroxine, the deficiency of which causes a disease called goiter. Synthetic halogen compounds, viz. chloroquine is used for the treatment of malaria; halothane is used as an anaesthetic during surgery.
    [Show full text]